In the present times, the healthcare sector has seen an enormous growth in the usage of technology ranging from EHRs (electronic health records) to personal health trackers. Currently, there is a need for managing EHRs effectively with respect to storage, privacy and security measures. State-of-art technologies such as blockchain and artificial intelligence (AI) are applied in the healthcare domain. Innovation in AI is steadily advancing and is finding its place in different industries. The integration of blockchain and AI looks promising as there are several benefits. Blockchain can make the AI more secure and autonomous whereas AI can drive the blockchain with intelligence. The objective of this article is to explore the uses of blockchain as well as AI technology in the field of healthcare. We aim to survey the advantages, issues and challenges of integrating blockchain with AI technology, including future research directions in the healthcare domain. In this study, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) rules and an efficient searching protocol were used to examine several scientific databases to recognize and investigate every important publication. A solid systematic review was carried out on integration of blockchain and AI in the healthcare domain to identify existing challenges and benefits of integrating these two technologies in healthcare. Our study found that the integration of AI and blockchain technology has a potential to provide several benefits in terms of performance and security which conventional EHRs lack. The inherent benefits of blockchain and AI together are limitless, but the bare outcomes based on blockchain powered by AI technology are yet to be obtained. In addition, the outcome of our detailed study may aid researchers to carry out further research.
The emergence of new and improved technological advances created severe problems in the security state of the educational certification system. Throughout this paper, a proposal has been made to improve security. Here, Blockchain technology has been introduced as reliable secure storage for the educational certification system, providing an additional facility to the users. That is the validation and authentication of the student's academic records. Moreover, for security purposes, Blockchain technology can replace the traditional academic certification system and contribute to a new model for sharing student information. After completion of data inclusion and hashing, the blocks will be inserted into the Blockchain network. This proposed model enhances document security and fraud reduction and additionally reduces a significant amount of authentication time almost up to double the current speed. With this system, we will get a certification process in which all data will be digitalized and secured in an unbreakable database with proper authentication and with a noticeable amount of time efficiency.
Kirtirajsinh Zala, Hiren Kumar Thakkar, Rajendrasinh Jadeja, Neel H. Dholakia ¡ 7 authors
Traditional healthcare services have changed into modern ones in which doctors can diagnose patients from a distance. All stakeholders, including patients, ward boy, life insurance agents, physicians, and others, have easy access to patients' medical records due to cloud computing. The cloud's services are very cost-effective and scalable, and provide various mobile access options for a patient's electronic health records (EHRs). EHR privacy and security are critical concerns despite the many benefits of the cloud. Patient health information is extremely sensitive and important, and sending it over an unencrypted wireless media raises a number of security hazards. This study suggests an innovative and secure access system for cloud-based electronic healthcare services storing patient health records in a third-party cloud service provider. The research considers the remote healthcare requirements for maintaining patient information integrity, confidentiality, and security. There will be fewer attacks on e-healthcare records now that stakeholders will have a safe interface and data on the cloud will not be accessible to them. End-to-end encryption is ensured by using multiple keys generated by the key conclusion function (KCF), and access to cloud services is granted based on a person's identity and the relationship between the parties involved, which protects their personal information that is the methodology used in the proposed scheme. The proposed scheme is best suited for cloud-based e-healthcare services because of its simplicity and robustness. Using different Amazon EC2 hosting options, we examine how well our cloud-based web application service works when the number of requests linearly increases. The performance of our web application service that runs in the cloud is based on how many requests it can handle per second while keeping its response time constant. The proposed secure access scheme for cloud-based web applications was compared to the Ethereum blockchain platform, which uses internet of things (IoT) devices in terms of execution time, throughput, and latency.
Theme, background and signal music is the music inserted into broadcasting contents of a broadcaster, and is recognized as a created content like normal music. Since there are lyricists and composers who have the rights of music, the copyright fee is distributed. However, there often occur problems with inaccurate monitoring results for theme, background and signal music usage due to the omission of usage details and non-transparent settlement method. In this paper, we propose a method of generating music usage monitoring information based on a blockchain, on which the usage information of music source is recorded by the usage monitoring tool based on the feature-based filtering technology of monitoring organizations. The framework proposed in this paper includes a blockchain network structure, a series of transaction procedures in which the theme, background and signal music usage history is stored and the recorded data format in the blockchain ledger. In the proposed framework, accurate music usage details can be created, details are stored in blocks without changes or omissions, and eventually transparent settlement and distribution are possible by processing smart contract, instead of previous non-transparent settlement practice.
As a method for learners to learn independently in distance education, the need for a problem recommendation learning guide that effectively reflects a learning pattern based on learner data is increasing. In this paper, based on blockchain Ethereum smart contract technology, we analyze and present problem recommendation patterns for individual learners by filtering, collecting, and transparently managing multiple learner data that can occur in a distance education environment. In this study, various weighting factors were assigned to each learning situation. The optimal problem recommendation path is presented so that learners can solve problems based on weight-based learning factors in various learning situations. For the performance evaluation of this study, a similar learning environment was set up, and learning satisfaction, usefulness of problem recommendation guides, and learner data processing speed were analyzed. As a result of the performance evaluation, it was confirmed that the learning satisfaction improved by more than 15% compared to the existing learning environment in the proposed environment. In addition, it was confirmed that the learning data processing speed was improved by more than 17%.
The hyperledger fabric is a modular blockchain framework used by private companies to develop blockchain-based products, solutions, and applications using plug-and-play components. The smart contracts operating in this framework is created by implementing a chaincode. When implementing a chaincode, there may be a security weakness inside the code, which is the root cause of the security vulnerability. However, when the contract is completed and the block is created, the chaincode cannot be arbitrarily modified, so the security weakness must be analyzed before execution. This paper conducted a study on chaincode intermediate code generation for security weakness analysis of chaincode operating in hyperledger fabric blockchain framework. Analysis of security weaknesses at the source code level is not easy because the code logic is not clear and the complexity is high. On the other hand, security weakness analysis at the intermediate code level is easy to analyze because the code logic of the source code is clearly represented and the complexity is lower than that of the source code.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, engagement in various remote activities such as online education and meetings has increased. However, since the conventional online environments typically provide simple streaming services using cameras and microphones, there have limitations in terms of physical expression and experiencing real-world activities such as cultural and economic activities. Recently, metaverse environments, three-dimensional virtual reality that use avatars, have attracted increasing attention as a means to solve these problems. Thus, many metaverse platforms such as Roblox, Minecraft, and Fortnite have been emerging to provide various services to users. However, such metaverse environments are potentially vulnerable to various security threats because the users and platform servers communicate through public channels. In addition, sensitive user data such as identity, password, and biometric information are managed by each platform server. In this paper, we design a system model that can guarantee secure communication and transparently manage user identification data in metaverse environments using blockchain technology. We also propose a mutual authentication scheme using biometric information and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) to provide secure communication between users and platform servers and secure avatar interactions between avatars and avatars. To demonstrate the security of the proposed mutual authentication scheme, we perform informal security analysis, BurrowsâAbadiâNeedham (BAN) logic, Real-or-Random (ROR) model, and Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA). In addition, we compare the computation costs, communication costs, and security features of the proposed scheme with existing schemes in similar environments. The results demonstrate that the proposed scheme has lower computation and communication costs and can provide a wider range of security features than existing schemes. Thus, our proposed scheme can be used to provide secure metaverse environments.
In this study, future cars are attempting self-driving around the world. However, hacking, such as ECUs in automobiles, creates problems that are directly connected to human life. Therefore, this study wrote a paper that detects anomalies in such cars by field. As a related study, the study investigated the vulnerabilities of the automobile security committee and automobile security standards and investigated the detection of abnormalities in the hacking of geo-train cars using artificial intelligenceâs LSTM and blockchain consensus algorithm. In addition, in automobile security, an algorithm was studied to predict normal and abnormal values using LSTM-based anomaly detection techniques on the premise that automobile communication networks are largely divided into internal and external networks. In the methodology, LSTMâs pure propagation malicious code detection technique was used, and it worked with an artificial intelligence consensus algorithm to increase security. In addition, Unity ML conducted an experiment by constructing a virtual environment using the Beta version. The LSTM blockchain consensus node network was composed of 50,000 processes to compare performance. For the first time, 100 Grouped Tx, 500 Channels were tested for performance. For the first time, the malicious code detection rate of the existing system was verified. Accelerator, Multichannel, Sharding, Raiden, Plasma, and Trubit values were verified, and values of approximately 15,000 to 50,000 were obtained. In this paper, we studied to become a paper of great significance on hacking that threatens human life with the development of self-driving cars in the future.
Durch die steigende Popularität von Bitcoin steigen auch die Anforderungen von Benutzern nach effektiven Techniken zur Wahrung ihrer Privatsphäre. Zwei häufig empfohlene Dienste sind Wasabi Wallet und Samourai Wallet, welche durch CoinJoins das robuste und sichere Vermischen von Bitcoins versprechen. Diese Arbeit untersucht die Rolle dieser beiden Dienste im Bitcoin Ăkosystem, wie sich diese Rolle im Laufe der Zeit entwickelt hat und ob es mĂśglich ist, Benutzer dieser Dienste zu deanonymisieren. Um die Rolle beider Dienste zu analysieren werden Heuristiken entwickelt, welche die CoinJoin Transaktionen von Wasabi Wallet und Samourai Wallet erkennen. Auf Basis der so entdeckten Transaktionen wird sichtbar, dass sowohl die Anzahl der Transaktionen als auch die Anzahl der vermischten Bitcoins stetig wächst, was auf eine wachsende Nutzerbasis hinweist. DarĂźber hinaus wurden Adressen von Entitäten, welche in Verbindung zu kriminellen Aktivitäten wie Ransomware und Service-Hacks stehen, in der Nähe von CoinJoin Transaktionen beider Dienste identifiziert. Schlussendlich wird das zugrundeliegende System beider Dienste in Hinblick auf Diebstahl, Denial-of-Service sowie Deanonymisierung von Benutzern analysiert. Es wird gezeigt, dass ein bĂśsartiger CoinJoin-Koordinator theoretisch Nutzer deanonymisieren kann, dies jedoch nur in einer eher offensichtlichen Art, welche zu nachträglichem Misstrauen fĂźhren kann. Des Weiteren sind sowohl Wasabi Wallet als auch Samourai Wallet robust gegenĂźber Diebstahl und verfĂźgen Ăźber MaĂnahmen gegen Denial-of-Service Angriffe.
Seungwon Cho, Muhammad Khan, Jae-Ho Pyeon, Chansik Park
In total, 44.3% of particle matter 10 (PM10) is fugitive dust, and one of the main sources of fugitive dust generation in Korea is construction work (22%). Construction sites account for 84% of the total business places that have reported fugitive dust generation. Currently, the concentration of fine dust at construction sites is being remotely monitored by government inspection agencies through IoT sensors, but it is difficult to trust that appropriate fine dust reduction measures are being taken, because contractors can avoid taking these measures by submitting false reports or photos. In addition, since the fine dust monitoring system under government management is not an open platform and centralized system, residents near construction sites encounter difficulties in accessing information about fine dust. Therefore, in this study, we designed and constructed a blockchain network model to transparently and reliably provide network participants with the information associated with IoT data and fine dust reduction measures. To operate the blockchain network, we designed the chaincode, DApp, and network architecture. In addition, information on fine dust concentration and reduction measure photos were shared with the participants via the blockchain search tool (Hyperledger Explorer). The proposed blockchain network is expected to form a trust protocol among contractors, government inspection agencies, and citizens.
Tri Wahyuningsih, Gunawan Gunawan, Fitra Putri Oganda, Mey Anggraeni
With the approaching of the digital age, digital education resources bring convenience to folks as a result of they're liable to duplicate and spread, however there are some disadvantages in on-line education service transactions. The safety problems with digital education resources and also the development of smuggled distribution seriously harm the rights and interests of the house owners of digital education resources. supported this, during this paper, we have a tendency to planned a blockchain-based digital education resources authentication system that uses the decentralized, tamper-resistant options of blockchain technology to store the digital education resources info within the style of a secret text. Within the system, there is no have to be compelled to need the participation of any third-party institution. The system planned during this study can greatly defend the rights and interests of the owner of digital education resources.
The existing technologies allow to distribute digital images quickly and easily through the internet. The misuse of digital images, intentionally or unintentionally, increases dramatically especially with copyright protection that facing a major challenge. There are many unsolved problems in the centralized copyright office registration such as high cost services, long time processing, store copyright information in the centralized server and susceptibility to tampering registration records. In this paper, a schema of copyright digital management system is designed based on blockchain, Inter Planetary File System (IPFS) and Perceptual hash image. Blockchain technology evolvement has very changed the network that makes numerous applications become distributed and decentralized without loss of security. Moreover, our solution exploits the benefits of IPFS to store image and text file of copyright owner's information on a decentralized file system. Perceptual image hashing is used for authentication based on the understanding of the image content. The scheme uses Point to Point (P2P) network to improve the copyright image management, make the distribution of copyrighted work without third part and finally protect the copyright owner.
In most websites, the online rating system provides the ratings of products and services to users. Lack of trust in data integrity and its manipulation has hindered fulfilling user satisfaction. Since existing online rating systems deal with a central server, all rating data is stored on the central server. Therefore, all rating data can be removed, modified, and manipulated by the system manager to change the ratings in favor of the service or product provider. In this paper, an online rating system using distributed ledger technologies has been presented as the proposed system to solve all the weaknesses of current systems. Distributed ledger technologies are completely decentralized and there is no centralization on them by any institution. Distributed ledger technologies have different variants. Among distributed ledger technologies, blockchain technology has been used in the proposed rating system because of its support for smart contracts. In the proposed online rating system, the Ethereum platform has been chosen from different blockchain platforms that have a public permission network. In this system, the raters cannot rate unless they submit a request to the system and be authorized to take part in the online product rating process. The important feature of the Ethereum platform is its support for smart contracts, which can be used to write the rating contract in the Solidity language. Also, using Proof of Authority consensus mechanisms, all rating transactions are approved by the surveyors. Since in the real Ethereum system, each rating transaction is sent to the network by the raters, some gas must be paid for each rating transaction. However, since this method is expensive, TestNet blockchain can be used in the rating system. Finally, the proposed rating system was used for rating the restaurants of a website and its features were tested.
Background / Motivation . Recently, a lot of interest in health is increasing due to the technology of the 4th industrial revolution. In particular, personal medical information through intelligent selfâdiagnosis is emerging as very important. However, such personal medical information causes many problems in security and reliability. Problem / Issues . Personal medical information accidents may occur on the server, but most of all, they occur more often in information sharing and data transmission. Therefore, in this paper, blockchain technology is applied to improve the reliability of such personal information management. Research Objective / Methodology . For intelligent healthcare incorporating blockchain technology, this study utilized the blockchainâbased Internet of Things. In addition, information was accumulated using a number of measurement sensors to analyze individual ECG information. The measured biosignals were monitored for personalized diagnosis by analyzing the fused threshold. Result . In this paper, we implemented a monitoring system using measurement sensors to analyze individual biometric information. The implemented system information has improved reliability and security by incorporating blockchain technology.
In this paper, We studied the operation of distributed ledger technology used as a core technology for smart contracts and the components of distributed ledger technology. As a solution applying the entity of distributed ledger technology to NoE, we proposed the protocol of the distributed ledger technology using the thing user social group management function of NoE protocols being standardized in ISO/IEC JTC1 SC6. The management function of things user social group in NoE provides stable protocol functions and data transmission management, and provides group management functions such as member discovery function and data transmission channel management function. It is expected to be useful for member management functions of distributed ledger nodes by providing a service that apply the component of distributed ledger technology. We intend to actively reflect this technology in the future network functions of ISO/IEC JTC1 SC6, which is undergoing standardization.
Open access
Caching and Content Delivery
Internet of Things and Social Network Interactions
Increased adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in multiple domain areas continuously increases the volume of data and transactions from the IoT devices. The IoT systems are vulnerable to more attacks because of increased adoptions and technology adoptions. Protecting the data and providing security to the data and transactions is one of the critical issues for the effective quality of service (QoS) in the IoT environments. An adaptable IoT framework is proposed based on the research approach of 'ADOPT' that leverages the blockchain technology and features considering security as one of the QoS parameters. In the proposed model of a three-layer IoT architecture with an application layer, network layer, and perception layer, the blockchain features are adopted for the resource-constrained IoT environment. In the perception layer, the model uses a local and temporary memory to maintain the local chain, which is managed based on the memory size and time constraints. The application layer nodes manage the synchronization of the data from the corresponding local chain at the edge node. The implementation of the proposed model uses Ethereum, an open-source public blockchain, and using mobile devices as an edge node. The results are verified for security factors like access, authorizations, confidentiality, and computing resources.
This study investigated the application of a blockchain for promoting the sustainable development of non-profit organizations (NPOs). Transparency and good governance are important for operating NPOs in addition to building trust with relevant stakeholders. NPOs consume a large amount of resources (including funds) to monitor their operations and present their transparency and soundness of governance to interested stakeholders. Blockchain technology can fulfill an NPOâs requirements at a lower cost and with a higher efficiency. We reviewed the existing research on NPO governance and blockchain applications. In addition, through case studies, we identified sustainable development strategies for NPOs involving blockchain technologies to increase donation, reduce cost, enhance transparency, and improve governance structure.
Open access
Technology Adoption and User Behaviour
Diverse Approaches in Healthcare and Education Studies
Due to the unique characteristics of decentralization and security, blockchain is believed to have considerable potential to provide a wide range of benefits for ed-ucation development. Its application in education is relatively new but increasing very quickly. This paper introduced the typical blockchain techniques and charac-teristics briefly. Then, recent applications of blockchain in education were sum-marized comprehensively, especially those regarding learning record keeper, cer-tificate issue and management, and decentralized education ecosystem. Finally, technical and non-technical challenges were discussed. It is hoped to provide an in-depth look at the perspectives of blockchain in evolving education and help to the development of new application systems.
This paper seeks to use artificial intelligence blockchain algorithms to ensure safe verification of medical institution PHR data and accurate verification of medical data as existing vulnerabilities. Artificial intelligence has recently spread and has led to research on many technologies thanks to the Fourth Industrial Revolution. This is a very important factor in healthcare as well as the healthcare industryâs position. Likewise, blockchain is very safe to apply because it encrypts and verifies these medical data in case they are hacked or leaked. These technologies are considered very important. This study raises the problems of these artificial intelligence blockchains and recognizes blockchain, artificial intelligence, neural networks, healthcare, etc.; these problems clearly exist, so systems like EHR are not being used. In the future, ensuring privacy will be made easier when these EHRs are activated and data transmission and data verification between hospitals are completed. To overcome these shortcomings, we define an information security blockchain artificial intelligence framework and verify blockchain systems for accurate extraction, storage, and verification of data. In addition, various verification and performance evaluation indicators are set to obtain the TPS of medical data and for the implementation of standardization work in the future. This paper seeks to maximize the confidentiality of blockchain and the sensitivity and availability of artificial intelligence.
Due to enormous increase in development of technology maintenance of userâs information has become major concern. However, userâs information has been effectively maintained by the third parties but the problems with the current system are cost has been increased for maintaining information, lack of transparency and fairness, overuse of power and nature of opaqueness in the current system. So distributed system/ledger i.e., Blockchain came into existence to solve the problems encountered with the current system. The advantages of the proposed distributed system are cost is negligible by eliminating the need of third parties, effectively enhancing the execution speed of transactions and facilitating its reconciliation, maintaining transparency thereby ensuring integrity of userâs information. In this paper, we introduce Ethereum based blockchain network for maintaining userâs information through smart contracts. Experimental results shows that how effectively userâs information has been maintained through blockchain based networks.