Blockchain Papers

Tom McDonald

Existing scholarship often employs metaphors that depict platforms as fixed, bounded spaces. This paper introduces the concept of ‘liquid platforms’, inspired by the metaphor of liquidity, to critically examine the fluid, layered and contested nature of contemporary digital economies. Drawing on ethnographic research and interviews with non-fungible token collectors and industry leaders based in Hong Kong, I demonstrate how these actors enact a form of ‘makeshift decentralisation’ through the manipulation of fluid platform boundaries, labour-intensive ‘grinding’ practices and visualisation tools, all aimed at imbuing non-fungible tokens with liquidity. Despite these efforts to manufacture price stability, platforms remain susceptible to structural liquidity corrections. The analysis highlights the increasingly important role that platforms – both as infrastructural and sociotechnical systems – play in generating liquidity. The ‘liquid platform’ metaphor offers a valuable framework for understanding the ever more complex, unstable dynamics that shape modern digital economies.

Omowonuola Alabi

For most of the last decade, Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles and the world of Bitcoin and Web3 have existed on opposite sides of the corporate conversation. ESG represented the rise of responsible capitalism — a commitment to sustainability, stakeholder accountability, and ethical governance that traditional institutions were being pressured to adopt. Bitcoin and Web3, meanwhile, were seen by many critics as antithetical to those ideals: energy-hungry, unregulated, ungoverned, and speculative. That characterisation is now rapidly becoming outdated.

Sunu Jatmika, Samsul Arifin

Spa services in wellness tourism often face limitations in transparency, service integration, and customer trust in operational flows. This study develops a blockchain-based smart contract model that integrates five key indicators: reservations, cancellations, customer satisfaction, inventory, scheduling, and finance. A literature review of 113 articles yielded 25 key references, with significant trends such as the occurrence of the keyword “customer reservation” 10,100 times (2020–2024). Linear regression, correlation analysis, and ANOVA methods were used to test the research results. Linear regression predicts the relationship between variables, while correlation measures the strength of the relationship. The calculation results show a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.93 (α = 0.05), indicating a very strong linear relationship. ANOVA shows significant differences between groups. These findings confirm that blockchain-based smart contracts are effective in digitally automating spa service workflows, strengthening transparency, and improving customer satisfaction

Richard Adjei Dwumfour, Lei Pan, Dennis Nsafoah

This paper examines spillover dynamics, hedging effectiveness, and portfolio optimisation across tourism, cryptocurrency, and Fintech markets within a time-varying connectedness framework that incorporates traditional financial markets. We document pronounced time-varying spillovers, peaking during the COVID-19 pandemic, with traditional finance emerging as the dominant shock transmitter and the tourism sector as a key net receiver. Transmission-channel evidence suggests that total connectedness increases with credit stress and is positively correlated with market uncertainty and tourism mobility, with these effects intensifying during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cryptocurrencies offer the least costly but weakest hedges, while tourism assets hedge crypto exposure more effectively, albeit with greater downside risk. Dynamic portfolio weight strategies outperform hedge-ratio strategies, and the minimum connectedness portfolio (MCoP) delivers the highest risk-adjusted returns. Diebold–Mariano tests indicate no significant differences in return predictability, whereas Jobson–Korkie results show that minimum correlation portfolio (MCP) and MCoP significantly outperform the minimum-variance portfolio (MVP). Downside risk measures highlight the superior performance of MCoP at the cost of deeper drawdowns. These findings underscore the value of connectedness-based strategies for portfolio design in increasingly integrated markets.

A Sowmiya, Kavitha Muthukumaran, V Jhansi, Jesus Milton Rousseau S. · 6 authors

Decentralized Finance (DeFi) represents a transformative shift in the financial landscape by using blockchain technology to enable peer-to-peer services without traditional intermediaries. This study adopts a socio-cultural lens to examine the key factors that influence individuals’ intentions to adopt DeFi technologies. In particular, we explore how performance expectancy (perceived usefulness), effort expectancy (perceived ease of use), social influence, and innovativeness drive user adoption, and how these relationships are moderated by demographic factors such as age, gender, education, and income. Drawing on survey data (N = 425) collected in India (an emerging market context), the research employs Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to test the proposed framework. Results indicate that perceived usefulness and ease of use are significant positive predictors of DeFi adoption. Social influence and individual innovativeness also encourage adoption, especially among younger and more educated users. Moreover, demographic characteristics shape the strength of these effects: for instance, younger users find DeFi more useful and easier to use, women are more impacted by social recommendations, and higher-income individuals are more inclined to adopt innovative financial solutions. These findings underscore that DeFi adoption is not just a technical or economic process, but a culturally situated phenomenon influenced by social dynamics and user diversity. The paper discusses implications for improving digital financial inclusion and strategies for stakeholders to foster broader DeFi acceptance across different social groups

Mohammad Alvian Dharma Nararya, Shuri Mariasih Gietty, Himawan Aditya Pratama

Tulisan ini mengkaji secara kritis kemunculan gim Play-to-Earn (P2E) dalam kerangka teknologi Web3, dengan berargumen bahwa janji desentralisasi yang dibawa oleh blockchain dan Non-Fungible Token (NFT) justru mereproduksi, bahkan memperkuat, pola-pola eksploitasi kapitalisme tradisional. Model P2E merujuk pada sistem permainan digital yang memungkinkan pemain memperoleh keuntungan finansial dari aktivitas bermain melalui mekanisme ekonomi berbasis token kripto, di mana aset dalam gim memiliki nilai tukar di pasar digital. Sementara itu, blockchain merupakan teknologi pencatatan terdistribusi yang menyimpan data transaksi di banyak komputer (nodes) dan sering diklaim sebagai fondasi desentralisasi digital karena tidak bergantung pada otoritas tunggal. Melalui analisis terhadap infrastruktur Web3 dan studi kasus gim Axie Infinity (2018), tulisan ini menunjukkan bahwa sistem digital yang diklaim membebaskan pengguna dari kontrol terpusat justru memusatkan kekuasaan ekonomi dalam bentuk yang lebih terselubung. Dengan kerangka teori kapitalisme digital dan konsep false needs dari Herbert Marcuse, penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa ekonomi P2E mengubah aktivitas bermain menjadi bentuk kerja (playbor) dan menundukkan pemain pada pasar spekulatif yang menguntungkan pengembang dan pemilik modal. Di Asia Tenggara, tempat basis pemain P2E tetap besar meskipun gelembung pasarnya telah pecah, sistem ini mengeksploitasi kondisi sosial-ekonomi yang rentan dengan membingkai ketidakstabilan finansial sebagai peluang. Tulisan ini berargumen bahwa “desentralisasi” dalam Web3 merupakan bentuk sentralisasi terselubung melalui kontrol algoritmik, opasitas infrastruktur, dan privatisasi platform, menunjukkan bahwa Web3 dan gim P2E bukanlah alternatif pasca-kapitalis, melainkan fase baru dari kapitalisme digital yang mengomodifikasi permainan dan mendistribusikan risiko ke bawah sambil mengonsolidasikan keuntungan di atas.

Krzysztof Lorenz, Piotr Gutowski, Ewelina Gutowska, Anna Drab-Kurowska

Digital transformation is reshaping innovation processes and capital allocation models, fostering the emergence of alternative financing mechanisms such as crowdfunding platforms. This study investigates the spatial determinants of digital innovation development using Kickstarter campaigns in the United States as a case study. Empirical data were preprocessed and classified into digital and traditional categories. Advanced AI methods, including Deep Autoencoders and Self-Organizing Maps (SOM), revealed spatial clusters of digital innovation in crowdfunding. Cluster visualizations exposed geographic concentration patterns and links to local infrastructure. AI uncovered latent ties between campaign structure and regional context, underscoring the role of AI and crowdfunding in decentralized, localized digital transformation.

Neha Yadav, N.P. Singh, Sristi Narayan, Pavni Dua

The rapid rise of the gig economy has reshaped modern labour markets, offering flexibility but also exposing workers to instability, low protection, and algorithmic control. This paper explores how Blockchain technology and Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) can address these structural challenges by decentralizing trust, governance, and value distribution. Drawing upon institutional theory, transaction cost economics, and network governance frameworks, the study analyses how blockchain’s core features—immutability, transparency, and smart contracts—enable fairer, more autonomous work environments. DAOs, as digital cooperatives, allow workers to participate directly in decision-making and profit-sharing, reducing dependence on centralized platforms. The literature reviewed highlights both opportunities and limitations: while blockchain can ensure transparent payments and portable reputations, issues of scalability, regulation, and digital inclusion persist. Overall, the analysis suggests that blockchain-enabled DAOs represent an emerging paradigm for equitable and trust-based digital labour, redefining how work, ownership, and governance operate in the gig economy.

saiprasad

The contemporary Internet, a cornerstone of modern society, is characterized by a high degree of centralization. This centralization concentrates data and power within a few large corporations, raising significant concerns regarding data privacy, censorship, single points of failure, and monopolistic control. The "Decentralized Internet," often associated with the Web3 paradigm, proposes a fundamental shift toward a more open, trustless, and user-centric network. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of the decentralized Internet, beginning with an exploration of its core principles—trustlessness, censorship resistance, and user-controlled data. We then examine the key enabling technologies that underpin the decentralized Internet, including distributed ledger technologies (DLT), peer-to-peer (P2P) data protocols such as the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), and smart contracts. Finally, we discuss the significant open challenges and research questions that must be addressed, including scalability, usability, governance, and regulatory uncertainty. This paper aims to provide a structured overview for researchers, developers, and policymakers interested in the future of Internet architecture. Index Terms—Decentralized Internet, Web3, Blockchain, Peer-to-Peer (P2P), IPFS, Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), Smart Contracts, Decentralized Applications (dApps), Scalability, Governance.

Alexander Wu

Abstract Increased and sustained access to the formal financial system enables communities to better meet their basic needs, prepare for and respond to unexpected shocks, and achieve broader economic growth. Yet many emerging economies like those across Latin America continue to face barriers that prevent individuals, households, and businesses from accessing the formal financial system. Financial inclusion efforts that leverage technological innovation are well suited to address some of them. Specifically, fintech products built on blockchains offer new ways to access financial services by creating pathways that do not rely on traditional infrastructure. Blockchain-based services offer easier financial access, innovative credit opportunities, and capital formation in a decentralized financial environment. While blockchain and DeFi are still in their early stages, these services have the potential to close some persistent gaps that stand in the way of more inclusive Latin American economies.

Stanton Heister, Felix Kin Peng Hui, David I. Wilson, Yaakov Anker

The 2015 Paris Agreement paved the way for the carbon trade economy, which has since evolved but has not attained a substantial magnitude. While carbon credit exchange is a critical mechanism for achieving global climate targets, it faces persistent challenges related to transparency, double-counting, and verification. This paper examines how Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) can address these limitations by providing immutable transaction records, automated verification through digitally encoded smart contracts, and increased market efficiency. To assess DLT’s strategic potential for leveraging the carbon markets and, more explicitly, whether its implementation can reduce transaction costs and enhance market integrity, three alternative approaches that apply DLT for carbon trading were taken as case studies. By comparing key elements in these DLT-based carbon credit platforms, it is elucidated that these proposed frameworks may be developed for a scalable global platform. The integration of existing compliance markets in the EU (case study 1), Australia (case study 2), and China (case study 3) can act as a standard for a global carbon trade establishment. The findings from these case studies suggest that while DLT offers a promising path toward more sustainable carbon markets, regulatory harmonization, standardization, and data transfer across platforms remain significant challenges.

Authors unavailable

Decentralized blockchain payment infrastructures are rapidly emerging as transformative tools for reshaping financial transactions in the United States.Traditional payment systems remain heavily reliant on intermediaries such as banks, card networks, and clearinghouses, which impose significant transaction fees and introduce settlement delays.These inefficiencies disproportionately affect small businesses, underbanked populations, and cross-border remittances, where costs and time lags create barriers to broader participation in the financial ecosystem.Blockchain-based payment systems, by contrast, utilize distributed ledgers and smart contracts to enable peer-to-peer transactions with reduced reliance on intermediaries.This structural shift holds the potential to substantially lower transaction fees, streamline settlement processes to near-real-time, and enhance transparency through immutable record-keeping.From a broader economic perspective, decentralized payment solutions align with the growing demand for financial inclusion and democratized access to capital flows.They allow micro-entrepreneurs, gig workers, and rural communities to participate more effectively in economic activities by reducing entry costs and providing verifiable transaction histories.In the U.S. context, the integration of blockchain into mainstream finance could complement existing systems such as ACH, FedNow, and card-based networks, while offering alternatives that better serve marginalized groups.Narrowing the focus, evidence suggests that fintech innovators piloting blockchain platforms have already demonstrated measurable reductions in processing costs and settlement times for retail and institutional payments alike.Nonetheless, challenges persist in terms of regulatory clarity, interoperability with legacy infrastructures, and concerns over scalability and energy use.Addressing these issues through targeted policy reforms and publicprivate partnerships will be critical to ensuring that decentralized blockchain payment infrastructures can deliver on their promise of inclusive, efficient, and secure economic participation.

Kate Bennett

Introduction Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs), digital organizations governed by code and community, offer new paradigms for collective governance; yet many early examples have reproduced the power asymmetries, exclusionary participation models, and inefficiencies found in traditional systems. This study examines how DAO governance can evolve to support fair, inclusive, and regenerative capital flows across distributed ecosystems, particularly in contexts where traditional coordination infrastructure is limited. Methods A qualitative case study was conducted on Hypha, an organisation that evolved from a classic DAO to a Decentralized Human Organization (DHO) and subsequently to an Adaptable Organization, or DAO 3.0. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and document analysis, then interpreted using a People–Process–Technology framework to identify governance design principles. This was supported by a comparative taxonomy mapping the evolution from DAO 1.0 to DAO 3.0. Results Findings show a progression from early token-weighted DAO 1.0 models, through protocol-optimized DAO 2.0 structures, to DAO 3.0’s modular, relational, and context-adaptive designs. Hypha’s governance innovations include multi-layer modular voting, “leadership without control” protocols, real-time capital flow mechanisms, and trust-based safeguards that address fairness failures, enhance adaptability, and enable governance to respond dynamically to human complexity and local contexts. Discussion The Hypha case study positions DAO 3.0 as a prototype for regenerative coordination infrastructure where governance operates as a living system, balancing technological automation with human-centered design. This research expands DAO governance theory by clarifying conceptual boundaries, integrating recent literature, and providing practical guidance for policymakers, developers, and capital providers seeking to design equitable, regenerative governance and coordination systems.

Rayhan Ferdous Srejon, M. Fahim, Sk. Md. Shadman Ifaz, Md. Kamrul Hasan · 6 authors

Ride-sharing platforms have revolutionized urban mobility, offering millions of users convenient and costeffective transportation. However, mainstream centralized platforms such as Uber and Lyft continue to face pressing concerns including data privacy breaches, high service charges, security vulnerabilities, and a lack of transparency due to centralized control. To address these limitations, this research proposes a semipublic blockchain-based ride-sharing platform integrating Hyperledger Fabric for secure and permissioned data management with Ethereum smart contracts for transparent ride booking, fare calculation, and payments. The platform leverages the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) for immutable, decentralized storage and uses the Cosmos SDK to enable seamless interoperability between public and private blockchains. A user-centric pay-as-you-drive model is introduced to ensure fair and distance-based billing. Preliminary evaluations show that our system outperforms traditional blockchain consensus methods (PoW, PoA) in throughput, latency, and resource usage. At the same time, it remains economically viable with an operational cost of under 33,000 BDT per node. Future improvements include benchmarking with Hyperledger Caliper, transitioning from Vagrant to Docker for better scalability, and implementing backend services using Node.js or Golang with MongoDB for efficient metadata handling. Together, these enhancements support a secure, decentralized, and scalable alternative to existing ride-sharing systems.

Asst. Prof. Panchami M Hegde, Asst. Prof. Swetha M

Carpooling has emerged as one of the most practical strategies for reducing the growing challenges of traffic congestion, fuel consumption, and environmental pollution, yet conventional carpooling systems that are operated through centralized platforms continue to face numerous issues that restrict their effectiveness and adoption. Existing solutions largely depend on intermediaries to coordinate between drivers and passengers, creating a system that lacks transparency, suffers from high service costs, and exposes user data to privacy risks and security breaches. Moreover, traditional systems are often criticized for inefficient dispute resolution, a reliance on single points of failure such as central servers, and the absence of mechanisms that foster accountability and long-term trust among users. These weaknesses make centralized carpooling platforms vulnerable to manipulation, biased practices, and technical outages, thereby limiting their scope as sustainable mobility solutions. To address these persistent challenges, blockchain technology—specifically the Ethereum ecosystem—offers a transformative alternative. Ethereum supports the development of decentralized applications (dApps) driven by smart contracts, which are self-executing agreements coded directly onto the blockchain. By embedding business logic into these contracts, processes such as ride creation, ride booking, payment settlements, user verification, and rating are automated, ensuring that interactions remain tamper-proof, transparent, and immune to third-party manipulation.

Paul Griffiths, Nuno Fernades Crespo, Carlos J. Costa

ABSTRACT Non‐fungible tokens (NFTs) are digital artifacts built on blockchain technology that have achieved notoriety for their rapid consumer adoption, technical sophistication, and dramatic price swings. This paper synthesizes contemporary academic research on NFT consumer behavior to better understand the current state of the field, to explore its focus and quality, and to identify the authors and subjects that are driving the research. Applying the Scientific Procedures and Rationales for Systematic Literature Reviews (SPAR‐4‐SLR) protocol and using an ACO‐TCM framework systematic review of literature, this study of 53 curated articles organizes the existing body of research on NFT consumer behavior to identify current themes and gaps in the academic literature, finding ample opportunities for further research. Finally, this paper proposes areas for further study based on the emerging opportunities in research streams, both in depth and in breadth, concerning NFT consumer behavior.

J Ganapathi

This article proposes a novel blockchain-based architecture for cross-border payments that integrates self-sovereign identity (SSI) and zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) to address the fundamental challenges of traditional systems. The proposed framework enables near-instant settlement while preserving privacy and ensuring regulatory compliance by design. By layering an identity infrastructure with ZKP-gated smart-contract escrows and regulatory oracles, the system allows participants to prove compliance with jurisdiction-specific requirements without revealing sensitive personal data. The architecture comprises three interconnected layers — identity, value, and compliance — that work together to streamline remittances, business transactions, and international payroll processes. Comparative analysis demonstrates significant advantages over both correspondent banking and current blockchain networks in terms of settlement speed, transaction costs, fraud prevention, and automated compliance. While the approach faces challenges, including network adoption barriers, technical scalability, and governance complexity, this study outlines promising directions for future development, particularly in the context of emerging central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) and regulated stablecoins.

Ying Wang, Zixu Zhang, Hongbo Yin, Guangsheng Yu · 9 authors

Blockchain sharding has emerged as a promising solution to address scalability and performance challenges in distributed ledger systems. In the sharded blockchain, yanking can reduce the communication overhead of smart contracts between shards. However, the existing smart contract yanking methods are inefficient, increasing the latency and reducing the throughput. In this paper, we propose a novel DRL-Based Cross-Shard Smart Contract Yanking (DCSCY) framework which intelligently balances three critical factors: the number of smart contracts processed, node waiting time, and yanking costs. The proposed framework dynamically optimizes the relocation trajectory of smart contracts across shards. This reduces the communication overhead and enables adaptive, function-level migrations to enhance the execution efficiency. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach reduces the cross-shard transaction latency and enhances smart contract utilization. Compared to random-based and order-based methods, the DCSCY approach achieves a performance improvement of more than 95%.

Nur Nisa Humairah Rosdi, Amysha Qistina Amerolazuam, Nur Zafirah Adira Ahmadzamani, Ahmad Anwar Zainuddin

This concise review paper discusses the application of smart contracts to increase blockchain interoperability. The emergence of blockchain has opened many opportunities to explore the advantage of modern technology. Blockchain networks operate as isolated ecosystems, hindering the seamless transfer of assets and data across different platforms. This ecosystem leads to the inability to interact or communicate within the blockchain. Smart contracts present a promising solution for facilitating interoperability between blockchains. In this paper, the potential of smart contracts as bridge technologies between blockchains is explored. The design and implementation of smart contracts to enable secure, trust less communication and asset transfer between disparate blockchain networks are analysed. Several academic papers were reviewed to understand the existing research and development efforts towards smart contract-based interoperability solutions. The ongoing discourse on blockchain interoperability is contributed to by highlighting the potential of smart contracts as bridge technologies, identifying key challenges and research gaps in this domain, and providing insights for further development of secure and efficient cross-chain communication protocols.

Paul C. Nylen, Brian Huels, John Olson

ABSTRACT Companies of all sizes, including Bitcoin miners, engage in charitable giving. As Bitcoin mining evolves into a substantial industry and integrates into mainstream society, it faces challenges not only from scams and environmental criticisms but also from everyday concerns such as tax compliance. One key area is the role of deductible donations, which sits at the intersection of the cryptocurrency ecosystem and the established U.S. tax system. This paper introduces an innovative approach called “hashrate contracts,” which builds upon the long-standing framework of tolling contracts. Just as tolling contracts allow producers to manage inputs and outputs efficiently while transferring operational responsibilities, hashrate contracts enable charities to assume the income associated with mining activities. This structure not only optimizes tax deductions for Bitcoin miners but allows them to claim a charitable deduction for federal income tax purposes, bridging a key gap between the cryptocurrency ecosystem and established financial and regulatory practices. JEL Classifications: K23; K29; K34.

Shabir Korotana

Abstract This article examines the integration of Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) into the existing legal framework of the United Kingdom, proposing a novel legal entity model termed the Decentralized Autonomous Organization Limited Liability Partnership (DAOLLP). It explores the distinctive characteristics of DAOs, including their decentralized governance, reliance on smart contracts operating on blockchain and the challenges they face under current UK law and underscores the necessity for legal adaptations that accommodate these innovative structures. The suggested model seeks to provide legal personhood, limited liability protection and a framework for compliance with existing laws and regulations while maintaining the core principles of decentralization and transparency. By comparative analysis of legislative approaches towards DAOs in jurisdictions such as Wyoming, Vermont and Malta, this article promotes a proactive regulatory framework for DAOs that fosters innovation and positions the UK as a leader in blockchain governance.

Nassim Dehouche

Private city models—encompassing Charter Cities, Free Private Cities, Seasteads, Startup Cities, and Special Economic Zones (SEZs)—are emerging as innovative alternatives to traditional urban governance. This article examines the discussion of these private urban experiments through the lens of blockchain technology and cryptocurrency. We present a structured taxonomy of private city models and analyze case studies to illustrate how blockchain can facilitate governance, economic transactions, and transparency in these contexts. Drawing on peer-reviewed literature, we examine how distributed ledger technologies enable new forms of decentralized governance and finance (e.g., local cryptocurrencies and decentralized finance for city services) while also identifying critical challenges and limitations. Comparisons with traditional public-sector urban governance highlight the potential efficiency gains and transparency improvements of blockchain-powered private cities, as well as concerns regarding accountability, inclusivity, and regulatory integration. Finally, we discuss future prospects for integrating blockchain in urban development, including the concept of networked “crypto cities,” and outline key areas for further research. The analysis balances theoretical propositions with empirical insights, ultimately finding that blockchain can augment private city models by enhancing transparency and enabling novel economic systems, but it is not a panacea for governance and must be implemented with careful consideration of social and legal frameworks.

Chnar Mohammed Kareem, Ahmed Chalak Shakir

This paper proposes DeFiDonate, a web-based decentralized application that facilitates the transparency and privacy of donations to charities while also increasing trust through the use of blockchain and various Decentralized Finance (DeFi) solutions. The problem with traditional donation models is that they lack traceability and are centralized, with limitations and restrictions on donors. DeFiDonate proposed using Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), a form of smart contracts, and Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA).DeFiDonate provides flexibility for donors by making either a direct donation to beneficiaries or donating to a liquidity pool, then distributing funds through a decentralized voting system and encrypting sensitive data, like the wallet addresses, donation amounts, and donors' NFT identifiers with ECC, meaning it's recorded in both on-chain and off-chain safety, and confirming the transactions and validating the signature is unauthentic with ECDSA, the implementation of DeFiDonate composed on Django and Solidity for the creation of smart contracts; Truffle, Ganache, and MetaMask for local testing. These results indicate that the system is safe for use, as it provides transaction integrity and information security. Based on performance analysis carried out in Truffle Develop, the use of NFTs within contracts was found to be associated with a notable decrease in execution time. Another application blockchain developers can discuss is DeFiDonate, which exemplifies a trusted, decentralized, and transparent method of digital giving.

Dmitry Mikhaylov, Andrei Kutin, Joseph Anderson, Maxim Falaleev · 6 authors

Purpose - given the increased international efforts to prevent illicit financial activity related to cryptocurrencies, the study intends to thoroughly examine the complex field of cryptocurrency laundering. The core of our study project is the complex relationships that exist between cutting-edge technologies and strong security protocols in the cryptocurrency space, a dandruff attack. This paper aims to disentangle the process of bitcoin laundering by exploring the intricate webs of deceit. Method - This is a case study applying observational and experimental methods. Result - we have discovered a pattern of cryptocurrency laundering. The first one saw the primary repository start a cyclical fund movement pattern that involved several new addresses. Equal sums are then systematically transferred over a network of new addresses. The criminal then distributed the stolen money among several new addresses after combining it with an equal quantity of money. It then split and merged, and one saw the resultant sum being transmitted to the BitTorrent blockchain. The cyclical trajectory and engagement with extra money were part of the follow-up return to the Tron blockchain. Observation of the ultimate combination of pilfered money with additional monies sent to the cryptocurrency service "JustLend.org" Originality – no research has been done on using a dandruff attack to launder cryptocurrency. Thus, it is essential to acknowledge the offender's activities to raise awareness in general.