Eduardo Castelló Ferrer, Ivan Berman, Aleksandr Kapitonov, Vadim Manaenko · 6 authors
The physical autonomy of robots is well understood both theoretically and practically. By contrast, there is almost no research exploring their potential economic autonomy. In this paper, we present the first economically autonomous robot -- a robot able to produce marketable goods while having full control over the use of its generated income. Gaka-chu ("painter" in Japanese) is a 6-axis robot arm that creates paintings of Japanese characters from an autoselected keyword. By using a blockchain-based smart contract, Gaka-chu can autonomously list a painting it made for sale in an online auction. In this transaction, the robot interacts with the human bidders as a peer not as a tool. Using the blockchain-based smart contract, Gaka-chu can then use its income from selling paintings to replenish its resources by autonomously ordering materials from an online art shop. We built the Gaka-chu prototype with an Ethereum-based smart contract and ran a 6-month long experiment, during which the robot created and sold four paintings, simultaneously using its income to purchase supplies and repay initial investors. In this work, we present the results of the experiments conducted and discuss the implications of economically autonomous robots.
Improvements in fabrication devices such as 3D printers are becoming possible for personal fabrication to freely fabricate any products. To clarify who is liable for the product, the fabricator should keep the fabrication history in an immutable and sustainably accessible manner. In this paper, we propose a new scheme, "Fabchain," that can record the fabrication history in such a manner. By utilizing a scheme that employs a blockchain as an audit-able communication channel, Fabchain manages print jobs for the fabricator's 3D printer over the blockchain, while maintaining a history of a print job. We implemented Fabchain on Ethereum and evaluated the performance for recording a print job. Our results demonstrate that Fabchain can complete communication of a print job sequence in less than 1 minute on the Ethereum test network. We conclude that Fabchain can manage a print job in a reasonable duration for 3D printing, while satisfying the requirements for immutability and sustainability.
Salma Salimi, Jorge Peña Queralta, Tomi Westerlund
Trust is increasingly becoming a key consideration in the design of autonomous robotic systems. In industrial applications, security and trust in the system are requirements for widespread adoption. Blockchain technologies have emerged as a potential solution to address identity management and secure data aggregation and control. However, the vast majority of works to date utilize Ethereum and smart contracts that are not scalable or well suited for industrial applications. This paper presents what is, to the best of our knowledge, the first integration of ROS 2 with the Hyperledger Fabric blockchain. With a framework that leverages Fabric smart contracts and ROS 2 through a Go application, we delve into the potential of using blockchain for controlling robots, and gathering and processing their data. We demonstrate the applicability of the proposed framework to an inventory management use-case where different robots are used to detect objects of interest in a given area. Designed to meet the requirements of distributed robotic systems, we show that the performance of the robots is not impacted significantly by the blockchain layer. At the same time, we provide examples for developing other applications that integrate Fabric smart contracts with ROS 2. Our results pave the way for further adoption of blockchain technologies in autonomous robotic systems for building trustable data sharing.
The Open Vote Network is a self-tallying decentralized e-voting protocol suitable for boardroom elections. Currently, it has two Ethereum-based implementations: the first, by McCorry et al., has a scalability issue since all the computations are performed on-chain. The second implementation, by Seifelnasr et al., solves this issue partially by assigning a part of the heavy computations to an off-chain untrusted administrator in a verifiable manner. As a side effect, this second implementation became not dispute-free; there is a need for a tally dispute phase where an observer interrupts the protocol when the administrator cheats, i.e., announces a wrong tally result. In this work, we propose a new smart contract design to tackle the problems in the previous implementations by (i) preforming all the heavy computations off-chain hence achieving higher scalability, and (ii) utilizing zero-knowledge Succinct Non-interactive Argument of Knowledge (zk-SNARK) to verify the correctness of the off-chain computations, hence maintaining the dispute-free property. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our design, we develop prototype implementations on Ethereum and conduct multiple experiments for different implementation options that show a trade-off between the zk-SNARK proof generation time and the smart contract gas cost, including an implementation in which the smart contract consumes a constant amount of gas independent of the number of voters.
Proof of Authority (PoA) is a type of permissioned consensus algorithm with a fixed committee. PoA has been widely adopted by communities and industries due to its better performance and faster finality. In this paper, we explore the \textit{unfairness} issue existing in the current PoA implementations. We have investigated 2,500+ \textit{in the wild} projects and selected 10+ as our main focus (covering Ethereum, Binance smart chain, etc.). We have identified two types of order manipulation attacks to separately break the transaction-level (a.k.a. transaction ordering) and the block-level (sealer position ordering) fairness. Both of them merely rely on honest-but-\textit{profitable} sealer assumption without modifying original settings. We launch these attacks on the forked branches under an isolated environment and carefully evaluate the attacking scope towards different implementations. To date (as of Nov 2021), the potentially affected PoA market cap can reach up to $681,087$ million USD. Besides, we further dive into the source code of selected projects, and accordingly, propose our recommendation for the fix. To the best of knowledge, this work provides the first exploration of the \textit{unfairness} issue in PoA algorithms.
Services and applications provided by satellites are continuously improving in terms of quality and diversity, as well as, their complexity. Resilience of traditional monolithic spacecraft is achieved mainly through redundancy, which exponentially increases the complexity of their production, and therefore, their cost. One solution would be to use fragmented spacecraft systems. Redundancy is achieved by nature with local complexity. Furthermore, scalability of such a system is facilitated. However, data transfer and physical communication link between the “fragments” must be addressed. The main challenge of these systems is the management of the network of satellites. Traditional centralised networks, managed by a single entity, have been proven not to be secure, as they generate a common point of failure, susceptible to attacks. Traditional distributed networks, managed by multiple entities, require honest participants and trust between entities, restricting collaborative mission applications. In the present article, a design for a blockchain-enabled swarm fractionated system managed by multiple trustless entities is proposed. The system is composed of functionally different nano-satellites which perform tasks from different subsystems in order to replicate the functionalities of a monolithic spacecraft. The blockchain nodes are deployed in the satellites and allow sharing of sensor data between the network. A consensus protocol ensures the validity of the shared data. The proposed system has been implemented and evaluated on a local blockchain composed of four Ethereum nodes. We believe that the proposed application opens the way to new collaborative missions between entirely trustless parties, ensuring transparency and cooperation within the system.
Asha Sharma, Shurveer S. Bhanawat, Raj Bahadur Sharma
Accounting has always been influenced by digital technology, although most of it has been replacing analogue instruments with digital versions. A blockchain is a digital ledger that is used to record transactions between different participants in a network. It is an internet-based, peer-to-peer distributed ledger that contains all transactions since its inception. Blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize the world humanity implementing in the business based on the concept of transmitting valuable digital assets like bitcoin without the need of a third-party intermediary. Blockchain is considered as a type of database or a sort of digital ledger, which is widely used by many financial organizations. It's a distributed ledger which keeps records of immutable and verifiable data. This blockchain technology permits decentralized ledger transactions to be produced without the intervention of a third party. Because of its decentralization, networks have a high degree of protection. The aim of the study is to investigate various decisions making factors, affecting in adopting blockchain technology in the field of accounting. The result showed that secure and private, transparent and auditable, immutable, better transparency, reduce cost, transparency, real-time transaction, and flexible are most likely influencing factors in adoption of blockchain technology. The result indicates that the Quorum, Sap Hana, and Ethereum, platforms are most consistent and trusted platforms for block chain technology and the blockchain platforms are found most suitable, secured and stronger platform. Received: 25 October 2021 / Accepted: 2 February 2022 / Published: 5 March 2022
Peer to peer (P2P) and blockchain are highly coupled in terms of decentralization and autonomous transactions. This paper designs a P2P power transaction mechanism based on block chain to meet the economic and security requirements of photovoltaic prosumer. Day-ahead and real-time P2P trading mechanism is designed. Fully open P2P trading mode and decentralized electricity price mechanism are adopted in day-ahead market, and P2P pool trading mode and electricity price mechanism based on supply/demand ratio are adopted in real-time market. In addition, smart contract rules based on blockchain Ethereum are designed to ensure safe operation and efficient intelligence on the blockchain platform. Finally, effectiveness and economy Prosumer P2P trading mechanism in IEEE 14-node simulation and verification of the design.
We present two attacks targeting the Proof-of-Stake (PoS) Ethereum consensus protocol. The first attack suggests a fundamental conceptual incompatibility between PoS and the Greedy Heaviest-Observed Sub-Tree (GHOST) fork choice paradigm employed by PoS Ethereum. In a nutshell, PoS allows an adversary with a vanishing amount of stake to produce an unlimited number of equivocating blocks. While most equivocating blocks will be orphaned, such orphaned `uncle blocks' still influence fork choice under the GHOST paradigm, bestowing upon the adversary devastating control over the canonical chain. While the Latest Message Driven (LMD) aspect of current PoS Ethereum prevents a straightforward application of this attack, our second attack shows how LMD specifically can be exploited to obtain a new variant of the balancing attack that overcomes a recent protocol addition that was intended to mitigate balancing-type attacks. Thus, in its current form, PoS Ethereum without and with LMD is vulnerable to our first and second attack, respectively.
Today’s online voting systems pose security concerns and cannot be used for public elections, while offline voting costs significantly more. As a result, a decentralized electronic voting system is emerging, backed by blockchain technology. With blockchain technology applied to online voting, the system can guarantee transparency and confidentiality because individual voter information and aggregate information are stored in a distributed fashion. Due to its decentralized nature, a blockchain-based voting system is more secure than the existing central server-based online voting system. In this study, an Ethereum-based electronic voting system was developed. This system resolves the issue of fraudulent voting by enhancing the safety and reliability of the electronic voting system.
This research study explores the use of near-miss clone detection to support the characterization of domain models of smart contracts for each of the popular domains in which smart contracts are being rapidly adopted. In this paper, we leverage the code clone detection techniques to detect similarities in functions of the smart contracts deployed onto the Ethereum blockchain network. We analyze the clusters of code clones and the semantics of the code fragments in the clusters in an attempt to categorize them and discover the structural models of the patterns in code clones.
This paper examines the dynamic conditional correlations among 10 cryptocurrencies and the possibility of hedging investment strategies among multiple cryptocurrencies over the period affected by COVID-19 from 2017 to 2022. After studying the relationship between Bitcoin, Ethereum, and the other eight cryptocurrencies, four main results were obtained in this paper: first, from the pre-COVID-19 period to the COVID-19 period, almost all of the cryptocurrencies’ return growth rates increased, and COVID-19 had a positive effect on the returns of cryptocurrencies. Second, all of the cryptocurrencies’ return indices had features of volatility clustering and memory persistence in the long run; from pre-COVID-19 to COVID-19, these cryptocurrencies’ GARCH values decreased, but the correlations among the varying GARCH values increased. Third, the varying correlations between the return indices of Bitcoin, Ethereum, and the other cryptocurrencies were very strong; from pre-COVID-19 to COVID-19, the average dynamic correlations between Bitcoin and the others increased. Fourth, Tether can be used as a hedge cryptocurrency against the other cryptocurrencies as COVID-19 enhanced its hedging feature.
Ethereum Smart Contracts based on Blockchain Technology (BT) enables monetary transactions among peers on a blockchain network independent of a central authorizing agency. Ethereum Smart Contracts are programs that are deployed as decentralized applications, having the building blocks of the blockchain consensus protocol. This enables consumers to make agreements in a transparent and conflict-free environment. However, there exist some security vulnerabilities within these smart contracts that are a potential threat to the applications and their consumers and have shown in the past to cause huge financial losses. This paper presents a framework and empirical analysis that use code clone detection techniques for identifying vulnerabilities and their variations in smart contracts. Our empirical analysis is conducted using the Nicad code clone detection tool on a dataset of approximately 50k Ethereum smart contracts. We evaluated VOLCANO on two datasets, one with confirmed vulnerabilities and another with approximately 50k random smart contracts collected from the Etherscan. Our approach shows an improvement in the detection of vulnerabilities in terms of coverage and efficiency when compared to two of the publicly available static analyzers to detect vulnerabilities in smart contracts. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that uses a clone detection technique to identify vulnerabilities and their evolution in Ethereum smart contracts.
Based on blockchain technology,Ethereum Solidity smart contract as a computer protocol is designed to spread,verify,or execute contracts in an informative way,and it provides a foundation for various distributed application services.Although implemented for less than six years,its security problems have frequently broken out and caused substantial financial losses,which attracts more attention in the security inspection research.This paper firstly introduces some specific mechanisms and operating principles of smart contracts based on Ethereum related techniques,and analyzes some smart contract vulnerabilities occurring frequently and deriving from the characteristics of smart contracts.Then,this paper explains the traditional mainstream smart contract vulnerability detecting tools in terms of symbolic execution,fuzzing,formal verification,and taint analysis.In addition,in order to cope with the endless new vulnerabilities and the need to improve the efficiency of detection,vulnerabilities detection based on machine learning in recent years is classified and summarized according to the various ways of problem transformation in three perspectives including text processing,non-Euclidean graph and standard image.Finally,this paper proposes to formulate more extensive and accurate standardized information database and measurement indicators towards the insufficiency of the detection methods in two directions.
BACKGROUND: Recent advancements in digital pathology resulting from advances in imaging and digitization have increased the convenience and usability of pathology for disease diagnosis, especially in oncology, urology, and gastroenteric diagnosis. However, despite the possibilities to include low-cost diagnosis and viable telemedicine, digital pathology is not yet accessible owing to expensive storage, data security requirements, and network bandwidth limitations to transfer high-resolution images and associated data. The increase in storage, transmission, and security complexity concerning data collection and diagnosis makes it even more challenging to use artificial intelligence algorithms for machine-assisted disease diagnosis. We designed and prototyped a digital pathology system that uses blockchain-based smart contracts using the nonfungible token (NFT) standard and the Interplanetary File System for data storage. Our design remediates shortcomings in the existing digital pathology systems infrastructure, which is centralized. The proposed design is extendable to other fields of medicine that require high-fidelity image and data storage. Our solution is implemented in data systems that can improve access quality of care and reduce the cost of access to specialized pathological diagnosis, reducing cycle times for diagnosis. OBJECTIVE: The main objectives of this study are to highlight the issues in digital pathology and suggest that a software architecture-based blockchain and the Interplanetary File System create a low-cost data storage and transmission technology. METHODS: We used the design science research method consisting of 6 stages to inform our design overall. We innovated over existing public-private designs for blockchains but using a 2-layered approach that separates actual file storage from metadata and data persistence. RESULTS: Here, we identified key challenges to adopting digital pathology, including challenges concerning long-term storage and the transmission of information. Next, using accepted frameworks in NFT-based intelligent contracts and recent innovations in distributed secure storage, we proposed a decentralized, secure, and privacy-preserving digital pathology system. Our design and prototype implementation using Solidity, web3.js, Ethereum, and node.js helped us address several challenges facing digital pathology. We demonstrated how our solution, which combines NFT smart contract standard with persistent decentralized file storage, solves most of the challenges of digital pathology and sets the stage for reducing costs and improving patient care and speed of diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: We identified technical limitations that increase costs and reduce the mass adoption of digital pathology. We presented several design innovations using NFT decentralized storage standards to prototype a system. We also presented the implementation details of a unique security architecture for a digital pathology system. We illustrated how this design can overcome privacy, security, network-based storage, and data transmission limitations. We illustrated how improving these factors sets the stage for improving data quality and standardized application of machine learning and artificial intelligence to such data.
Polling system is not trusted everywhere around the world it is very important in this modern world to replace the traditional polling system with the new technology. Some countries like United States, Japan, and India suffer from corrupted polling system. Major issues are faced by current polling systems like system hacking, vote rigging, vote manipulation, distributed denial of service attack, and online polling booth capturing. This paper will lead to the problems faced by the traditional polling system and how the new technology will provide the solution to that problem. Also, our purpose is to check the feasibility of the system by recording the transaction fees and evaluate the right way to spend the amount of gas in the transaction. This will highlight blockchain frameworks including blockchain as a service and polling system which is on blockchain that addresses all constraint introducing ethereum which is a blockchain-based distributed computing platform. Ethereum is open source, and publicly available with a system featuring smart contracts. It provides the cryptocurrency wallets that let you make cheap, instant payments with gas in the form of ethers. The ethereum community is the most active and largest blockchain community in the world. There is no centralized organization that controls ethereum.
Tarun Kumar Agrawal, Jannis Angelis, Wajid Ali Khilji, Ravi Kalaiarasan · 5 authors
Blockchain technologies can support traceability, transparency and trust among participants. This has primarily been explored in established supply chains and not in the growing use of business networks or ecosystems, which is a notable limitation since supply chains typically are organised with a dominant actor that ensures common information systems and standards that negate blockchain benefits. Hence, this study explores the design of a blockchain-based collaborative framework for resource sharing using smart contracts. These are particularly well-suited for supporting operations in broader networks or ecosystems beyond supply chains with established collaborations and hierarchies. Based on a systematic literature review, a demonstrator framework was developed for stakeholder interactions through a procurement and distribution unit backed with blockchain technology. The framework consists of (a) network architecture to demonstrate partner interactions; (b) rules for network working principles based on supply collaboration requirements; (c) UML diagram to define smart contract interaction sequence; and (d) algorithm for smart contract network verification and validation. Applicability of these smart contracts was verified by deployment on an Ethereum blockchain. The demonstrator framework ensures quality and data authenticity in supply networks, so it is useful for effective resource utilisation in networks where outsourcing and production surpluses are major issues.
In the last few years, electric utility companies have increasingly invested into transactive energy systems. This trend was primarily caused by the integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) and internet-of-things (IoT) devices into their existing distribution networks. Influenced by the general interest in blockchain technologies, many industry specialists are considering new, more efficient peer-to-peer market structures for DERs. Since blockchain-based energy exchanges can automate transactions between their members and provide increased levels of security thanks to smart contracts, these new initiatives may eventually revolutionize how customers interact with utility companies. In this paper, we explore the trade-off between cost and traceability in the form of on-chain and off-chain solutions. We also propose ZipZap, a first step towards a blockchain-based local smart grid system. ZipZap is an ERC-1155 compliant solution with four different prototypes: Heavyweight, Featherweight, Lightweight and Weightless. The first three prototypes were developed in Solidity and deployed using Ethereum. Heavyweight is fully on-chain, whereas Featherweight and Lightweight showcase various levels of hybridization. Weightless, in turn, was deployed using Quorum, a gas-free alternative to Ethereum. Our evaluation uses realistic parameters and measures the impact of different types of metadata storage scopes, with some Ethereum prototypes showcasing gas cost reductions of more than 97% in comparison to our fully on-chain baseline.
Abstract : People’s lives have been profoundly impacted by the headway of innovation which has worked on their lives from each viewpoint. Clearly, innovation assumes a significant part in each circle of life and information stockpiling and sharing is a significant part of it. Current information sharing and storage devices depend on trusted third parties (TTP) and because of the contribution of third parties, such frameworks need straightforwardness, security, trust and strength. To solve these issues, this paper proposes a blockchain-based secure information sharing application by consolidating the highlights of IPFS and Ethereum. In this proposed scheme ethereum blockchain, decentralized storage, encryption and IPFS are combined to build an application that maximizes the tech<em>nological resources and provide</em> with an effective storage website ,Ethereum blockchain, decentralized capacity, encryption, and InterPlanetary File System are consolidated to assemble an application that boosts the innovative assets and gives a viable storage site. To carry out the proposed situation, smart contracts are written in solidity and sent on the nearby Ethereum test network. The proposed plot accomplishes security, transparency, legitimacy of owner, access control and nature of information.
Finans, sağlık, sosyal medya vb ortamlardaki insanların ihtiyacı olan güven problemine blok zinciri teknolojisi, şifreli algoritmalar ile çözümler sunmaktadır. Güven problemini çözen ve verileri dağıtık olarak kayıt altına alan ve her şeyi şeffaf olarak bizlere sunan blok zinciri bir devrim niteliğindedir. Blok zinciri, akıllı sözleşmeler sayesinde kurumsal projelerde de kullanabilmektedir. Kurumların arasında yeni nesil bir ağ olarak da adlandırılan blok zinciri ile bir çok şeyin değişmesi beklenmektedir. İnternetin, mobile cihazların ve sensörlerin yaygınlaşmasıyla birlikte güven problemi her geçen gün daha da önem kazanmaktadır. Farklı amaçlara hizmet eden Ethereum, Cardano, EOS, Cosmos, Hyperledger gibi blok zincir platformları vardır. Altyapılarında Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS), Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) ve Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) gibi farklı fikir birliği mekanizmalarını kullanmaktadırlar. Bu çalışmada blok zinciri platformları, altyapılarında kullandıkları mutabakat mekanizmaları ve blok zinciri ağının güvenliği araştırılmıştır.
Light clients for distributed ledger networks can verify blockchain integrity by downloading and analyzing blockchain headers. They are designed to circumvent the high resource requirements, i.e., the large bandwidth and memory requirements that full nodes must meet, which are unsuitable for consumer-grade hardware and resource-constrained devices. Light clients rely on full nodes and trust them implicitly. This leaves them vulnerable to various types of attacks, ranging from accepting maliciously forged data to Eclipse attacks. We introduce Aurora-Trinity, a novel version of light clients that addresses the above-mentioned vulnerability by relying on our original Aurora module, which extends the Ethereum Trinity client. The Aurora module efficiently discovers the presence of malicious or Byzantine nodes in distributed ledger networks with a predefined and acceptable error rate and identifies at least one honest node for persistent or ephemeral communication. The identified honest node is used to detect the latest canonical chain head or to infer the state of an entry in the ledger without downloading the header chain, making the Aurora-Trinity client extremely efficient. It can run on consumer-grade hardware and resource-constrained devices, as the Aurora module consumes about 0.31 MB of RAM and 1 MB of storage at runtime.
Originally proposed for Bitcoin, Ethereum and other digital currencies, blockchain technology is now the most innovative framework for decentralized data management. This technology has not yet revealed its full potential to transform all economic and social processes. Its characteristics, interpreted and implemented in practice, are about to have their revolutionary impact on the possibilities for safe, fair and objective digitalization of the physical environment. The purpose of this paper is to present some general and specific aspects in research on applications of blockchain technology in intelligent agriculture. The main elements of the technology, popular definitions, focus areas in risk management concepts and the implications for internal audit and control procedures in companies that adopting blockchain in intelligent agriculture are briefly discussed. In summary, an algorithm for selecting of blockchain platforms and an algorithm for text mining in the domain of plant genetic resources are presented. A blockchain-based approach to modelling a supply chain in smart crop production is proposed, which is illustrated with a conceptual example of blockchain architecture and smart contract functions design. The future development of this study will focus on detailed analysis of existing blockchain standards, improving descriptions of functional levels in the supply chain network model and blockchain architecture design.
This paper features an analysis of cryptocurrencies and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on their effectiveness as a portfolio diversification tool and explores the correlations between the continuously compounded returns on Bitcoin, Ethereum and the S&P500 Index using a variety of parametric and non-parametric techniques. These methods include linear standard metrics such as the application of ordinary least squares regression (OLS) and the Pearson, Spearman and Kendall’s tau measures of association. In addition, non-linear, non-parametric measures such as the Generalised Measure of Correlation (GMC) and non-parametric copula estimates are applied. The results across this range of measures are consistent. The metrics suggest that, whilst the shock of the COVID-19 pandemic does not appear to have increased the correlations between the cryptocurrency series, it appears to have increased the correlations between the returns on cryptocurrencies and those on the S&P500 Index. This suggests that investments in cryptocurrencies are not likely to offer key diversification strategies in times of crisis, on the basis of evidence provided by this crisis.
Nowadays, healthcare is growing rapidly due to the large development of new technologies such as IoT and wearable devices. These devices are widely used to ensure remote patient monitoring. The current implementation is based on a client/server architecture. This raises several challenges regarding security and privacy that make healthcare systems more susceptible to several attacks. Therefore, health data are subject to strict regulatory and security requirements. To overcome these challenges and comply with security regulations, the adoption of a distributed architecture is a necessity. Due to its distributed nature and its security promises, Blockchain has a large interest as a sophisticated technology to solve the security challenges in IoT-based systems. Motivated by these factors, this work proposes BlockMedCare, a secure healthcare system that integrates IoT with Blockchain. The system is designed to support remote patient monitoring, especially when it comes to chronic diseases that require regular monitoring. We took into consideration three main parameters: security, scalability, and processing time. The security is ensured by using the re-encryption proxy combined with Blockchain to store hash data. Smart contracts are used for access control. To ensure Blockchain scalability, an off-chain database based on IPFS is used to store data. To speed up the data storage process, we use an Ethereum Blockchain-based proof of authority. As a use case, we applied the system to diabetes management and showed the execution results based on the system interfaces. The experimental system has demonstrated a good improvement of healthcare systems in terms of security face to the existing methods.