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Feb 8, 2022¡Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
0 cites
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Open access
Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
Aging, Elder Care, and Social Issues
Health, Medicine and Society
Original source
Feb 8, 2022¡Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
5 cites
Ethereum based Smart Contracts for Trade and Finance

Rishabh Garg

Blockchain - the decentralized global ledger technology provides a potentially attractive alternate to organize modern finance. Organizations use ERP software to integrate the management of all major business processes. Instead, blockchain can provide single version of the truth, in real time, regardless of constraints, to all participants across the organizational boundaries.

Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Private Equity and Venture Capital
Auction Theory and Applications
Original source
Feb 7, 2022¡Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Ilmu Komputer
2 cites
Rancang Bangun Website Akademik dengan Penyimpanan Sertifikat Digital Menggunakan Teknologi Blockchain

Windra Swastika, Hermawan Wirasantosa, Oesman Hendra Kelana

<p>Sertifikat merupakan sebuah bentuk penghargaan yang didapat seseorang setelah menyelesaikan suatu uji kompetensi atau pembelajaran tertentu. Sertifikat harus dibuat dan disimpan dengan metode dan keamanan yang baik untuk mencegah terjadinya perubahan isi atau bahkan pemalsuan. Teknologi blockchain merupakan teknologi yang memungkinkan proses penyimpanan yang aman dengan ongkos yang rendah. Keamanan terjamin karena semua orang bisa mengambil bagian untuk menyimpan data dengan ledger yang terdistribusi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan perancangan sistem yang dibuat dapat disimpulkan bahwa proses pembuatan teknologi blockchain sebagai media penerbitan sertifikat dan validasinya dapat dibuat menggunakan program milik Ethereum yaitu Geth dan penyimpanan data menggunakan smart contract yang diterbitkan pada jaringan blockchain. Hasil dari pengujian reliabilitas terhadap sistem menunjukkan bahwa bahwa sistem berhasil memproses 200 transaksi dalam waktu kurang lebih 8 detik. Untuk pengujian skalabilitas didapatkan estimasi 10 juta blok membutuhkan kapasitas penyimpanan sebesar 22,6 GB untuk menjadi node atau miner pada jaringan blockchain ini.</p><p> </p><p><em><strong>Abstract</strong></em></p><p class="Abstract"><em>A certificate is a form of appreciation that a person receives after completing a certain competency or learning test. Certificates must be created and stored with good methods and security to prevent changes in content or even forgery. Blockchain technology is technology that allows secure storage processes at a low cost. Security is guaranteed because everyone can take part in storing data with a distributed ledger. Based on the results of research and design of the system, it can be concluded that the process of making blockchain technology as a media for issuing certificates and validation can be made using Ethereum's proprietary program Geth and data storage using smart contracts issued on the blockchain network. The results of the reliability testing of the system indicate that the system successfully processed 200 transactions in approximately 8 seconds. For scalability testing, it is estimated that 10 million blocks require a storage capacity of 22.6 GB to become a node or miner on this blockchain network.</em></p><p><em><strong><br /></strong></em></p>

Open access
Blockchain Technology in Education and Learning
Information Retrieval and Data Mining
Educational Methods and Impacts
Original source
Feb 4, 2022¡Security and Communication Networks
56 cites
Electronic Health Record Monitoring System and Data Security Using Blockchain Technology

Kazi Tamzid Akhter Md Hasib, Ixion Chowdhury, Saadman Sakib, Mohammad Monirujjaman Khan ¡ 7 authors

Bangladesh should have owned a decentralized medical record server. We face a lot of issues, such as doctor’s appointments, report organization in one spot, and report follow-ups. People now bring a large number of papers to the doctor’s chamber. They carry prescriptions, reports, and X-ray files, among other things. It complicates everyone’s life as a result. All of the reports must be reviewed by doctors on a regular basis. It is difficult to read old reports on a regular basis, and patients do not receive the correct medications or treatment. Doctors also find it extremely difficult to comprehend handwritten prescriptions. Data security, authenticity, time management, and other areas of data administration are dramatically improved when blockchain (smart contract) technology is linked with standard database management solutions. Blockchain is a groundbreaking, decentralized technology that protects data from unauthorized access. After smart contracts are implemented, the management will be satisfied with the patients. As a result, maintaining data privacy and accountability in the system is tough. It signifies that the information is only accessible to those who have been authenticated. This study focuses on limiting third-party engagement in medical health data and improving data security. Throughout the process, this will improve accessibility and time efficiency. People will feel safer during the payment procedure, which is the most significant benefit. A smart contract and a peer-to-peer encrypted technology were used. The hacker will not be able to gain access to this system since this document uses an immutable ledger. They will not be able to change any of the data if they gain access to the system. If the items are found to be defective, the transaction will be halted. Transaction security will be a viable option for recasting these problems using cryptographic methodologies. We developed a website where patients and doctors will both benefit because of the use of blockchain technology to ensure the security of medical data. We have different profiles for doctors and patients. In the patient profile, they can create their own account by using a unique address, name, and age. This unique address will be created from the genesis block. The unique address is completely private to the owner, who will remain fully secure in our network. After creating an account, the patient can view the doctors’ list and they can upload their medical reports such as prescriptions and X-rays. All the records uploaded by the patient will be stored on our local server (Ganache). The records are stored as hashed strings of the data. Those files will also have a unique address, and it will be shown in the patient profile. After granting access, the doctors will be able to view their records in the respective doctor’s profile. For accessing the options such as uploading, viewing, or editing the data, Ethereum currency (a fee) will have to be paid in order to complete the request. On the other hand, doctors can enter their profile using their name and unique address. After logging in, they can view their name, unique address, and the list of patients that have granted access to the doctor to view their files. On our website, the front end is handled by JavaScript, ReactJS, HTML, and CSS. The backend is handled by Solidity. Storage is handled by Ganache as the local host. Finally, this paper will show how to ensure that the procedure is as safe as feasible. We are also maintaining transparency and efficiency here.

Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Retinal Imaging and Analysis
Original source
Feb 3, 2022¡Saudi Journal of Economics and Finance
4 cites
Crypto-Currency: Trends and Determinants

Debesh Bhowmik

In this paper, author analyses the role of cryptocurrencies in the economy and showed the trends of prices of Bitcoin and Ethereum in terms of US$ during 2017m1-2021m12 and also showed the trends of the market capitalization of Bitcoin during 2017m1-2021m12. All the trendlines are non-linear with cyclical behavior. Traditional regression model revealed that the market capitalization of Bitcoin is positively related with prices of Bitcoin and inflation rate and negatively related with price of Ethereum significantly from 2019m1 to 2021m12. Cointegration and VEC model suggested that the market capitalization of Bitcoin has long run causality with the prices of Bitcoin and Ethereum and inflation rate but the cointegrating equation has been proved diverging away from equilibrium. Bitcoin price and market capitalization have bi-directional short run causality and the price of Ethereum has short run causality to market capitalization of Bitcoin during the specified period. The volatility of market capitalization of Bitcoin showed a non-stationary process.

Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Original source
Feb 3, 2022¡Financial Innovation
95 cites
Cue the volatility spillover in the cryptocurrency markets during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from DCC-GARCH and wavelet analysis

Onur Özdemir

This study investigates the dynamic mechanism of financial markets on volatility spillovers across eight major cryptocurrency returns, namely Bitcoin, Ethereum, Stellar, Ripple, Tether, Cardano, Litecoin, and Eos from November 17, 2019, to January 25, 2021. The study captures the financial behavior of investors during the COVID-19 pandemic as a result of national lockdowns and slowdown of production. Three different methods, namely, EGARCH, DCC-GARCH, and wavelet, are used to understand whether cryptocurrency markets have been exposed to extreme volatility. While GARCH family models provide information about asset returns at given time scales, wavelets capture that information across different frequencies without losing inputs from the time horizon. The overall results show that three cryptocurrency markets (i.e., Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Litecoin) are highly volatile and mutually dependent over the sample period. This result means that any kind of shock in one market leads investors to act in the same direction in the other market and thus indirectly causes volatility spillovers in those markets. The results also imply that the volatility spillover across cryptocurrency markets was more influential in the second lockdown that started at the beginning of November 2020. Finally, to calculate the financial risk, two methods-namely, value-at-risk (VaR) and conditional value-at-risk (CVaR)-are used, along with two additional stock indices (the Shanghai Composite Index and S&P 500). Regardless of the confidence level investigated, the selected crypto assets, with the exception of the USDT were found to have substantially greater downside risk than SSE and S&P 500.

Open access
Market Dynamics and Volatility
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Financial Risk and Volatility Modeling
Original source
Feb 1, 2022¡Emerging Science Journal
9 cites
Developing Data Integrity in an Electronic Health Record System using Blockchain and InterPlanetary File System (Case Study: COVID-19 Data)

Imam Riadi, Tohari Ahmad, Riyanarto Sarno, Purwono Purwono ¡ 5 authors

The misuse of health data stored in the Electronic Health Record (EHR) system can be uncontrolled. For example, mishandling of privacy and data security related to Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19), containing patient diagnosis and vaccine certificate in Indonesia. We propose a system framework design by utilizing the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) and Blockchain technology to overcome this problem. The IPFS environment supports a large data storage with a distributed network powered by Ethereum blockchain. The combination of this technology allows data stored in the EHR to be secure and available at any time. All data are secured with a blockchain cryptographic algorithm and can only be accessed using a user's private key. System testing evaluates the mechanism and process of storing and accessing data from 346 computers connected to the IPFS network and Blockchain by considering several parameters, such as gas unit, CPU load, network latency, and bandwidth used. The obtained results show that 135205 gas units are used in each transaction based on the tests. The average execution speed ranges from 12.98 to 14.08 GHz, 26 KB/s is used for incoming, and 4 KB/s is for outgoing bandwidth. Our contribution is in designing a blockchain-based decentralized EHR system by maximizing the use of private keys as an access right to maintain the integrity of COVID-19 diagnosis and certificate data. We also provide alternative storage using a distributed IPFS to maintain data availability at all times as a solution to the problem of traditional cloud storage, which often ignores data availability. Doi: 10.28991/esj-2021-SP1-013 Full Text: PDF

Open access
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Original source
Jan 31, 2022¡IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems
10 cites
Load Balancing with In-Protocol/Wallet-Level Account Assignment in Sharded Blockchains

Naoya Okanami, Ryuya Nakamura, Takashi Nishide

Sharding is a solution to the blockchain scalability problem. A sharded blockchain divides consensus nodes (validators) into groups called shards and processes transactions separately to improve throughput and latency. In this paper, we analyze the rational behavior of users in account/balance model-based sharded blockchains and identify a phenomenon in which accounts (users' wallets and smart contracts) eventually get concentrated in a few shards, making shard loads unfair. This phenomenon leads to bad user experiences, such as delays in transaction inclusions and increased transaction fees. To solve this problem, we propose two load balancing methods in account/balance model-based sharded blockchains. Both methods perform load balancing by periodically reassigning accounts: in the first method, the blockchain protocol itself performs load balancing and in the second method, wallets perform load balancing. We discuss the pros and cons of the two protocols, and apply the protocols to the execution sharding in Ethereum 2.0, an existing sharding design. Further, we analyze by simulation how the protocols behave to confirm that we can observe smaller transaction delays and fees. As a result, we released the simulation program as “Shargri-La,” a simulator designed for general-purpose user behavior analysis on the execution sharding in Ethereum 2.0.

Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Cloud Computing and Resource Management
Caching and Content Delivery
Original source
Jan 31, 2022¡IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems
2 cites
Trail: An Architecture for Compact UTXO-Based Blockchain and Smart Contract

Ryunosuke Nagayama, Ryohei Banno, Kazuyuki Shudo

In Bitcoin and Ethereum, nodes require a large storage capacity to maintain all of the blockchain data such as transactions. As of September 2021, the storage size of the Bitcoin blockchain has expanded to 355 GB, and it has increased by approximately 50 GB every year over the last five years. This storage requirement is a major hurdle to becoming a block proposer or validator. We propose an architecture called Trail that allows nodes to hold all blocks in a small storage and to generate and validate blocks and transactions. A node in Trail holds all blocks without transactions, UTXOs or account balances. The block size is approximately 8 kB, which is 100 times smaller than that of Bitcoin. On the other hand, a client who issues transactions needs to hold proof of its assets. Thus, compared to traditional blockchains, clients must store additional data. We show that proper data archiving can keep the account device storage size small. Then, we propose a method of executing smart contracts in Trail using a threshold signature. Trail allows more users to be block proposers and validators and improves the decentralization and security of the blockchain.

Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Cryptography and Data Security
Caching and Content Delivery
Original source
Jan 31, 2022¡Sensors
114 cites
Blockchain Based Solutions to Mitigate Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks in the Internet of Things (IoT): A Survey

Zawar Shah, Imdad Ullah, Huiling Li, Andrew Levula ¡ 5 authors

Internet of Things (IoT) devices are widely used in many industries including smart cities, smart agriculture, smart medical, smart logistics, etc. However, Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks pose a serious threat to the security of IoT. Attackers can easily exploit the vulnerabilities of IoT devices and control them as part of botnets to launch DDoS attacks. This is because IoT devices are resource-constrained with limited memory and computing resources. As an emerging technology, Blockchain has the potential to solve the security issues in IoT. Therefore, it is important to analyse various Blockchain-based solutions to mitigate DDoS attacks in IoT. In this survey, a detailed survey of various Blockchain-based solutions to mitigate DDoS attacks in IoT is carried out. First, we discuss how the IoT networks are vulnerable to DDoS attacks, its impact over IoT networks and associated services, the use of Blockchain as a potential technology to address DDoS attacks, in addition to challenges of Blockchain implementation in IoT. We then discuss various existing Blockchain-based solutions to mitigate the DDoS attacks in the IoT environment. Then, we classify existing Blockchain-based solutions into four categories i.e., Distributed Architecture-based solutions, Access Management-based solutions, Traffic Control-based solutions and the Ethereum Platform-based solutions. All the solutions are critically evaluated in terms of their working principles, the DDoS defense mechanism (i.e., prevention, detection, reaction), strengths and weaknesses. Finally, we discuss future research directions that can be explored to design and develop better Blockchain-based solutions to mitigate DDoS attacks in IoT.

Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Network Security and Intrusion Detection
Advanced Malware Detection Techniques
Original source
Jan 31, 2022¡IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems
7 cites
A Privacy-Preserving Data Feed Scheme for Smart Contracts

Hao Wang, Zhe LIU, Chunpeng Ge, Kouichi Sakurai ¡ 5 authors

Smart contracts are becoming more and more popular in financial scenarios like medical insurance. Rather than traditional schemes, using smart contracts as a medium is a better choice for both participants, as it is fairer, more reliable, more efficient, and enables real-time payment. However, medical insurance contracts need to input the patient's condition information as the judgment logic to trigger subsequent execution. Since the blockchain is a closed network, it lacks a secure network environment for data interaction with the outside world. The Data feed aims to provide the service of the on-chain and off-chain data interaction. Existing researches on the data feed has solved the security problems on it effectively, such as Town Crier, TLS-N and they have also taken into account the privacy-preserving problems. However, these schemes cannot actually protect privacy because when the ciphertext data is executed by the contract, privacy information can still be inferred by analyzing the transaction results, since states of the contract are publicly visible. In this paper, based on zero-knowledge proof and Hawk technology, a on-and-off-chain complete smart contract data feed privacy-preserving scheme is proposed. In order to present our scheme more intuitively, we combined the medical insurance compensation case to implement it, which is called MIPDF. In our MIPDF, the patient and the insurance company are parties involved in the contract, and the hospital is the data provider of data feed. The patient's medical data is sent to the smart contract under the umbrella of the zero-knowledge proof signature scheme. The smart contract verifies the proof and calculates the insurance premium based on the judgment logic. Meanwhile, we use Hawk technology to ensure the privacy of on-chain contract execution, so that no information will be disclosed due to the result of contract execution. We give a general description of our scheme within the Universal Composability (UC) framework. We experiment and evaluate MIPDF on Ethereum for in-depth analysis. The results show that our scheme can securely and efficiently support the functions of medical insurance and achieve complete privacy-preserving.

Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data
Original source
Jan 31, 2022¡Ovidius University Annals Economic Sciences Series
1 cites
Assessing Portfolio Risks Involving Bitcoin and Ethereum Using Vector Autoregressive Model

Andrei-Dragoş Popescu

Investors now have a multitude of non-traditional assets to choose from, especially from the spectrum of alternative assets, such as financial digital assets. We start from the premise that there is a high risk associated with investing in financial digital assets, along with the opportunities presented from these emerging digital markets that evolve in a decentralized environment. We will be looking at the two major digital assets, specifically Bitcoin (BTC) and Ethereum (ETH), as per their dominance within the markets of crypto assets. This paper will focus on the evolution of financial digital assets and the impact on portfolio assessment that have allocations for BTC and ETH. In order to identify the value and potential of these financial digital assets, we will be addressing volatility and portfolio risks by means of a Vector Autoregression model on the returns of both, BTC and ETH.

Open access
Stock Market Forecasting Methods
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Complex Systems and Time Series Analysis
Original source
Jan 31, 2022¡Indonesian Capital Market Review
4 cites
The Analysis of the Roles of Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Gold as Hedge and Safe-Haven Assets on the Indonesian Stock Market before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Carla A. Wijaya, Maria Ulpah

The uncertainty due to the COVID-19 outbreak has encouraged investors to look for value hedging instruments to minimize risk, which can be in the form of hedging assets or safe-haven assets. In response to it, this study aims to find out whether Bitcoin, Ethereum, and gold can behave as hedging and safe-haven assets before and amid the pandemic in Indonesia. The strategy is by observing the effects of volatility and return of Bitcoin, Ethereum, and gold on the Indonesian stock market. This study employed both quantile regression and simple linear regression models on data of daily closing price taken before and during COVID-19. This study finds that they can be hedge and safe-haven assets during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. The findings show some significant correlations between assets that can help investors determine which assets can be hedging instruments.

Open access
Market Dynamics and Volatility
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts
Original source
Jan 30, 2022¡UluslararasĹ İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi
1 cites
CAUSALITY AND COINTEGRATION IN CRYPTOCURRENCY MARKETS

Yavuz GĂźl

This paper investigates the causality and cointegration relationships between seven major cryptocurrencies, namely Bitcoin (BTC), Binance Coin (BNB), Cardano (ADA), Dogecoin (DOGE), Ethereum (ETH), Polkadot (DOT) and Ripple (XRP), using Johansen Cointegration and Granger Causality tests over the period from August 21, 2020 to April 19, 2021. Results indicate that there exists cointegration among cryptocurrencies in the long run. Findings also show that there is a bi-directional causal relationship between BNB and ETH. Additionally, BNB appears to be Granger cause of ADA, DOGE and DOT. On the other hand, analyses provide evidence of one-way causality running from XRP to both DOGE and DOT. These results might have some important implications for investors in terms of portfolio management.

Open access
Market Dynamics and Volatility
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Financial Markets and Investment Strategies
Original source
Jan 30, 2022¡Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience
15 cites
Research on Agricultural Product Traceability Technology (Economic Value) Based on Information Supervision and Cloud Computing

Rongkuan Wang -, Xi Chen

Traditional agricultural product traceability system adopts centralized storage, and the traceability process is solidified, which results in the low reliability of traceability results and the poor flexibility of the system. Aiming to solve this problem, blockchain technology is applied to supply chain traceability, and a supply chain traceability system based on sidechain technology is proposed. Goods management, information sharing, and product traceability in supply chain are realized through Ethereum smart contract. The sidechain technology is adopted to expand Ethereum so that it can meet the needs of practical applications. The experiment results show that the proposed system has a transaction function and information sharing function. Compared with similar trading systems, the proposed system has more advantages in throughput and security.

Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Economic and Technological Systems Analysis
Economic and Business Development Strategies
Original source
Jan 29, 2022¡arXiv (Cornell University)
1 cites
Green NFTs: A Study on the Environmental Impact of Cryptoart Technologies

Samuele Marro, Luca Donno

We introduce a model of greenhouse gas emissions due to on-chain activity on Ethereum, focusing on cryptoart. We also estimate the impact of individual transactions on the environment, both before and after the London hard fork. We find that with the current fee mechanism, spending one dollar on transaction fees corresponds to emitting at least the equivalent of 1.305 kilograms of CO2. We also describe several techniques to reduce cryptoart emissions, both in the short and long term.

Open access
2 source records
cs.CR
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Original source
Jan 29, 2022¡Al Qalam Jurnal Ilmiah Keagamaan dan Kemasyarakatan
12 cites
Risk And Return Model of Digital Cryptocurrency Asset Investment In Indonesia

Rico Nur Ilham, Isfenti Sadalia, Nisrul Irawati, Irada Sinta

<p><em>Cryptocurrency is an investment commodity that can generate returns and already has a license to be traded in exchange trading through the Indonesian Commodity Futures Trading Regulatory Agency (BAPEPTI). There are quite a lot of crypto digital assets traded in Indonesia through the trading company Indodax. The purpose of this research is focused on formulating a risk management process in cryptocurrency digital asset investment. In addition, from the results of this study, a policy recommendation known as LCTR or "Legal Cryptocurrency and Tax Revenue" is expected to be considered by the government in formulating policies on crypto digital assets so that the interests of all parties can be accommodated for the realization of maximum state revenue from commodity trading. crypto digital assets. This type of research is quantitative descriptive with the research population, namely 5 cryptocurrency coins with the largest market caps in Indonesia, namely Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple, Bitcoin Cash, Litecoin in Indonesia. The type of data in this study is time series data taken from March 2021 to December 2021 by conducting a documentation study conducted on the publication of monthly cryptocurrency transaction reports, so that a target population of 240 (4 years x 12 months x 5 coins) monthly report data is obtained. for the research sample. The data analysis method in this study used multiple linear regression and data analysis used statistical software e-views version 10. The output of this study was the publication of reputable international journals,</em><em></em></p><p> </p>

Open access
Blockchain Technology in Education and Learning
SMEs Development and Digital Marketing
Original source
Jan 29, 2022¡Blockchain Research and Applications
69 cites
Using blockchain and semantic web technologies for the implementation of smart contracts between individuals and health insurance organizations

Efthymios Chondrogiannis, Vassiliki Andronikou, Efstathios Karanastasis, Αντώνιος Λίτκε · 5 authors

Blockchains and smart contracts are gaining momentum as enabling technologies for a wide set of applications where data distribution and sharing among decentralized infrastructures is required. In this work, we present a distributed application developed using blockchain technologies that allows individuals and health insurance organizations to come into agreement during the implementation of the healthcare insurance policies in each contract. For this purpose, health standards and semantic web technologies were used for the formal expression of both the insured individual's data and contract terms. Accordingly, a fine-grained data access policy was applied for evaluating contract terms on the basis of relevant data captured in healthcare settings. A prototype was implemented involving the development of several different smart contracts for the Ethereum platform as well as the necessary visual environment for accessing them. The developed system validates various features related to blockchain and smart contract features that are briefly discussed in this work, part of which can be mitigated or resolved through the use of a private permissioned blockchain. The application of well-established techniques for potential malfunctions of external services could also boost the security of the system and prevent it from potential attacks.

Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Cloud Data Security Solutions
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Original source
Jan 27, 2022¡IEEE Internet of Things Journal
27 cites
LSP: Lightweight Smart-Contract-Based Transaction Prioritization Scheme for Smart Healthcare

Akanksha Saini, Dimaz Ankaa Wijaya, Navneesh Kaur, Yong Xiang ¡ 5 authors

In recent years, several blockchain-based models have emerged to provide a secure way to store and access sensitive electronic medical records (EMRs) across the healthcare sector. These records are of different priorities and business requirements. From our comprehensive literature review, we observe that the existing models have no provision of prioritizing the EMR transactions. This critically affects the quick and streamline sharing of emergency EMRs in a smart healthcare environment. Furthermore, the lack of prioritization significantly restricts the optimal usage of the blockchain network. Motivated by this, we first propose a lightweight and deterministic method to prioritize the flow of emergency healthcare transactions through the smart contract. We also propose logical stateless transaction models for different entities involved in the system with varying levels of trust. Finally, the performance of the model based on the private Ethereum is verified and it outperforms the existing benchmark model in terms of usefulness in the healthcare setting and computation overhead with the use of a simple prioritizing algorithm. The obtained results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed scheme in the real-time smart healthcare system.

Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Original source
Jan 27, 2022¡Security and Communication Networks
9 cites
Attacker Traceability on Ethereum through Graph Analysis

Hang Zhu, Weina Niu, Xuhan Liao, Xiaosong Zhang ¡ 7 authors

Since the Ethereum virtual machine is Turing complete, Ethereum can implement various complex logics such as mutual calls and nested calls between functions. Therefore, Ethereum has suffered a lot of attacks since its birth, and there are still many attackers active in Ethereum transactions. To this end, we propose a traceability method on Ethereum, using graph analysis to track attackers. We collected complete user transaction data to construct the graph and analyzed data on several harmful attacks, including reentry attacks, short address attacks, DDoS attacks, and Ponzi contracts. Through graph analysis, we found accounts that are strongly associated with these attacks and are still active. We have done a systematic analysis of these accounts to analyze their threats. Finally, we also analyzed the correlation between the information collected through RPC and these accounts and finally found that some accounts can find their IP addresses.

Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Spam and Phishing Detection
Network Security and Intrusion Detection
Original source
Jan 25, 2022¡IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management
12 cites
Tree Representation, Growth Rate of Blockchain and Reward Allocation in Ethereum With Multiple Mining Pools

Quan‐Lin Li, Yan-Xia Chang, Chi Zhang

It is interesting but difficult and challenging to study Ethereum with multiple mining pools. One of the main difficulties comes from not only how to represent such a general tree with multiple block branches (or sub-chains) related to the multiple mining pools, but also how to analyze a multi-dimensional stochastic system due to the mining competition among the multiple mining pools. In this paper, we first set up a mathematical representation for the tree with multiple block branches. Then we provide a block classification of Ethereum: Regular blocks (in the main chain), orphan blocks, uncle blocks, stale blocks, and nephew blocks, and give some key ratios and probabilities of generating the different types of blocks by applying the law of large numbers. Based on this, we further discuss the growth rate of blockchain and the reward allocation among the multiple mining pools through applying the renewal reward theorem. Finally, we use some simulation experiments to verify our theoretical results, and show that the approximate computation approaches developed, such as the key ratios and probabilities, the long-term growth rate of blockchain, and the long-term reward allocation (rate) among the multiple mining pools, can have a faster convergence. Therefore, we provide a powerful tool for observing and understanding the influence of the selfish mining attacks on the performance of Ethereum with multiple mining pools. We believe that the methodology and results developed in this paper will shed light on the study of Ethereum with multiple mining pools, such that a series of promising research can be inspired potentially.

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Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Cloud Computing and Resource Management
cs.CR
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Jan 22, 2022¡Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
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CBDE Exam Dumps 2022 To Advance In the IT World

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Jan 22, 2022¡Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
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Super Easy Technique to Pass About Blockchain CBDE PDF Dumps 2022

Blockchain CBDE PDF Dumps 2022

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