Feb 1, 2023·International conference on civil infrastructure and construction/Proceedings of the ... International conference on civil infrastructure and construction
A blockchain, is a decentralized digital ledger that is distributed across multiple computers, recording transactions in a way that cannot be altered without the consent of the network and the alteration of all subsequent blocks. In the context of land and real estate property records, a blockchain could be used to securely and transparently track the ownership and transfer of properties. Using a blockchain to digitize land and real estate records can have several benefits. For example, it can help reduce the risk of fraud, as all transactions are recorded on a secure and tamper-proof ledger. It can also make the process of transferring ownership more efficient, as it can automate many of the steps involved and reduce the need for intermediaries. Additionally, a blockchain can increase the transparency of the property market, as all records will be publicly available on the ledger. In this work, we examine the current situation and the related problems in registering land and real estate property records, especially in developing countries, and we state the challenges and opportunities of the application of blockchain technology in this field. We investigate whether blockchain has the potential to bring a positive change and play a significant role in the real estate market in the future and what are the prerequisites to achieve that.
Blockchain technology has gained immense momentum in the present era of information and digitalization and is likely to gain extreme popularity among the next generation, with diversified applications that spread far beyond cryptocurrencies and bitcoin. The application of blockchain technology is prominently observed in various spheres of social life, such as government administration, industries, healthcare, finance, and various other domains. In healthcare, the role of blockchain technology can be visualized in data-sharing, allowing users to choose specific data and control data access based on user type, which are extremely important for the maintenance of Electronic Health Records (EHRs). Machine learning and blockchain are two distinct technical fields: machine learning deals with data analysis and prediction, whereas blockchain emphasizes maintaining data security. The amalgamation of these two concepts can achieve prediction results from authentic datasets without compromising integrity. Such predictions have the additional advantage of enhanced trust in comparison to the application of machine learning algorithms alone. In this paper, we focused on data pertinent to diabetic retinopathy disease and its prediction. Diabetic retinopathy is a chronic disease caused by diabetes and leads to complete blindness. The disease requires early diagnosis to reduce the chances of vision loss. The dataset used is a publicly available dataset collected from the IEEE data port. The data were pre-processed using the median filtering technique and lesion segmentation was performed on the image data. These data were further subjected to the Taylor African Vulture Optimization (AVO) algorithm for hyper-parameter tuning, and then the most significant features were fed into the SqueezeNet classifier, which predicted the occurrence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) disease. The final output was saved in the blockchain architecture, which was accessed by the EHR manager, ensuring authorized access to the prediction results and related patient information. The results of the classifier were compared with those of earlier research, which demonstrated that the proposed model is superior to other models when measured by the following metrics: accuracy (94.2%), sensitivity (94.8%), and specificity (93.4%).
Zuobin Ying, Wusong Lan, Chen Deng, Lu Liu · 5 authors
The metaverse provides us with an attractive virtual space in which the value of the virtual property has been increasingly recognized. However, the lack of effective cross-metaverse trading tools and the reputation guarantee makes it difficult to trade items among different metaverses. To this end, a decentralized reputation system for virtual items trading forum named DVIT is devised. To the best of our knowledge, DVIT is the first decentralized cross-metaverse item trading prototype inspired by the online-game trading system. We designed the corresponding transaction function and realized the autonomous governance of the community by introducing the reputation mechanism. An improved election mechanism is proposed to improve efficiency based on Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS). Through token rewards associated with activity levels, users’ motivation can be stimulated. The experiments indicate that our proposed scheme could dynamically measure the trustworthiness degree of the users through the dynamic reputation value and thereby exclude malicious users from the blockchain within 20 epochs.
Hossein Hassani, Kimia Norouzi, Alireza Ghodsi, Xu Huang
Multitudinous health data are continually being produced as our activities, including medicine, evolve into the digital age where data plays a decisive role. Challenges come along as well, concerning the collection, secure storage, verification and secure access to the continuously growing data at such a broad scale before valuable information can be extracted to contribute to medical advancement nowadays. With the decentralization feature, huge successes of blockchain technology in overcoming similar challenges in the finance and cryptocurrency sector brought us the confidence to investigate and reveal its immeasurable potential for the health sector, specifically in dentistry. Dentistry is an important area of healthcare, but there is relatively little research focusing on its interactions with blockchain technology. Given the limited amount of existing research on this specific subject, this paper focuses on blockchain in dentistry and aims to provide a conceptual framework for the possible applications of blockchain in dentistry. The framework is organised by different areas of dentistry operations so that dental professionals can easily refer to and identify areas of interest. This contributes to increasing the awareness of blockchain technology among dental professionals and promoting blockchain-empowered revolutions in dentistry. This paper also discusses how blockchain fits alongside other emerging technologies, the challenges that have to be overcome to maximise the functionality and efficiency of this technology, as well as future research directions concerning blockchain implementations in the dental industry.
S Jayanthy, Arumugam Arunkumar, Mr. J. Judeson Antony Kovilpillai, M. Bhuvardhena · 5 authors
Transfer of data over the blockchain is significantly improved over the years. This proposed system gives a unique method of transferring patient health data to another hospital or to a peer, using a blockchain-based web application that places patient ownership and data security at the forefront. Patient data is stored in a decentralized and distributed manner using the Interplanetary File System (IPFS), eliminating the need for a central authority. Smart contracts written in Solidity facilitate transactions by checking for sufficient funds and managing the transaction process. A beacon proxy is used to automatically update patient ownership in the smart contract, reducing errors and inaccuracies resulting from manual intervention. The blockchain network offers a secure and decentralized solution for transferring patient health data, ensuring privacy and accessibility only to authorized individuals through advanced cryptographic techniques, distributed data storage, and smart contracts.
Utilizing the 0.1 to 10 THz spectrum in the next-generation wireless communication networks holds potential for futuristic applications. However, managing resources to accommodate numerous devices raises privacy and security concerns. Further, technology proliferation entwines devices, infrastructure complexity, and resources. Indeed, the transition from 5G (fifth-generation) to 6G (sixth-generation) signifies a progression towards high-speed data rates, minimal latency, and seamless integration of artificial intelligence, enabling ground-breaking applications and services. However, it complicates network management, privacy, resource allocation, and data processing. Notably, integrating Blockchain Technology (BCT) and Machine Learning (ML) is a promising solution, enhancing security, decentralization, trust in ML decisions, and efficient data sharing. This survey thoroughly reviews the integrated ML and BCT, showcasing their collaborative enhancement of network security, decentralization, trust in ML decisions, immutability, and efficient model sharing. Furthermore, we also delve into various distinctive topics, such as BCT-enabled spectrum refarming, rate splitting multiple access, 6G radar-based communication, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, visible light communication, and integrated sensing and communication. Moreover, it also explores the integration of ML and BCT in novel 6G communication technologies, including molecular, holographic, and semantic communication. Finally, critical open issues, challenges, solutions, and futuristic scope are identified for forthcoming researchers.
With the current day complexification of image manipulation technologies (ranging from colour editing or aspect ratio modifications to AI generated fake news), myriad of numerical representations can be connected to a same semantic visual content. Thus, ensuring trust and authenticity for tracking near-duplicated visual content (i.e., semantically identical yet digitally different contents) becomes challenging from both methodological and technical points of view. Addressing these challenges requires the synergistic combination of methodological solutions stemming from different research fields, while current solutions are heterogeneous and lack interoperability. In this paper, we bring forth an automatic full lifecycle management workflow for visual content assets represented on blockchains. The workflow is supported by a novel architecture seamlessly integrating near-duplicated content detection, Smart Contract automation, and token brokerage. The architecture leverages a load balancing framework and near-duplicated content detection to grant properties natively featured by blockchains (security, trust, and transparency) to the authentication of assets in environments where the same semantic content has various digital representations. Subsequently minted blockchain assets can then be used contingently with other state-of-the-art tools, ensuring interoperability with blockchain working standards. The effectiveness of this workflow is demonstrated through open-source example implementations for the Ethereum and Tezos frameworks, illustrating the benefits this process brings to automatic asset generation and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) management.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Tasfia Rahman, Sumaiya Islam Mouno, Arunangshu Mojumder Raatul, Abul Kalam Al Azad · 5 authors
Submitting fake certificates is a common problem in Southeast Asia, which prevents qualified candidates from getting the jobs they deserve. When applying for a job, students must provide academic credentials as proof of their qualifications, acquired both inside and outside the classroom. Verifying academic documents before hiring is crucial to prevent fraud. Employing blockchain technology has the potential to address this issue. Blockchain provides an electronic certificate that is tamper-proof and non-repudiable, making it difficult for students to manipulate their academic credentials. This paper presents a prototype for an academic credential verification model that leverages the security features of blockchain and IPFS (Interplanetary File System). Certificates are temporarily stored in a database before being transferred to IPFS, where a unique hash code is generated using a hashing algorithm. This hash code serves as the certificate's unique identity and is stored in the blockchain nodes. Companies can verify an applicant's credentials by searching for the applicant and accessing their already verified certificates. Utilizing IPFS as a middleman storage platform lowers the expenses of directly storing massive data on the blockchain. To sum it up, the proposed solution would make the process of certificate verification more efficient, secure, and cost-effective. It would save time and resources that would otherwise be used to manually verify certificates.
Dalia Elwi, Osama Abu-Elnasr, A. S. Tolba, Samir Elmougy
Blockchain is a Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) that allows users to exchange values directly without a need for trusted third parties. Bitcoin is one of the most popular digital cryptocurrencies that is based on blockchain technology. However, it faces scalability problems including transaction throughput, latency, and starvation. Bitcoin transaction throughput is very low compared to traditional payment methods. Additionally, many Bitcoin transactions suffer from delays and starvation as miners prefer transactions with higher fees. More of the current research focuses on how to enhance Bitcoin scalability by improving the performance of consensus techniques, dividing the network into smaller ones with different parts of the blockchain, or completely changing the blockchain data structure. Unfortunately, engaging in this problem usually affects either decentralization or security; this is called the blockchain trilemma. This paper proposes the Cooperative Mining System (CMS), which depends on enhanced proof of work consensus algorithm. This proposed system increases transaction throughput and eliminates transaction latency and starvation without affecting decentralization and security. In CMS for each epoch, miners cooperated to create one super-block that contains more transactions than the traditional Bitcoin block. Whereas miners create their traditional blocks simultaneously, broadcast them, wait to receive other miners’ blocks, and lastly create a super-block that contains all the transactions of the gathered blocks. The Simulation results of the CMS and Bitcoin system using different case scenarios show a significant improvement in CMS compared to the current Bitcoin system. The CMS greatly increases the transaction throughput and eliminates transaction latency and starvation.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Our proposed method utilizes blockchain technology to safeguard the ownership of specific regions within image data. In our approach, diverse values could be assigned to each region based on its importance, and only users with ownership rights can access these designated regions. This ensures the protection of ownership rights for individuals in any given region of an image. Identified regions are individually encrypted using an XOR cipher, and a corresponding key image is generated for decryption, thereby preserving the privacy of the encrypted region. Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are employed to protect the key image and manage the ownership of each object in the image data. The NFT for the key image is generated by the key holder (who possesses the entire image), and the ownership NFT is acquired by the user who needs access to the key NFT. Furthermore, the ownership NFT and the key NFT are verified for a match by the judgment function, and only upon successful validation, the NFT is displayed on the screen. This method enables different values to be assigned to various parts of an image, facilitating the transfer and sharing of ownership. Additionally, the original image?s owner can benefit financially based on the value of the image, thus enhancing the overall security of image data.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Sejal Sudhendu Dhamgaye, Shrikant V. Sonekar, Mirza Moiz Baig
The rise of the internet of things has revolutionized the way people work and live. It has also created a vast amount of data that can be collected and stored by various devices. Unfortunately, the centralization of this data has raised concerns about its security. With the help of blockchain technology, a secure and decentralized method of transmission can be established. The concept of blockchain technology is a globally distributed ledger that records and transactions using cryptography. Due to the rapid technological development taking place in the field, it is now considered a key component of Web 3.0. It allows applications to run on a secure and stable basis. In terms of tech terms, data stored on a blockchain is immutable. Various sectors where blockchain shows comprehensive success like e-learning Banking & Finance Online shopping. Reason for success of blockchain. These innovations have the potential to transform our daily lives. The Internet of Things is a vast network that collects and transmits vast data. This data is often sensitive and non-critical, raising questions about its ownership and protection of it. The goal of this paper is to explore the potential of blockchain technologies to address the security challenges of the Internet of Things (IoT). It will first introduce the concept of the secure blockchain framework and its various features. The paper will then introduce the framework for implementing secure and decentralized transmission of IoT data. It will discuss the various features of this technology and its selection of appropriate cryptographic methods and consensus algorithms. It will be subjected to a series of tests to evaluate its performance and security. The findings of the tests will be discussed and analyzed, and recommendations for future developments will be provided. The paper also concludes by summarizing the results. The paper will provide an evaluation of the various aspects of secure blockchain technology for the transmission of data from the Internet of Things. It will also explore its potential to improve the security of the networks that are connected to it.
Nowadays, the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) technology is growing and leading the revolution in the global healthcare field. Exchanged information through IoMT permits attackers to hack or modify the patient’s data. Hence, it is of critical importance to ensure the security and privacy of this information. The standard privacy techniques are not secured enough, so this paper introduces blockchain technology that is used for securing data. Blockchain is used with the smart contract to secure private patient records. This paper presents how a patient may send his vital signs to the physician through the Internet without meeting with the latter in person. These vital signs are collected from the IoMT system that we developed before. In the proposed method, each medical record is stored in the block and connected to the previous block by a hashing function. In order to secure the new block, the SHA256 algorithm is used. We modified the SHA256 algorithm by using run-length code in compressing data. If any hacker attempts to attack any medical record, he must change all previous blocks. In order to preserve the rights of the doctor and patient, a smart contract is built into the blockchain system. When the transaction begins, the smart contract withdraws the money from the patient’s wallet and stores it in the smart contract. When the physician sends the treatment to the patient, the smart contract transfers the money to the physician. This paper shows that all recent work implements Blockchain 2 into the security system. This paper also shows that our security system can create a new block with O (n + d) time complexity. As a result, our system can create one hundred blocks in two minutes. Additionally, our system can deposit the money from the patient’s wallet into the physician’s wallet promptly. This paper also shows that our method performs better than all subsequent versions of the original blockchain.
Dalia Elwi, Osama Abu-Elnasr, A. S. Tolba, Samir Elmougy
Abstract Bitcoin is a digital cryptocurrency which had become the focus of scientific research in the modern era. Blockchain is the underlying technology of Bitcoin because of its decentralization, transparency, trust-less, and immutability features. However, blockchain can be considered the cause of Bitcoin scalability issues especially storage. Nodes in Bitcoin network need to store the full blockchain to validate transactions. By time, the blockchain size will be extremely huge. So, the full nodes will prefer to leave the network, and this leads to the blockchain being centralized and trusted. Therefore, security will be adversely affected. In this paper, we propose a Stateful Layered Chain Model which is based on storing accounts’ balances to reduce the size of the Bitcoin blockchain. This model changes the structure of the traditional blockchain from blocks to layers. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed model reduces the size of blockchain by about 50.6%. Imlicitly, the transaction throughput can also be nearly doubled.
Alain Hennebelle, Leila Ismail, Huned Materwala, Juma Al Kaabi · 6 authors
Diabetes Mellitus, one of the leading causes of death worldwide, has no cure to date and can lead to severe health complications, such as retinopathy, limb amputation, cardiovascular diseases, and neuronal disease, if left untreated. Consequently, it becomes crucial to take precautionary measures to avoid/predict the occurrence of diabetes. Machine learning approaches have been proposed and evaluated in the literature for diabetes prediction. This paper proposes an IoT-edge-Artificial Intelligence (AI)-blockchain system for diabetes prediction based on risk factors. The proposed system is underpinned by the blockchain to obtain a cohesive view of the risk factors data from patients across different hospitals and to ensure security and privacy of the user's data. Furthermore, we provide a comparative analysis of different medical sensors, devices, and methods to measure and collect the risk factors values in the system. Numerical experiments and comparative analysis were carried out between our proposed system, using the most accurate random forest (RF) model, and the two most used state-of-the-art machine learning approaches, Logistic Regression (LR) and Support Vector Machine (SVM), using three real-life diabetes datasets. The results show that the proposed system using RF predicts diabetes with 4.57% more accuracy on average compared to LR and SVM, with 2.87 times more execution time. Data balancing without feature selection does not show significant improvement. The performance is improved by 1.14% and 0.02% after feature selection for PIMA Indian and Sylhet datasets respectively, while it reduces by 0.89% for MIMIC III.
Syed Agha Hassnain Mohsan, Abdul Razzaq, Shahbaz Ahmed Khan Ghayyur, Hend Khalid Alkahtani · 6 authors
Several academicians have been actively contributing to establishing a practical solution to storing and distributing medical images and test reports in the research domain of health care in recent years. Current procedures mainly rely on cloud-assisted centralized data centers, which raise maintenance expenditure, necessitate a large amount of storage space, and raise privacy concerns when exchanging data across a network. As a result, it is critically essential to provide a framework that allows for the efficient exchange and storage of large amounts of medical data in a secure setting. In this research, we describe a unique proof-of-concept architecture for a distributed patient-centric test report and image management (PCRIM) system that aims to facilitate patient privacy and control without the need for a centralized infrastructure. We used an Ethereum blockchain and a distributed file system technology called the Inter-Planetary File System in this system (IPFS). Then, to secure a distributed and trustworthy access control policy, we designed an Ethereum smart contract termed the patient-centric access control protocol. The IPFS allows for the decentralized storage of medical metadata, such as images, with worldwide accessibility. We demonstrate how the PCRIM system design enables hospitals, patients, and image requestors to obtain patient-centric data in a distributed and secure manner. Finally, we tested the proposed framework in the Windows environment by deploying a smart contract prototype on an Ethereum TESTNET blockchain. The findings of the study indicate that the proposed strategy is both efficient and practicable.
The Internet of Things (IoT) platforms, despite the wide range of application is not without loop holes of which cyberattackers can take advantage. In order to improve the platform's security while also increasing other features, it has been proposed that blockchain technology be implemented in any IoT system. However, while blockchain technology has many advantages, it is important to consider other options because they all have their own drawbacks that may not be ideal for every use case situation. IoT network devices have limited computer power, storage space, and bandwidth. As a result, these systems are easily prone to assault than other network connected devices, such PCs, cell phones and tablets. With focus on IoT security challenges and the countermeasures offered by the blockchain technology, consensus algorithm, data encryption and smart contracts were discovered to be the common and effective algorithm employed by the blockchain technology in securing Iot systems over time.
Blockchain technology has gained increasing popularity in the research of Internet of Things (IoT) systems in the past decade. As a distributed and immutable ledger secured by strong cryptography algorithms, the blockchain brings a new perspective to secure IoT systems. Many studies have been devoted to integrating blockchain into IoT device management, access control, data integrity, security, and privacy. In comparison, the blockchain-facilitated IoT communication is much less studied. Nonetheless, we see the potential of blockchain in decentralizing and securing IoT communications. This paper proposes an innovative IoT service platform powered by consortium blockchain technology. The presented solution abstracts machine-to-machine (M2M) and human-to-machine (H2M) communications into services provided by IoT devices. Then, it materializes data exchange of the IoT network through smart contracts and blockchain transactions. Additionally, we introduce the auxiliary storage layer to the proposed platform to address various data storage requirements. Our proof-of-concept implementation is tested against various workloads and connection sizes under different block configurations to evaluate the platform's transaction throughput, latency, and hardware utilization. The experiment results demonstrate that our solution can maintain high performance under most testing scenarios and provide valuable insights on optimizing the blockchain configuration to achieve the best performance.
In this paper, the authors have amplified the concept that EHRs need to be patient-centric and patient-driven, that is the patient should be the real owner as well as the manager of his medical records. The authors propose patient-centric multichain healthcare record (PCMHR) that implements health records using smart contracts on ethereum blockchain and also utilizes the multichain framework - Polygon. PCMHR can concurrently implement blockchain functionality while addressing the concerns of interoperability among authorized hospitals and patient health information confidentiality that damages our healthcare system. The authors propose a solution to fully decentralize the current medical healthcare system by storing PCMHR on IPFS (InterPlanetary File System) to resolve the limitation of blockchain-based applications in scalability and high cost. The authors have depicted the cost and time analysis of transactions on the polygon framework to give a clear view of this multichain framework and its advantages over the ethereum blockchain.
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the interconnection of smart devices to collect data and make intelligent decisions. However, a lack of intrinsic security measures makes next generation IoT more vulnerable to privacy and security threats. With its “security by design,” Blockchain (BC) can help in addressing major security requirements in IoT. Blockchain is an ever-growing list of records that are linked and protected using cryptographic methods. It offers its users the flexibility to conduct transactions with lower costs and faster speeds. Blockchain ledgers are also decentralized and a ledger is maintained at each node in the network. Blockchain’s security and adaptability help in making even entire systems on it a much easily task with the benefit of decentralization. BC capabilities like immutability, transparency, auditability, data encryption, and operational resilience can help solve most architectural shortcomings of IoT. In the vision of the Internet of Things, traditional devices are becoming smarter and more autonomous. This vision is becoming reality as technology advances but there are still challenges to be resolved. This is especially true in a security domain like data trust, and with the expected evolution of the IoT in the coming years, it is important to ensure that this great source of data arrives. This paper began with an overview of blockchain and IoT, as well as explore the IoT blockchain application challenges. This article also focuses to review the most relevant tasks to analyse how IoT blockchain can improve and examine current research concerns and developments in the use of blockchain-related techniques and technologies in the context of IoT security in depth. One of the best parts of working or learning about blockchain and its application is the curiosity about how it can impact the things that we have been accustomed to without trying to improve and make things more efficient and productive.
Abstract With the increasing utilization of space related data, the demand for spatial big data sharing and trading is growing rapidly, which promotes the emergence of spatial data market. However, in conventional data markets, both data buyers and data sellers have to use a centralized trading platform which might be dishonest. Blockchain is a decentralized distributed data storage technology, which uses the traceability and unforgeability to confirm and record each transaction, and can solve partial disadvantages of the centralized data market; unfortunately, it also introduces the problems of security and privacy. To address this issue, in this paper, we propose a blockchain-based spatial data trading framework with trusted execution environment to provide a trusted decentralized platform, including data storage, data query, data pricing, data reputation and security computing. Based on this framework, we use an auction pricing mechanism to ensure data trading authenticity and efficiency. At last, a spatial data trading framework was implemented and its effectiveness and security were verified.
Thomas Lavaur, Jérôme Lacan, Caroline Ponzoni Carvalho Chanel
The Internet of Things includes all connected objects from small embedded systems with low computational power and storage capacities to efficient ones, as well as moving objects like drones and autonomous vehicles. The concept of Internet of Everything expands upon this idea by adding people, data and processing. The adoption of such systems is exploding and becoming ever more significant, bringing with it questions related to the security and the privacy of these objects. A natural solution to data integrity, confidentiality and single point of failure vulnerability is the use of blockchains. Blockchains can be used as an immutable data layer for storing information, avoiding single point of failure vulnerability via decentralization and providing strong security and cryptographic tools for IoE. However, the adoption of blockchain technology in such heterogeneous systems containing light devices presents several challenges and practical issues that need to be overcome. Indeed, most of the solutions proposed to adapt blockchains to devices with low resources confront difficulty in maintaining decentralization or security. The most interesting are probably the Layer 2 solutions, which build offchain systems strongly connected to the blockchain. Among these, zk-rollup is a promising new generation of Layer 2/off-chain schemes that can remove the last obstacles to blockchain adoption in IoT, or more generally, in IoE. By increasing the scalability and enabling rule customization while preserving the same security as the Layer 1 blockchain, zk-rollups overcome restrictions on the use of blockchains for IoE. Despite their promises illustrated by recent systems proposed by startups and private companies, very few scientific publications explaining or applying this barely-known technology have been published, especially for non-financial systems. In this context, the objective of our paper is to fill this gap for IoE systems in two steps. We first propose a synthetic review of recent proposals to improve scalability including onchain (consensus, blockchain organization, …) and offchain (sidechain, rollups) solutions and we demonstrate that zk-rollups are the most promising ones. In a second step, we focus on IoE by describing several interesting features (scalability, dynamicity, data management, …) that are illustrated with various general IoE use cases.
Yehia Ibrahim Alzoubi, Ahmad Al‐Ahmad, Hasan Kahtan, Ashraf Jaradat
The Internet of things model enables a world in which all of our everyday devices can be integrated and communicate with each other and their surroundings to gather and share data and simplify task implementation. Such an Internet of things environment would require seamless authentication, data protection, stability, attack resistance, ease of deployment, and self-maintenance, among other things. Blockchain, a technology that was born with the cryptocurrency Bitcoin, may fulfill Internet of things requirements. However, due to the characteristics of both Internet of things devices and Blockchain technology, integrating Blockchain and the Internet of things can cause several challenges. Despite a large number of papers that have been published in the field of Blockchain and the Internet of things, the problems of this combination remain unclear and scattered. Accordingly, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive survey of the challenges related to Blockchain–Internet of things integration by evaluating the related peer-reviewed literature. The paper also discusses some of the recommendations for reducing the effects of these challenges. Moreover, the paper discusses some of the unsolved concerns that must be addressed before the next generation of integrated Blockchain–Internet of things applications can be deployed. Lastly, future trends in the context of Blockchain–Internet of things integration are discussed.
Abstract In the Industry 4.0 era, an inherited featured technology, blockchain, plays a vital role in knowledge engineering applications. Blockchain provides privacy to sensitive data as an intelligent agent, so its adoption rate increases in all the advanced domains. Especially in the health care department, blockchain technology usage helps avoid attacks like the Wannacry ransomware attack during 2017. Therefore, this paper described a decentralised application (DApp) expert system using public blockchain to create and maintain official health documents, especially medical certificates. Current existing systems, either paper‐based or database or clouds to save the medical certificates, have more scope to do attacks. Hence, proposed a blockchain‐based DApp that acts as an interface between intelligent agents, blockchains, and system related to the medical certificates. The main strength of this paper is implementation results, which are not among the maximum literary works currently available. The associate cost for conducting distributed application operations on the blockchain in terms of Gas comprehensively presented here. Furthermore, it consists of comparing the system's non‐functional functions by considering blockchain and non‐blockchain environments. Also, presented the simulation results with the performance results compared with the existed systems.