The article presents the prospects for using distributed registry technologies (blockchain) in various socio-economic spheres related to state and municipal administration. Provided examples and forecasts of the use of blockchain technologies in the provision of state and municipal services for individuals and legal entities in the following areas: - formation of a unified register containing the history of the placement of the state, municipal order, as well as procurement of corporations with state participation and / or control; - registers of documents (diplomas, certificates, lost and disavowed passports, policies for movable and immovable property insurance, health, etc.); - database of court decisions and executive proceedings; - portals of public participation of citizens in the affairs of the district - city - country. The fact that the blockchain technology is, first of all, the principles, and not the only possible way of implementing them, allows us to count on maximum openness and multivariate application in a dynamically changing digital world .
by Harold Diamond and Eira Scourfield Heini Halberstam was born in Brux, Czechoslovakia (today Most, Czech Republic), on 11 September 1926, the only child of Michael and Judita Halberstam. Heini's father had moved to Most from Vienna in the 1920s to become the town's Orthodox Rabbi. When Heini was ten years old, his father died suddenly from a heart attack, and soon after, he and his mother moved to Prague. Following the German invasion of Czechoslovakia, Judita arranged for Heini to study English and, in April 1939, to leave home for England on a Kindertransport train. Heini arrived a week later in London, never to see his mother again. In 1942, she, along with most of Prague's Jews, was deported to a Nazi work camp where she soon died of typhoid. After several placements in England, Heini had the good fortune to come in the care of Anne Welsford who recognized his ability and encouraged and supported him through his university studies. Heini began studying mathematics at University College, London. After completing his degree in two years, graduating about 1947, he began working for a PhD at UCL. He wrote his thesis on analytic number theory under the supervision of Theodor Estermann, and he was awarded his PhD degree in 1952. At that time Klaus Roth was a fellow research student who worked with Estermann and Professor Harold Davenport. Around 1948, Heini was appointed to a lecturing position at the University College of the South West in Exeter. The mathematics department then was small with about eight staff who taught the full syllabus for the External Degree of the University of London; in 1955 the College became the independent University of Exeter. A few months after arriving in Exeter, Heini married his first wife, Heather Peacock. He was subsequently appointed Warden of Crossmead Hall of Residence for men students, a position he held in addition to his lectureship. He and his colleagues Walter Hayman and Paddy Kennedy ran a mini research seminar with the encouragement of the Head of Department, Professor T. Arnold Brown. It was at Exeter that Heini's first paper 1 was published in 1949. Heini spent the academic year 1955–1956 in the United States at Brown University. One of his adventures there was getting a traffic ticket. In later years, Heini was amused to recount the conclusion of the court proceeding, at which the judge pronounced his fine with, ‘Rule Britannia, $5.00 please’. When Heini returned to Exeter in 1956 he undertook the supervision of his first research student, namely the second named author of this section. Like others subsequently, she found him to be an inspiring, challenging, and encouraging supervisor. In 1957 Heini moved to Royal Holloway College, University of London, where he was appointed Reader in Mathematics, and he arranged for Eira to transfer there for the second half of her Master's course and to write her thesis. She benefitted from and much appreciated his strong support throughout her university career and his maintenance of regular academic and personal contact by letter, at conferences and during sabbaticals for the rest of his life. While at Royal Holloway College, Heini regularly attended number theory seminars at UCL, and during this time he began his long involvement in the work of the London Mathematical Society (LMS). In 1962 he was appointed Erasmus Smith's Professor of Mathematics at Trinity College, University of Dublin. Two years later Heini moved to the University of Nottingham, where he served at various times as Head of Department and Dean of the Faculty. Heini and Heather had four children, two of whom live in the United States and two in Britain; Heather was tragically killed in a road accident in 1971. Heini subsequently married Doreen Bramley who has two children, both residing in Britain. They have eight grandchildren. In 1980, Heini came to the Mathematics Department of the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). He served as Department Head 1980–1988 and retired as Emeritus Professor in 1996. Heini was held in much esteem, and to mark his retirement, the department held an international conference on number theory in his honor. In spring 2014, another such conference was sponsored in memory of Heini and of Paul and Felice Bateman. During his career, Heini also held visiting positions at Brown, Michigan, UC Berkeley, Syracuse, Ohio State University, Paris, Ulm, Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa, Tel Aviv, York, Hong Kong and Matscience in Madras (now known as Chennai). Heini was a major figure in number theory whose research ranged over several areas. He first studied probabilistic methods, and his later — and most important — work centered on sieves. Other interests of his were mean value theorems, Waring's problem and combinatorial number theory. Some of his research collaborators were Harold Davenport, Harold Diamond, Peter Elliott, Hans-Egon Richert and Klaus Roth. His conjecture with Elliott on the distribution of primes in arithmetic progressions remains one of the outstanding problems in analytic number theory. Sir William Rowan Hamilton (volume 3) 21 Harold Davenport (four volumes) 43 J. E. Littlewood (volume 2) 49 Loo Keng Hua 50 Recent progress in analytic number theory, Durham, 1979 (proceedings) 48 Analytic number theory, Allerton Park, 1990 (proceedings) 65. One of Heini's particular passions, perhaps remembering how he himself had been aided and encouraged as a child, was promoting talented young people. Heini was an inspiring (if demanding) teacher and mentor. 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Biomolecular crystallography is based on a solid foundation of rich experimental data combined with an extensive body of prior knowledge.As a prime example for modern experimental science, it relies on evidence-based reasoning assessing the plausibility of its models based on prior knowledge, while at the same time constantly delivering some of the most novel and exciting results originating from new experimental evidence.Because of the solid underlying physical principles and its mathematical rigor -at least up to the point of electron density generation -crystallography as a mature science should be almost fool-proof -were it not for the human element.The human element enters at the stage of electron density interpretation, where sparseness of evidence can become inversely proportional to the increasing liberties taken in divining poorly supported models, often associated with extraordinarily strong claims.The temptation of projecting strong preconceptions into weak electron density must be balanced by an equally strong demand for irrefutable proof positive in form of minimally biased, clear electron density.There is good reason why scientific epistemology requires proof positive and falsifiability to validate a claim or hypothesis: Absolute absence of evidence in form of zero electron density can never be proven -there will invariably be noise in the electron density reconstruction, beckoning to harbor fragments of any desirable model.Safeguards against overinterpretation in statistical and epistemological terms within a Bayesian framework of reasoning will be discussed.
Mediante la elaboración de este trabajo se ha querido dar una visión general y sencilla de los elementos claves para conocer que es el bitcoin, como funciona y su evolución. Por ello presentamos los elementos técnicos básicos de su funcionamiento: la criptografía y el blockchain, que son básicos para entender las cuestiones relacionadas con su implantación, seguridad y estabilidad. Asimismo recogemos el perfil actual del usuario, su evolución en el tiempo y la presencia en diferentes países. Por último, se analizan las ventajas, inconvenientes y perspectiva del futuro. Finalizamos con una serie de conclusiones.
Long Finance’s Distributed Futures research programme is pleased to announce the release of its first three approaches to ‘geo-stamping’, along with a short guide. Time-stamping is an important part of Smart Ledgers (aka block-chains with embedded code), an authoritative record of the time of a transaction. Geo-stamping is a mirror image, an authoritative record of the location of a transaction. Geo-stamping = time-stamping + geo-location information.
Long Finance’s Distributed Futures research programme has an open source project, “GeoGnomo” to research and share methods for geo-stamping. Geo-stamping benefits from having memorable ways of recording areas that also aid efficient retrieval. GeoGnomo has built-to-share three approaches for recording areal information, a Quaternary Triangular System, a Quaternary Rectangular System, and a Variable Rectangular System for geo-stamping. Each can be used to record geographic areas into a block-chain.
GeoGnomo provides source code and an online translation from latitude & longitude areas to geo-codes and back. Thus, block-chain applications have almost an instant ‘global post code’ or ‘global zip code’ system. By using consistent geo-coding data retrieval is easier. Users can share information easily – “tell the drone to come to F49PUR9B7-20”, a resolution of 7.6 metres.
This report was commissioned by the Cardano Foundation in November 2017 and is one of the first outputs from a series of projects in the Distributed Futures research programme. Michael Parsons, CEO of the Cardano Foundation, comments “Geo-stamping and time-stamping are two of the most important functions of Smart Ledgers. Our sponsorship of Distributed Future’s GeoGnomo project is directed at sharing mechanisms for geo-stamping that are memorable, aggregable, proximable, and scalable.”
This article analyses the rules on wage coordination and their effectiveness in the Italian two-tier bargaining system. It seeks to cast light on bargaining coordination by starting from the analysis of collective agreements, rather than focusing exclusively on normative and institutional aspects of wage bargaining. Accordingly, the study examines a dataset of 498 company-level collective agreements concluded between 2012–2015 in three sectors – metalworking, food, banking and finance – to analyse wage developments in company-level bargaining. The study considers the extent to which local wage negotiations are consistent with the rules on wage bargaining coordination laid down in economy-wide agreements and national collective labour agreements. Wage coordination rules are generally respected, though a significant number of company-level agreements still provide fixed-rate pay rises in breach of the rule that wage increases at company level should be linked to productivity and other factors relating to the workers’ and/or the firm’s economic performance. Although the violation of wage bargaining rules between national agreements and company-level collective agreements is in line with the favourability principle, it is argued that local negotiations on fixed-rate pay rises could be regarded as a form of uncoordinated decentralization, diminishing the effectiveness of horizontal coordination policies and the normative role of the social partners.
Objectives: From the area of the research conducted, Malaysian acceptance towards the idea of online payment methods and understanding the concept of cryptocurrency has been studied. Our main area of focus was in the area of Klang Valley, which has been found that they are one of the most technological savvy people in Malaysia. Methods: One of the main areas of our research is the level of acceptance of the Malaysian market towards the idea of the cryptocurrency, which in our area of interest was Bitcoin. Findings: This research can be further used to identify the mitigating factors that influence peoples’ interest towards online payments such as debit/credit card payments and other channel such as PayPal. Technology acceptance among the Malaysian market can be the main factor that affects the use of the online payment method. Besides, it was also been found several factors that affects the consumers choice on the acceptance of the online payment, which was used as the main variable used to measurement on the level on acceptance. Application: Acceptance of Bitcoin by the Malaysian market. Keywords: Bitcoin, Malaysian Market, Online Payment, Technology Acceptance
André Schweizer, Vincent Schlatt, Nils Urbach, Gilbert Fridgen
Social businesses are increasingly gaining relevance as alternatives to traditional businesses. Nonetheless, such organizations face specific problems. The emerging blockchain technology may represent an opportunity to solve several problems of social businesses and an alternative to established technologies. However, evidence about the potential of blockchain in social businesses is missing. We bridge this gap by designing, developing, and evaluating a blockchain-based crowdlending platform of a social business, following the design science research approach. The evaluation and comparison to a non-blockchain solution allows us to generate generalizable knowledge and derive implications for both research and practice. Our research shows that blockchain enables otherwise unsustainable social business models, mainly by replacing intermediaries and requires changes in software engineering practices. Further, our findings illustrate that blockchain raises challenges and uncertainties and opens promising avenues for further research.
In this article, we introduce a prototype of an innovative technology for proving the origins of captured digital media. In an era of fake news, when someone shows us a video or picture of some event, how can we trust its authenticity? It seems that the public no longer believe that traditional media is a reliable reference of fact, perhaps due, in part, to the onset of many diverse sources of conflicting information, via social media. Indeed, the issue of "fake" reached a crescendo during the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election, when the winner, Donald Trump, claimed that The New York Times was trying to discredit him by pushing disinformation. Current research into overcoming the problem of fake news does not focus on establishing the ownership of media resources used in such stories-the blockchain-based application introduced in this article is technology that is capable of indicating the authenticity of digital media. Put simply, using the trust mechanisms of blockchain technology, the tool can show, beyond doubt, the provenance of any source of digital media, including images used out of context in attempts to mislead. Although the application is an early prototype and its capability to find fake resources is somewhat limited, we outline future improvements that would overcome such limitations. Furthermore, we believe that our application (and its use of blockchain technology and standardized metadata) introduces a novel approach to overcoming falsities in news reporting and the provenance of media resources used therein. However, while our application has the potential to be able to verify the originality of media resources, we believe that technology is only capable of providing a partial solution to fake news. That is because it is incapable of proving the authenticity of a news story as a whole. We believe that takes human skills.
Blockchain is one of the hottest topics in the discussion of technologies lately. As the enabling technology for Bitcoin, the pioneering cryptocurrency, blockchain is an append-only distributed ledger that is virtually impossible to attack given sufficient scale of participants. Hence, blockchain holds great promises as the fundamental technology to enable Internet-based electronic voting. However, Internet-based voting has additional requirements than monetary transactions. In this paper, we analyze these requirements, review existing proposed solutions, and outline possible improvements. Specifically, we propose to use live biometrics of the voter to perform secure and highly reliable remote authentication. We also propose a scheme to protect the secrecy of the ballots and eliminate the influence of votes already cast. Finally, we propose to impose a hierarchy to the voting infrastructure that aligns naturally with traditional voting, which enables parallel processing of multiple blockchains, to overcome the intrinsic scalability limitation of the blockchain technology.
Recently, various business models collect and store data generated from events using the Internet and various sensors and use them effectively. It is changing smartly into a convenient and safe new business model. In this paper, we present directions through experiments to understand and develop evolving types of business models by collecting data using various sensors in a test bed environment. We implement and experiment with technologies using Bigdata in addition to IoT(Internet of Things) technology. Renewable energy projects are attracting attention due to environmental issues such as global warming. In this paper, we introduce energy prosumer service model applying blockchain technology. This allows various energy sources to be connected to various users and producers. Also, we try to improve energy efficiency by analyzing energy pattern of users. We propose a transaction model that can collect, utilize, and process data more efficiently by combining the above technologies.
The urgency of the problem under investigation is conditioned by the need to find mechanisms that contribute to maintaining a balance in the process of realizing increasingly complex tasks that state faces with a lower level of budgetary opportunities The article is aimed at developing the theoretical foundations of finance and the mechanism for mobilizing financial resources necessary for the region in implementing strategic tasks by means of involving decentralized finances in the process of implementation of state programs by the subject of measures to achieve the synergistic effect obtained in their interaction with centralized finances contributing to improving the efficiency of public finances The article considers theoretical aspects of finance and formulates the necessity of application and introduction in practice of the accumulated scientific potential in the processes of solving state problems makes generalization of the main problems in the sphere of centralized finance management in the subjects of the Russian Federation presents the algorithm of practical application of the model of the mobilization mechanism of centralized and decentralized financial resources in the process of implementing the state program designed to increase the effectiveness of public finances in the region using the example of the Samara region The materials of the article can be useful and successfully implemented in practice in other regions of the Russian Federation
This paper examines the comprehensive idea about the growth and future sustainability of bitcoin as a cryptocurrency. The transaction volume of bitcoin is used as the growth of the bitcoin and the bitcoin log return is used for testing the volatility which is helpful for the future sustainability of bitcoin. The study period says that the growth of bitcoin’s transaction volume is an increasing trend as more day to day transaction is minting with the exchange of Bitcoin. The study also uses ARCH & GARCH methodology to know the volatility of this emerging digital currency, and the GARCH result shows that it is a highly volatile currency. As a result, most of the governments have not given their legal status for the use of bitcoin in their country. But if bitcoin will be stable in the future, then it is easily accepted through worldwide and in the long run, people will have more faith in the cryptocurrency technology and its usability.
Otto Julio Ahlert Pinno, André Grégio, Luis C. E. Bona
The IoT is pervading our daily activities and lives with devices scattered all over our cities, transport systems, buildings, homes and bodies. This invasion of devices with sensors and communication capabilities brings big concerns, mainly about the privacy and confidentiality of the collected information. These concerns hinder the wide adoption of the IoT. To overcome them, in this work, we present an Blockchain-based architecture for IoT access authorizations. Following the IoT tendency requirements, our architecture is user transparent, user friendly, fully decentralized, scalable, fault tolerant and compatible with a wide range of today's access control models used in the IoT. Finally, our architecture also has a secure way to establish relationships between users, devices and group of both, allowing the assignment of attributes for these relationships and their use in the access control authorization.
The Internet of Things (IoT) has penetrated deeply into our lives and the number of IoT devices per person is expected to increase substantially over the next few years. Due to the characteristics of IoT devices (i.e., low power and low battery), usage of these devices in critical applications requires sophisticated security measures. Researchers from academia and industry now increasingly exploit the concept of blockchains to achieve security in IoT applications. The basic idea of the blockchain is that the data generated by users or devices in the past are verified for correctness and cannot be tampered once it is updated on the blockchain. Even though the blockchain supports integrity and non-repudiation to some extent, confidentiality and privacy of the data or the devices are not preserved. The content of the data can be seen by anyone in the network for verification and mining purposes. In order to address these privacy issues, we propose a new privacy-preserving blockchain architecture for IoT applications based on attribute-based encryption (ABE) techniques. Security, privacy, and numerical analyses are presented to validate the proposed model.
Bitcoin, a peer-to-peer payment system and digital currency, is often involved in illicit activities such as scamming, ransomware attacks, illegal goods trading, and thievery. At the time of writing, the Bitcoin ecosystem has not yet been mapped and as such there is no estimate of the share of illicit activities. This paper provides the first estimation of the portion of cyber-criminal entities in the Bitcoin ecosystem. Our dataset consists of 854 observations categorised into 12 classes (out of which 5 are cybercrime-related) and a total of 100,000 uncategorised observations. The dataset was obtained from the data provider who applied three types of clustering of Bitcoin transactions to categorise entities: co-spend, intelligence-based, and behaviour-based. Thirteen supervised learning classifiers were then tested, of which four prevailed with a cross-validation accuracy of 77.38%, 76.47%, 78.46%, 80.76% respectively. From the top four classifiers, Bagging and Gradient Boosting classifiers were selected based on their weighted average and per class precision on the cybercrime-related categories. Both models were used to classify 100,000 uncategorised entities, showing that the share of cybercrime-related is 29.81% according to Bagging, and 10.95% according to Gradient Boosting with number of entities as the metric. With regard to the number of addresses and current coins held by this type of entities, the results are: 5.79% and 10.02% according to Bagging; and 3.16% and 1.45% according to Gradient Boosting.
This paper introduces some of the interdependent components within the multifaceted solution our team is developing towards accelerating the functionality, complexity and versatility of blockchain-enabled services. The focus here is particularly on introducing and bringing together selected individual components of the solution to achieve a synergistic effect in expanding the functionality of blockchain-enforced smart contracts. The contributions of this paper include: (i) proposing a method for automated management of contracts with hierarchical conditionality structures through an hierarchy of intelligent agents and the use of hierarchical cryptographic key-pairs; (ii) proposing a method for efficient and secure matching and transfer of smart-contract underlyings (entities) among disparate smart contracts/subcontracts; (iii) proposing a method for producing an hierarchy of common secrets to facilitate hierarchical communication channels of increased security, and applying this method both in the context of method (i) and method (ii); and (iv) proposing the use of distributed hash tables DHT in building secure and optimized repositories in the context of method (i) and in the context method (ii), where the former involves a DHT repository of smart contracts and the latter involves a DHT repository of entities underlying smart contracts that are being exchanged among different smart contracts and subcontracts. The smart-contract focused methods introduced in this paper contribute to the overall goal towards a sustainable adaptive mechanism for processing evolving volumes, versatility, and complexity of blockchain transactions, traffic, and services. Blockchain-enabled services are efficient, secure, automated, and allowing worldwide distribution of resources. They present a more efficient and sustainable alternative to current service infrastructures within a range of domains, particularly the legal and financial domains. They also set a sustainable infrastructure for emerging Internet-of-things services.
Leonardo Ermann, Klaus M. Frahm, Dima L. Shepelyansky
We construct and study the Google matrix of Bitcoin transactions during the time period from the very beginning in 2009 till April 2013. The Bitcoin network has up to a few millions of bitcoin users and we present its main characteristics including the PageRank and CheiRank probability distributions, the spectrum of eigenvalues of Google matrix and related eigenvectors. We find that the spectrum has an unusual circle-type structure which we attribute to existing hidden communities of nodes linked between their members. We show that the Gini coefficient of the transactions for the whole period is close to unity showing that the main part of wealth of the network is captured by a small fraction of users.
Siwan Noh, Youngho Park, Chur Sur, Sang Uk Shin · 5 authors
privacy. An exposure of personal medical records causes damage to the finance, etc. Sometimes, it could put patient's life in danger. To achieve secure data sharing between institutions, many studies use cloud storage to store medical records. However, many studies suppose that cloud service providers were trustworthy. These systems required a key establishment with the cloud service providers and all the access logs are governed by cloud service providers. Patients should ask cloud service providers to check these access logs. However, it can be forged by cloud service providers during the request process. In this paper, we propose blockchain based medical records management system for secure data sharing. In order to share securely, we use proxy re-encryption scheme. Also, we use blockchain technology to audit access logs without modification.
In this article, the author considers the implications of the blockchain technology for trade finance, in particular the letter of credit transaction and the escrow arrangement.
The blockchain technology was invented to create the Bitcoin cryptocurrency around 2009. Since then, various types of blockchains have been developed. In common to all of them, the technology generates, via a chain of blocks, append-only ledgers, which are distributed on an online network and maintains them in sync with each other without the involvement of any trusted intermediary.
This article consists of five sections. The first section, “Two Aspects of the Blockchain Technology,” will highlight two particular aspects of the blockchain technology that are relevant to the subsequent analysis. The second section, “Blockchain for the Letter of Credit Transaction,” will then examine the implementation of the technology for trade finance, looking in particular at letter of credit transactions and, in the third section, “Blockchain for the Escrow Arrangement,” escrow arrangements. This analysis will explore the question of whether the blockchain technology with its ancillary functionality brings about any advantages over the current practice. Before concluding in the fifth section, “Recapitulation,” this article will consider in the fourth section, “The Potential of the Multisig-Fortified Escrow Service for Making an Inroad into the Market of the Letter of Credit,” whether an escrow service fortified with the blockchain technology has the potential of making an inroad into the market of the letter of credit and other methods of payment.
As the technologies are evolving day by day, they are able to rejuvenate any sector either individually or by incorporating other technologies. There are many prominent sectors in the market such as healthcare, education, entertainment, business, information technology, retail, etc. Every sector has its own set of profits and consequences, but apart from all, the banking or finance sector is the only sector that provides dynamicity to all other sectors and helps them to generate maximum revenue from their principal investment. In this chapter, the authors are focusing on the traditional and modern ways of banking, currencies such as cryptocurrency like Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, and how the modern currency will change the transaction procedure in the global banking system, creating an amalgamation of such currency with a current transaction system with the role of technology such as Blockchain in the betterment of the global banking system making the system fully decentralized, distributed, transparent, fast, immutable, and efficient.
Petros Kavassalis, Harald Stieber, Wolfgang Breymann, K. E. Saxton · 5 authors
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to propose a bearer service, which generates and maintains a “digital doppelgänger” for every financial contract in the form of a dynamic transaction document that is a standardised “data facility” automatically making important contract data from the transaction counterparties available to relevant authorities mandated by law to request and process such data. This would be achieved by sharing certain elements of the dynamic transaction document on a bearer service, based on a federation of distribution ledgers; such a quasi-simultaneous sharing of risk data becomes possible because the dynamic transaction document maintain a record of state in semi-real time, and this state can be verified by anybody with access to the distribution ledgers, also in semi-real time. Design/methodology/approach: In this paper, the authors propose a novel, regular technology(RegTech) cum automated legal text approach for financial transaction as well as financial risk reporting that is based on cutting-edge distributed computing and decentralised data management technologies such as distributed ledger, distributed storage, algorithmic financial contract standards, automated legal text and document engineering methods and techniques. This approach is equally inspired by the concept of the “bearer service” and its capacity to span over existing and future technological systems and substrates. Findings: The result is a transformation of supervisors’capacity to monitor risk in thefinancial systembased on data which preserve informational content offinancial instruments at the most granular level, incombination with a mathematically robust time stamping approach using blockchain technology. Practical implications: The RegTech approach has the potential to contain operational risk linked toinadequate handling of risk data and to rein in compliance cost of supervisory reporting.