The rapid proliferation of blockchain technology has fundamentally transformed global finance through the introduction of decentralized digital assets. However, the intrinsic characteristics that define cryptocurrencies namely decentralization, pseudonymity, and transactional irreversibility have simultaneously rendered the ecosystem a primary target for sophisticated cyber-attacks. This study investigates the critical dichotomy between the "code is law" philosophy and the imperative need for robust cybersecurity frameworks within a rapidly expanding market capitalization. This paper provides a multi-layered architectural analysis of vulnerabilities across the network, infrastructure, and application layers of the cryptocurrency ecosystem. Specifically, it examines systemic threats such as 51% attacks, smart contract exploits (including reentrancy and logic bugs), decentralized finance (DeFi) rug pulls, and sophisticated social engineering schemes. To address these vulnerabilities, the study evaluates the efficacy of current defense-in-depth mechanisms, including air-gapped cold storage solutions, multi-signature protocols, third-party smart contract auditing, and privacy-enhancing Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs). Furthermore, the research explores the integration of regulatory frameworks (AML/KYC standards) and proactive technological defenses like real-time on-chain analytics. Ultimately, this study proposes an enhanced, holistic threat prevention strategy designed to mitigate systemic risks, eliminate single points of failure, and safeguard the future integrity of digital asset platforms.
India's Unified Payments Interface (UPI) processes billions of transactions monthly across dozens of Payment Service Providers (PSPs). However, a structural architectural gap persists: no single entity maintains a unified, real-time, immutable view of an individual's complete financial transaction graph across competing platforms. This fragmentation has become the primary mechanism enabling complex UPI digital payment fraud and mule-account networks. Scammers easily spin up identities across multiple platforms, quickly cascade stolen funds across PSP boundaries, and discard the handles, leaving a broken trail that takes weeks for law enforcement to piece together. This white paper proposes the Universal Financial Identity (UFI) system—a sovereign, mobile-number-anchored financial identity layer that federates all of a user's UPI handles, bank accounts, and Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC/e-Rupee) wallets into a single, immutable distributed ledger record. Key Architectural Features: Zero-Action Trigger Mechanism: The permanent UFI record (formatted as <mobilenumber>@ufi) is generated automatically in the background at the exact moment a user links any bank account to a UPI application, requiring zero user friction. Immutable Distributed Ledger Layer: Operates as a permissioned Hyperledger Fabric network managed by sovereign nodes (RBI, NPCI, and authorized banks), rendering transaction trails cryptographically non-erasable and resilient against app-side account deletions. Graph Intelligence Layer: Integrates native Neo4j graph analytics for real-time, cross-PSP fraud ring detection, rapid fund-movement velocity tracking, and automated fan-in pattern profiling. Programmable Money Integration: Leverages India's e-Rupee infrastructure to enable purpose-bound, geography-restricted, and expiry-enforced smart contract payments for public welfare disbursements (DBT) and B2B settlements. DPDP Act 2023 Compliance: Built with privacy-by-design principles, using salted SHA-256 identity tokenization and multi-tiered, consent-gated access frameworks via the Account Aggregator network. This protocol layer sits seamlessly below existing Third-Party Application Providers (TPAPs) and above core settlement switches, offering real-time cross-PSP fraud tracing and post-deletion identity recovery without introducing latency into synchronous payment pathways. This paper is released for open public community review, protocol exploration, and technical feedback prior to formal provisional patent filings with the Indian Patent Office (IPO).
This research paper provides a comprehensive examination of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology two of the most transformative innovations of the 21st century. We explore the foundational principles of distributed ledger technology, the diverse taxonomy of cryptocurrencies, consensus mechanisms, smart contracts, and decentralised finance (DeFi). Additionally, this paper investigates the security landscape of the crypto ecosystem, cataloguing major hacking incidents, attack vectors, and mitigation strategies. The paper concludes with an outlook on future developments and regulatory trends.
Blockchain technology has provided the transformation of a decentralized system as the concept can make transparency, immutability, and security available without centralized authorities. However, standard algorithms of consensus such as Proof-of-Work (PoW) consume excessive resources and energy with the cost of sustainability, and limiting the scalability of the blockchain and its performance in the environment. The energy efficient consensus algorithm has turned out to be an axiom in limiting the challenges and also protecting the network security and, performance. They are Proof-of-Stake (PoS), Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT), Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS), hybrid consensus and adaptive validation techniques to reduce energy consumption and enhance throughput. Recent work has been done on streamlining selections of the validators to be more efficient, minimize pointless calculations and integrate crafty resource control in order to enhance the performance of consent [15]. It is presumed in the study that energy efficiency research will be conducted through consensus research consolidation based on adaptive validation, participation and weighted node of the consensus strategy that allows optimization in terms of sustainability. The methodology evaluates the energy consumption, throughput and latency and scalability together on behalf of simulated blockchain environments. The facts of the experiment results indicate that the specified framework can be used to reduce the number of energies consumed and guarantee the high degree of security and performance. The results confirm that the implementation of optimal consensus algorithms can be used to provide sustainable blockchain in such tools as IoT, healthcare, and supply chain. The current research contributes to the development of environmentally safe blockchain chains on an efficient consensus innovation.
To deliver the change needed in the developing world, a transformative leader needs to have a vision of a reimagined future and the will to develop systems or infrastructure that consolidate their socially just policies to ensure long-term benefits to the people. To be truly transformative, these policies must be systemised. Blockchain is a technology which enables us to store transactions and other types of information in a digital format. Unlike a typical computer database, information is stored in a ledger format. The database is only appended to and never edited. Each transaction is timestamped to promote traceability. Unlike regular databases, the ledger is replicated and stored on a network of computers. As the ledger is distributed across the network, the term distributed ledger technology is often used to describe a blockchain. Each computer, referred to as a node, constantly verifies the contents of its ledger against every other copy of the ledger stored on the network. A blockchain network can track business information like payments, orders, production processes, etc. Because of how the blocks are stored and verified, the block can't be changed without changing every copy of the blockchain simultaneously, reducing the risk of fraud or exploitation through hacking. Much of a blockchain's value lies in its transparent and shared nature and potential to save costs for the user by reducing system intermediaries. The blockchain systematises trust, negating the need for power brokers.
Dappfort is a blockchain-focused Web3 development company that helps businesses harness the power of decentralized technologies to build secure, scalable, and future-ready digital solutions. Headquartered in Madurai, India, with additional presence in London, Dappfort works across a broad range of industries — including finance, healthcare, gaming, retail, and supply chain — delivering tailored blockchain and Web3 applications to startups, enterprises, and global organizations. The company’s core services include the design and development of decentralized applications (DApps), crypto exchanges (centralized and decentralized), crypto wallets, NFT marketplaces, DeFi platforms, token creation, smart contract development, and enterprise Web3 integration. Dappfort also expands into related areas such as Web3 e-commerce, AI-powered blockchain solutions, and metaverse experiences, supporting clients from strategy and consulting through deployment and ongoing support. With expertise in major blockchain networks like Ethereum, Solana, Binance Smart Chain, and others, Dappfort positions itself as a full-stack partner for businesses aiming to enter or grow in the decentralized digital economy. While the company promotes a strong innovation- and security-oriented approach, external reviews on third-party platforms show mixed feedback from users about project delivery and quality.
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Internet of Things and AI
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Innovations and Analysis in Business and Education
Abstract This research presents a comprehensive blockchain-based solution for supply chain traceability. The system ensures secure, immutable, and transparent tracking of products from origin to delivery. Unlike conventional centralized systems, the proposed model leverages distributed ledger technology to eliminate data tampering and improve stakeholder trust. Smart contracts automate validation, reduce delays, and enhance operational efficiency. The framework demonstrates scalability and applicability across industries including manufacturing, food, and pharmaceuticals. Keywords: Blockchain, Supply Chain, Traceability, Hyperledger Fabric, Smart Contracts, Transparency
AbstractData security has become a growing concern for individuals, businesses, and governments because of increasing cyberattacks, data tampering, and unauthorized access in centralized systems. According to the National Institute of Standards and Technology, blockchain technology addresses these challenges by providing a tamper-evident and tamper-resistant distributed ledger that is implemented without a central authority and records transactions across multiple computers. Its decentralized structure eliminates reliance on a single authority, reducing the risk of system failures and targeted attacks. This Article reviews core blockchain security features, including cryptographic protection, decentralization, consensus mechanisms, immutability, transparency, and smart contract security. Cryptographic tools such as hashing and public-private key systems protect data confidentiality, ensure integrity, and verify user identities. Consensus models like Proof of Work, Proof of Stake, and Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance enable secure transaction validation. The immutability of blockchain records makes unauthorized changes difficult, supporting trust and auditability. The study also examines threats such as 51% attacks, Sybil attacks, private key theft, and smart contract vulnerabilities, and recommends security practices to mitigate these risks. Finally, the Article explores blockchain applications in healthcare, banking, supply chains, voting, and digital identity. The findings indicate that, despite technical and operational challenges, blockchain offers a promising approach to securing digital transactions, protecting sensitive data, and building trust in the digital environment.
The Internet of Things (IoT) has become a major issue that has gained significant attention in the research community. Advances in IoT technologies have resulted in the emergence of various security issues and raised concerns about potential privacy breaches of IoT data. Utilizing Blockchain (BC) is seen as a promising solution for addressing security issues in the IoT. This paper offers a clear overview of IoT security threats, including the related security characteristics and the challenges that come with integrating BC with IoT. A brief discussion of various consensus protocols and existing security techniques is presented. A comparative study of several Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) platforms based on both qualitative and quantitative evaluation criteria is also presented. This paper explores the role of BC Technology in improving security in Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) and other applications in the IoT environment. Additionally, the paper identifies open issues and highlights potential research opportunities that can benefit future studies.
Asif Ali Laghari, Awais Khan Jumani, Shoulin Yin, Muhammad Bux Alvi · 7 authors
Blockchain is a decentralized, public, and distributed ledger designed to securely record and track transactions. It possesses the potential to transform various industries, including healthcare, supply chain management, and financial services, by enhancing transparency, efficiency, and trust. Despite its promise, blockchain development continues to face several challenges, particularly concerning security, scalability, and standardization. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of blockchain technology, focusing on its quality of service (QoS), security mechanisms, and the latest frameworks and models shaping its evolution. Furthermore, it examines existing limitations and identifies key open research challenges that must be addressed for broader adoption. The findings suggest that blockchain can substantially improve operational efficiency and data integrity across multiple domains; however, realizing its full potential requires continued research and technological advancement to overcome current barriers.
E. Sravanthi, Pabbathi Laxmiprasanna, Mulukutla Jahnavi, Kancharla Kritika Reddy
The increasing reliance on digital systems in law enforcement has emphasized the need for secure, transparent, and reliable mechanisms to manage crime evidence. In existing systems, evidence management is typically handled through centralized databases and manual record-keeping, where crime reports, officer details, and evidentiary materials are stored in a single controlled environment. This approach introduces critical challenges such as data tampering, unauthorized access, loss of sensitive information, and lack of transparency, which can weaken trust and complicate legal proceedings. Furthermore, storing evidence in physical formats or unsecured digital systems makes it difficult to ensure authenticity and maintain a proper Chain of Custody (CoC). These limitations highlight the necessity for a system that ensures data integrity, traceability, and secure verification. To overcome these issues, the proposed framework adopts a decentralized architecture using Blockchain technology and Smart Contracts to provide immutability, transparency, and enhanced security of evidence records. The system leverages Ethereum for decentralized data storage, Web3 for enabling interaction between the application and the blockchain network, and Django as the web framework for managing the user interface, file handling, and administrative functionalities. Authorized officers can securely upload, access, and manage evidence, while administrators can monitor and verify transactions in real time. Each evidence record is assigned a unique identifier and permanently stored on the blockchain, preventing unauthorized modification and ensuring a verifiable audit trail. Although the system does not utilize Machine Learning (ML) or Deep Learning (DL), it effectively employs smart contracts-based automation for secure evidence tracking, thereby improving accountability, legal reliability, and operational efficiency.
SOUJANYA SOUJANYA, N. JYOTHI N. JYOTHI, G. KUSHAL G. KUSHAL, M.THRILOCHAN M.THRILOCHAN · 5 authors
The criminal activities in India are increasing at a rapid rate. Many of these activities go unreported. Even after having an online portal for the police for storing FIRs and NCRs, most of the FIRs are handwritten as a traditional practice. In most of the cases, the complainant has to be present in the police station to file a cognizable offense. An effective system for e-governance was started in 2009 named Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS) for the entire country. However, it is a centralized system for a particular state. Thus, there is a need for a completely decentralized system for assuring that there is no central point of failure in the system and complaints are managed securely protected from unauthorized access. Our aim is to propose a blockchain-based solution to manage complaints against both cognizable and non-cognizable offenses. The FIR filed by the police will be encrypted, stored in the IPFS and hash is added to the blockchain network. If the police decide not to file the FIR under pressure or deny receiving any complaint, then the complainant will have strong proof against him/her as the complaint along with its timestamp was stored on the blockchain network. Having all the records stored in an immutable database would remove any chances of the FIR/NCR being tampered and going unnoticed. Keywords – Blockchain Technology, Police Complaint Management System, Smart Contracts, Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), Decentralized Application (DApp), Data Integrity, Tamper-Proof Records, Immutable Audit Trail, Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP), Hyperledger Fabric and Permissioned Blockchain
SHAIK SANA SHAIK SANA, N. SOUJANYA N. SOUJANYA, MOHAMMED MAJEED MOHAMMED MAJEED, BUCHI PAVITHRA BUCHI PAVITHRA · 6 authors
In the current digital era, social media platforms have become pivotal for individuals to express their opinions, political views, and product reviews. However, the centralized nature of traditional social media systems poses significant risks related to data breaches, server crashes, and single points of failure. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel approach to migrate from centralized to decentralized social media platforms by leveraging Blockchain technology. Blockchain ensures data immutability, decentralized storage, and enhanced security by distributing data across multiple nodes. Any tampering with data is immediately detectable due to the cryptographic linkage of data blocks through unique SHA-256 hash codes. The proposed system, named dTweets, enables users to post and view tweets securely using smart contracts written in Solidity and deployed on the Ethereum network. This decentralization prevents fraudulent users from spreading misinformation or unauthorized advertisements. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system achieves strong data integrity, tamper resistance, and transparent operation while maintaining acceptable transaction latency. This implementation provides a robust foundation for a secure and tamper-proof social media ecosystem. KEYWORDS : Blockchain, Decentralized Social Media, Data Security, Privacy Protection, Smart Contracts, SHA-256, Proof of Work, Distributed Ledger, Ethereum, Solidity, dTweets, Secure Data Storage, Web3.
Forensic evidence management in real-world environments presents numerous challenges such as data tampering, unauthorized access, lack of transparency, and inefficiencies in maintaining the chain of custody. In this project, we propose a robust system for managing forensic evidence using blockchain technology by integrating both traditional database methods and decentralized ledger mechanisms. The proposed system utilizes blockchain features such as cryptographic hashing, distributed storage, and consensus protocols along with smart contracts to securely store, verify, and track forensic evidence throughout its lifecycle [1]. A comprehensive forensic dataset consisting of digital evidence records is used to conduct extensive experiments. The system is evaluated by combining blockchain storage with off-chain databases to efficiently handle large volumes of data while ensuring integrity through hash references stored on the blockchain. Multiple configurations of storage and verification techniques have been tested to identify the most effective approach for secure evidence management. The analysis of results indicates that the hybrid blockchain model integrated with smart contracts provides superior performance in terms of data integrity, transparency, and resistance to tampering [2]. The study also compares traditional centralized systems with blockchain-based approaches, highlighting the advantages of decentralization in handling real-world forensic data. The proposed system significantly improves the reliability and efficiency of evidence tracking even under challenging conditions, making it suitable for applications such as cybercrime investigation, digital forensics, and legal evidence management systems [3]. Keywords – Blockchain, Forensic Evidence Management, Cryptographic Hashing, Smart Contracts, Distributed Ledger, Data Integrity, Chain of Custody, Cybersecurity, Digital Forensics, Decentralization.
This paper argues that India's Goods and Services Tax Network has already produced, through tax incentive rather than cryptographic consensus, the supply chain properties — traceability, transparency, fraud reduction, and audit trail — that the blockchain literature proposes to deliver through distributed ledger technology. The argument is not that blockchain does not work. It is that the mechanism that produces tamper-resistance is the incentive, not the technology, and India already has that mechanism at national scale. The paper's original theoretical contribution is a two-player simultaneous-move game formalizing the bilateral incentive structure that the VAT self-enforcement literature has assumed in prose but never derived from primitives. The unique Nash equilibrium (F,D) — formal supplier, demanding buyer — is obtained by iterated elimination of weakly dominated strategies and sustained by a single precise condition: τv > c_B, the input tax credit exceeds the buyer's cost of sourcing from a registered alternative. No audit is required at the transaction level. The ITC does the work that enforcement cannot. The upstream formalization cascade — empirically documented by Patnaik (2026) as a doubling of effects over five years — follows directly as this equilibrium applied iteratively upstream, tier by tier, without government intervention at each stage. To the author's knowledge, this micro-foundation does not appear elsewhere in the VAT literature. Pomeranz (2015), Kleven et al. (2011), and de Paula and Scheinkman (2010) treat the self-enforcement intuition as motivation or derive aggregate implications; none writes down the strategic form game or states the equilibrium condition in falsifiable form. The empirical case rests on scale. FY2024-25 gross collections of Rs. 22.08 lakh crore (approx. USD 263 billion). April 2025 single-month record of Rs. 2.37 lakh crore (approx. USD 28 billion). 1.51 crore active registered taxpayers. Six phases of e-invoicing threshold reduction from Rs. 500 crore to Rs. 5 crore, directionally toward universal pre-validated coverage. GST 2.0 implemented September 22, 2025. The Production Linked Incentive scheme disbursing billions to Apple's contract manufacturers on the basis of GSTN-verified production data — the sovereign proof that the infrastructure is trusted for the highest-stakes commercial verification the government performs. The implication for Indian FMCG, pharmaceutical, and logistics firms is direct: private blockchain consortia built to solve domestic supply chain transparency problems are solving a solved problem at non-zero cost.
G. Naveen Kumar, B. Vaishnavi, Ch. Gayathri Bharghavi, K. Shveni
The Smart Contract Farming System is a digitalized platform created to connect farmers and buyers more reliably and transparently. Its main goal is to reduce the gap between both buyers and farmers by using secure digitized agreements that clearly define terms and conditions, which helps to build trust and ensures that transactions are fair and well-structured. The platform is developed using Vite and React, through which users can easily register, explore crop listings, view contracts, and interact in real time. On the backend, Node.js and Express.js handle the core application logic, including API services, authentication, contract processing, and transaction management. All data is securely stored and managed using MongoDB, ensuring consistency and reliability. One of the key features of the system is the Price Prediction Module, which works before a contract is finalized. This module uses agricultural datasets collected from IEEE research publications. With the help of Python-based machine learning models, the system predicts crop prices by analyzing historical data, seasonal trends, and market needs and supply. It helps farmers and buyers in making informed decisions and agreeing on fair prices. Once the price is decided, digital contracts are created and accepted by both parties. This system also includes crops based on agricultural seasons such as Kharif, Rabi, and Zaid, which helps in better planning and avoids mismatches between supply and demand. In addition to contract management, the platform involves features like dispute resolution tools and analytical dashboards, which make the overall process more efficient and transparent. Payments are secured through trusted methods such as UPI and escrow systems, ensuring safe and reliable transactions. The feature that makes this application more effective is the Crop Insurance module, which allows farmers to enroll in government-supported insurance schemes. This protects them from unexpected risks like floods, droughts, or pest attacks. Overall, the system is designed to be scalable, efficient, and user-friendly. It strengthens farmers by giving them assured market access while helping buyers get a consistent and trustworthy supply of crops.
Blockchain technology has emerged as one of the most disruptive forces in modern computing, fundamentally reshaping how digital ecosystems manage trust, transparency, and decentralization. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of blockchain architecture—covering distributed ledger mechanisms, consensus protocols, and smart contract frameworks—and examines their transformative impact across domains including finance, healthcare, supply chain, and governance. A secondary theme of the paper explores the growing role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a convergent and supporting technology to blockchain, particularly in areas of anomaly detection, intelligent contract automation, and predictive analytics. Using a structured literature review methodology, we identify key architectural components, survey real-world applications, evaluate current limitations, and outline future research directions. Findings suggest that while blockchain independently offers significant systemic advantages, its integration with AI amplifies scalability, security, and decision-making capabilities—heralding a new paradigm for digital infrastructure.
Prof. Ambreen Anees, Alisha Abbasi Shaikh, Aman Ullah Khan, Mohammad Fahad Kirmani · 5 authors
The rapid digital transformation of healthcare systems has significantly improved the storage, accessibility, and management of patient information; however, it has also introduced serious challenges related to data security, privacy, and trust. Traditional centralized medical record systems are vulnerable to single points of failure, unauthorized access, and data breaches, which may compromise sensitive patient data. This paper proposes a decentralized framework for secure medical records management using blockchain technology. The system utilizes a distributed ledger to store medical data in a tamper-resistant and immutable manner, ensuring integrity and transparency. Cryptographic techniques are employed to encrypt patient data and enforce secure access control, allowing only authorized users to retrieve or update records. Additionally, smart contracts are used to automate access permissions and eliminate the need for intermediaries, improving efficiency. By removing dependence on a central authority, the proposed approach enhances reliability, security, and trust among stakeholders while ensuring privacy protection and controlled data sharing in modern healthcare environments.
Alisha Abbasi Shaikh, Aman Ullah Khan, Mohammad Fahad Kirmani, S. Ali
The rapid digital transformation of healthcare systems has significantly improved the storage, accessibility, and management of patient information; however, it has also introduced serious challenges related to data security, privacy, and trust. Traditional centralized medical record systems are vulnerable to single points of failure, unauthorized access, and data breaches, which may compromise sensitive patient data. This paper proposes a decentralized framework for secure medical records management using blockchain technology. The system utilizes a distributed ledger to store medical data in a tamper-resistant and immutable manner, ensuring integrity and transparency. Cryptographic techniques are employed to encrypt patient data and enforce secure access control, allowing only authorized users to retrieve or update records. Additionally, smart contracts are used to automate access permissions and eliminate the need for intermediaries, improving efficiency. By removing dependence on a central authority, the proposed approach enhances reliability, security, and trust among stakeholders while ensuring privacy protection and controlled data sharing in modern healthcare environments.
Over the past years, there has been increased risk of forging and replicating academic credentials unauthorized, and manipulation of data due to fast computerization of academic credentials. The traditional verification system that is centred on the Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), has included instances such as centralized control, the lack of transparency, and vulnerability to points of failures. Such challenges are suggesting a decentralized approach to the generation of digital certificates as well as their validation with the assistance of a blockchain Technology that is secure in nature. The suggested system will use cryptographic hashing, smart contracts using Ethereum and distributed ledger mechanisms to provide integrity, authenticity, and immutability of data. The blockchain has certificates in the hash values that can be easily verified and without the involvement of middle men. The framework will also enhance trust among the stakeholders as they will be in a position to ensure validation without disruption. As it is revealed through the experiment analysis and modular evaluation, the offered solution enhances the effectiveness of the verification towards its significant extent, the chance of fraud decrease, and offers a solution which can be further scaled and become suitable in the contemporary digital certification systems.
Dr.B.Swathi Dr.B.Swathi, SAANIYA ARSHI, ARABOTHU ANVESH, MOHAMMED AYAAN AHMED · 5 authors
The quick adoption of blockchain technology and generative AI is a major factor in the world's electricity use, which raises concerns about their long-term environmental impact. To save energy, the first thing you need to do is figure out how much energy you are already using. But because blockchain and generative AI are both cloud-based services, it's not easy to understand how much energy they use when they're not at your site. This makes it harder for companies and organisations that want to improve the accuracy of calculating Scope 3 emissions. This study determines the energy consumption of these technologies at both the system level and per-use basis, comparing them to traditional services such as payment networks and web search engines. For instance, Bitcoin, which uses a Proof of Work (PoW) blockchain, uses about 121 TWh, or 0.43% of all the electricity used in the world. It also uses 720,000 times more energy per transaction than the Visa payment system. When Ethereum switched to Proof of Stake (PoS) in 2022, it used 99.988% less energy, showing how much more efficient things can be.Generative AI models also use a lot of energy, especially when they are being trained and used to make predictions. For instance, it took about 9,450 MWh of energy to train GPT-4, and it took more than 500 MWh of energy to do inference work every day. Inference, which is always powered by user activity, is often more resource-intensive than the training process. The authors say that we need to learn more about and lessen the environmental effects of these technologies right away. Possible solutions include energy-efficient consensus mechanisms or giving AIs the ability to better optimise their own lifecycle. The report is meant to help businesses think about how to use technology in a way that is good for the environment as part of a better or more complete Scope 3 emissions strategy.
Integrating blockchain into the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has emerged as a promising solution for preserving data privacy and ensuring IoT security. Among various blockchain platforms, Ethereum stands out due to its support for smart contracts and its interoperability with lightweight communication protocols. Despite these advantages, particularly within Ethereum-based networks, IIoT systems remain vulnerable to large-scale threats such as Sybil attacks. These attacks pose a critical security risk because an adversary generates numerous fake entities to infiltrate and compromise the network, ultimately undermining its integrity and availability. Existing approaches utilize Ethereum smart contracts and lightweight protocols such as MQTT to secure IIoT communications, but often overlook sophisticated threats such as Sybil attacks, which introduce fraudulent nodes into the network. Conventional detection methods typically depend on centralized monitoring, undermining scalability and privacy, and there remains a lack of publicly available datasets representing adversarial behaviors in IIoT environments. In this paper, an Ethereum-based IIoT network is first developed, and a publicly available dataset is released through the GitHub repository. An advanced method is then proposed to detect and prevent Sybil attacks in a PoA-based IIoT network using decentralized federated learning. During the detection phase, a convolutional neural network (CNN) is employed within the decentralized federated learning framework, achieving an average detection accuracy and recall of 91.13% and 91.37% among clients, respectively. In the prevention phase, a secure smart contract is designed to manage a dynamic reputation system, effectively preventing Sybil nodes from remaining active on the network.
Blockchain technology stands at the forefront of transforming digital communication, addressing entrenched issues like data breaches, privacy erosion, and centralized control. This systematic literature review synthesizes insights from over 50 peer-reviewed articles, industry reports, and case studies published between 2018 and 2025, focusing on blockchain's core principles and their application to secure messaging, decentralized social networks, IoT ecosystems, and telecommunications. Drawing on databases such as Google Scholar, IEEE Xplore, and Scopus, we identify key benefits—decentralization for resilience, immutability for integrity, and cryptography for confidentiality—while critically examining barriers like scalability trilemma, regulatory conflicts, and user adoption hurdles. Emerging trends, including zero-knowledge proofs and modular architectures, signal a path toward scalable Web3 paradigms. The review concludes with societal implications for trust-building and data sovereignty, proposing research directions for hybrid models that balance innovation with compliance. This work underscores blockchain's potential to foster a user-empowered, equitable communication landscape.
Climate change, driven by global warming and associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, poses a significant global challenge. International organizations and governments are actively pursuing emission reduction strategies, yet these efforts are often constrained by the direct relationship between emissions and national economic activity. This paper proposes a blockchain-based carbon footprint (CF) management system named P u r e C a r b o P r i n t , that leverages data from IoT devices, and security is ensured by zero-knowledge proofs (ZKP) to track and reduce CF at the individual level. Individual data is collected and converted into carbon coin, a hybrid (online-offline) crypto coin operating on the Pure Chain network. A smart contract, deployed on the Pure Chain network using the Pure Chain coin, governs the proposed system. Additionally, zk-SNARK is applied to implement ZKP for the validity and integrity of the information verification without revealing private information. Based on theoretical models and previous studies on behavior-based carbon reductions, it is expected that the system can achieve up to a 30% reduction in CF per user within the first year.