Studiens syfte Àr att undersöka om uppmÀtt sentiment pÄ Twitter kan vara en förutsÀgande faktor för priset pÄ Bitcoin. En kvantitativ undersökning genomförs med regressionsmodeller dÀr data inhÀmtas frÄn Twitter i realtid. Resultatet indikerar ett svagt samband dÀr bÀst resultat erhölls med en tidsfördröjning av sentiment pÄ 16 timmar, vilket tyder pÄ att det kan finnas möjligheter att anvÀnda Twitter för att förutspÄ förÀndringar av priset pÄ Bitcoin. Variationen av resultat för olika tidsperioder gör dock att det Àr svÄrt att dra generella slutsatser av studien.
M.O. van Deventer, Frank Berkers, Martijn de Vos, A. Zandee · 12 authors
This paper presents initial results of the Techruption Consortium Blockchain experiment. The purpose of the experiment is to learn what it takes to run a permissioned consortium blockchain infrastructure together, not only from a technical perspective, but also governance and business model. The experiment turned out to be surprisingly complex, running into buggy open-source software, extensive firewall and connectivity issues, a complex legal context, a plethora of governance issues, many business model alternatives, and an ever-present human resource limitation. Based on our experiences, we conclude that instead of developing dedicated technical infrastructure, governance and business models for each blockchain application individually, there is a need for a shared blockchain infrastructure with basic governance and business models to spur further innovation in blockchain applications and enabling technologies.
The close but unclear relationship between the government and business undermines the honesty and fair competition in the government-business ecology. This research makes a field survey on the business environment of the representative private enterprises in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei by in-depth interview. The survey reveals some problems, for example the efficiency of government service has not been greatly improved after the "Decentralization-Control-Service" reform, the three-door phenomenon of private enterprises still exists, the financing difficulties are serious, the structure of talent policy is unreasonable, and some policies have not been well promoted and so on. These problems suppress the vitality of the private economy. It is suggested to carry out inventory assessment including positive list and negative list, to construct the probusiness, pro-people public organization culture, to strengthen the performance appraisal of civil servants, to improve the sharing of credit system and property rights pledge system, to play the financing guarantee of chambers of Commerce and associations, to establish the service policy for small and micro enterprises, and to implement special support policies for hightech talent in private enterprises.
WiderspruÌchliche Meinungen und Beurteilungen der Blockchain Technologie und ihrer KryptowaÌhrungen werden momentan medial stark diskutiert. Die KomplexitaÌt des Konzepts und die weite Bandbreite an Themen die es begleiten, erschweren ein Urteil uÌber sein Potential und seine Risiken. Da bereits Zeitungen, wie die New York Times oder die Financial Times regelmaÌĂig uÌber KryptowaÌhrungen berichten und sowohl die Marktkapitalisierung als auch das Handelsvolumen eine erwaÌhnenswerte GroÌĂe erreicht haben, ist die Leitfrage, ob KryptowaÌhrungen eine neue Anlageklasse bilden, gerechtfertigt. Um diese Frage zu beantworten, sammelt diese Arbeit vorangegangene Studien, die Eigenschaften beschreiben, die Risiko und Rendite betreffen, und KryptowaÌhrungen mit bereits etablierten Anlageklassen vergleichen und in Beziehung setzen. GemaÌĂ dieser Analyse, koÌnnen digitale WaÌhrungen durchaus als Anlageklasse betrachtet werden. Um das Bild zu vervollstaÌndigen, beleuchtet diese Arbeit auch Gegenargumente, wie das ernstzunehmende Problem von Marktmanipulation und fehlender Regulierung. Diese Belange muÌssen in naher Zukunft noch besser geklaÌrt werden, doch die Blockchain Technologie und KryptowaÌhrungen werden eine wesentliche Rolle in FinanzmaÌrkten spielen.
A proof system is a protocol between a prover and a verifier over a common input in which an honest prover convinces the verifier of the validity of true statements. Motivated by the success of decentralized cryptocurrencies, exemplified by Bitcoin, the focus of this thesis will be on proof systems which found applications in some sustainable alternatives to Bitcoin, such as the Spacemint and Chia cryptocurrencies. In particular, we focus on proofs of space and proofs of sequential work. Proofs of space (PoSpace) were suggested as more ecological, economical, and egalitarian alternative to the energy-wasteful proof-of-work mining of Bitcoin. However, the state-of-the-art constructions of PoSpace are based on sophisticated graph pebbling lower bounds, and are therefore complex. Moreover, when these PoSpace are used in cryptocur- rencies like Spacemint, miners can only start mining after ensuring that a commitment to their space is already added in a special transaction to the blockchain. Proofs of sequential work (PoSW) are proof systems in which a prover, upon receiving a statement Ï and a time parameter T, computes a proof which convinces the verifier that T time units had passed since Ï was received. Whereas Spacemint assumes synchrony to retain some interesting Bitcoin dynamics, Chia requires PoSW with unique proofs, i.e., PoSW in which it is hard to come up with more than one accepting proof for any true statement. In this thesis we construct simple and practically-efficient PoSpace and PoSW. When using our PoSpace in cryptocurrencies, miners can start mining on the fly, like in Bitcoin, and unlike current constructions of PoSW, which either achieve efficient verification of sequential work, or faster-than-recomputing verification of correctness of proofs, but not both at the same time, ours achieve the best of these two worlds.
Cryptocurrency and blockchain has conjointly become trending buzzwords in the business\nworld today. As the blockchain technology has become older and more researched, its areas\nof usage have broadened far beyond payment solutions like Bitcoin. In venture financing,\nblockchain has been used to establish a prominent fundraising tool, called initial coin offerings\n(ICO). An ICO is a crowdfunding method resembling initial public offerings, where ventures\nissue a blockchain based token, subject to public sale. ICO has become a lucrative financing\nmethod for blockchain affiliated ventures.\nThe hype around cryptocurrency has led to increased ICO attention. Everyone can invest in an\nICO, and thus, it has become a popular investment opportunity. This thesis looks at ICOs as\ninvestment objects, with the aim to find out what an investor should consider before investing.\nAdditionally, we assess whether ICOs are profitable financial instruments relative to its close\nsubstitutes, and evaluate measures to avoid scams.\nThe study is based on 104 companies that have had ICOs, and analyzes what factors influence\nboth ICO success rate, and post-ICO capital gains. Our results indicate that hype and pricing\nis influential on the outcome of an ICO, which in turn is important for subsequent price\nmovements. We have also observed that venture capital seed funded companies performed\nbetter in the ICO aftermath. By further using the results, we have also found that investors\nmay use these parameters when investing in an ICO to outperform both our benchmark\ncryptocurrency Ethereum, and other ICOs.
Den europeiska energisektorn genomgĂ„r numera en viktig övergĂ„ng frĂ„n en centraliserad elkraftförsörjning till distribuerad elproduktion frĂ„n förnybara kĂ€llor. Dessutom leder utfasningen av fossila brĂ€nslen till en ökning av antalet elfordon (hĂ€r EV). Höga penetrationsnivĂ„er för bĂ„de EV och förnybara energin pĂ„ distributionsnivĂ„n kan orsaka ytterligare belastning pĂ„ elnĂ€tet, vilket kan leda till avbrott i strömförsörjningen och försĂ€mring av strömkvaliteten. I detta examensarbete undersöktes möjligheterna att lösa detta problem i Tyskland. Den föreslagna lösningen Ă€r ett förvaltningssystem för EV-laddning och lokal förnybar elproduktion/-koppling i realtid. Tre anvĂ€ndningsfall utvecklades för att analysera denna lösning. Det första anvĂ€ndningsfallet âhyresgĂ€sternas elâ Ă€r baserat pĂ„ den nya tyska förordningen som infördes 2017 och frĂ€mjar att anvĂ€nda solenergi âbakomâ elmĂ€taren i flerbostadshyrehus. I detta fall, genom att erbjuda en EV-laddningstjĂ€nst, kan hyresvĂ€rden uppnĂ„ en högre konsumtionsnivĂ„ under solskenstimmarna nĂ€r hyresgĂ€sterna Ă€r pĂ„ jobbet, och dĂ€rmed fĂ„ en bĂ€ttre ersĂ€ttning. Betalningsperioden för en 11 kW laddsstation, som skulle anvĂ€ndas tillsammans med en PV av 26 kWp, berĂ€knades vara cirka 5 Ă„r om laddstationen Ă€r upptagen 30-40 % av den möjliga dagsljustiden. Om laddstationenen har installerats pĂ„ grund av andra Ă€ndamĂ„l kan âhyresgĂ€sternas elâ-modellen bli en extra inkomstkĂ€lla. De andra tvĂ„ anvĂ€ndningsfallen beror pĂ„ möiligheten att införa en âminskad elnĂ€tavgiftâ. HĂ€r mĂ„ste man nĂ€mna att insatser att föra EV-laddningen pĂ„ tid och plats för förnybar elproduktion mĂ„ste motiveras. Numera Ă€r elpriset fast i Tyskland för smĂ„förbrukare som betyder att det inte finns nĂ„gon orsak för en beteendeförĂ€ndring av EV-förare. En minskad elnĂ€tsavgift kunde bli en Ă„tgĂ€rd för att frĂ€mja âEV-laddning + lokal förnybar elproduktionâ-kopplingen; den kan beviljas av en distributionssystemoperatör (DSO) ifall denna EV-laddning skulle hjĂ€lpa att undvika stockningar och avkortning i elnĂ€tet. Det andra anvĂ€ndningsfallet innebĂ€r att införa en sĂ„dan minskad elnĂ€tavgift för EV-laddning med lokal sol- (PV) eller vindel, som inför dynamisk prissĂ€ttning. I det hĂ€r fallet ska lokala elproducenter behöva sĂ€jla el till lokala laddstationer pĂ„ ett peer-to-peer (P2P) sĂ€tt. Enligt gĂ€llande regelverk Ă€r ren P2P-handel inte möjlig; den skulle behöva inrĂ€ttning av lokala energimarknader och ytterligare balansering. Vad man kan göra kallas direktmarknadsföring, vilket Ă€r en elmarknadsmodell som utförs av en aggregator. AnvĂ€ndningen av blockchain som ett verktyg skulle bli vĂ€lgörande för bĂ„da fallen eftersom det skulle tilllĂ„ta realtids - frĂ€mja âEV-laddning + lokal förnybar elproduktionâ-kopplingen med dynamisk prissĂ€ttning. Ifall man gör P2P-handel möjligt, skulle blockchain ocksĂ„ bli anvĂ€ndbar för betalningar, medan införandet av blockchainbaserade betalningar konstaterades att inte vara genomförbart under den direktmarknadsföringsmodell som existerar idag. Det tredje anvĂ€ndningsfallet innebĂ€r âsjĂ€lvkonsumptionâ/âframmeâ-elmĂ€taren, nĂ€r PV / (vindkraftverk)-Ă€garen och EV-Ă€geren Ă€r samma person; sĂ„ nĂ€r hen laddar sin bil samtidigt med elploduktionen, skulle hen inte behöva betala för kilowattimmar och, beroende pĂ„ distansen mellan de tvĂ„ elanslutningspunkterna, skulle hen dĂ€rmed kunna fĂ„ rabatt pĂ„ elnĂ€tavgiften. För det hĂ€r fallet konstaterades det att enligt den nuvarande direktmarknadsföringsmodellen, dĂ€r aggregatorn och laddstationsleverantören tillhör samma företag, skulle ett sĂ„dant anvĂ€ndningsfall tveklöst kunna genomföras pĂ„ grund av gemensam bokföring. Ett sĂ„dant fall kan bli ett attraktivt erbjudande, sĂ€rskilt för PV-Ă€gare som inte fĂ„r inmatningsavgiften. P2P-handelns slutsatser liknar det tidigare anvĂ€ndningsfallet. För det andra och tredje anvĂ€ndningsfĂ€llet upptĂ€cktes det att i den situationen dĂ„ P2P-handel Ă€r möjlig, skulle EV-laddningen inte uppfylla "försĂ€ljningsbehovet" för producenter eftersom den inte Ă€r fullt förutsĂ€gbar. DĂ€rför mĂ„ste urvalet av P2P-köpare utvidgas till stationĂ€ra konsumenter; d.v.s. att bredda det föreslagna systemets funktionaliteter frĂ„n bara EV-laddning till fullstĂ€ndig P2P-handel. Eftersom EV-laddningen skulle behöva göras i realtid, vara flexibel för laddningsförhĂ„llanden, uppfylls behov av flera andelsĂ€gare och att vara manipulationssĂ€kert, föreslĂ„s distribuerad ledgerteknik (DLT) som implementeringsverktyg. Av tvĂ„ olika DLT, Ethereum och IOTA, drogs slutsatsen att teknikurvalet för att implementera det föreslagna systemet beror pĂ„ implementeringstiden. FrĂ„n och med idag ligger Ethereum i ett högre stadium i utvecklingen , vilket prioriterar Ethereum för omedelbar implementering. Samtidigt Ă€r IOTA en mycket lovande teknik i ett lĂ€gre löptidstillstĂ„nd. NĂ€r de löser ett antal kontroversiella problem blir IOTA ett vĂ€rdefullt verktyg.
The virtual currencies or cryptocurrencies are growing rapidly in developed economies like UK, USA,and Japan. The motives of these currencies to create an efficient method of digital payment system which is globally accepted and their tradersâ belief that these coins have some value, either a physical value or have a money value in terms of their native currency. The first cryptocurrency, Bitcoin (BTC) is facing competition today with newly launched âAltcoinsâ or âAlternative coinsâ, like Ripple (XRP), Ethereum (ETH) etc., the market captured (market cap) by BTC is continuously decreasing and ranging between 30 to 35% of the total market cap. The newly launched âAltcoinsâ are technically efficient and have an audience with different motives compare to BTC, also these coins have a huge potential of growth level within a time compare to BTC, Because BTC prices are very high and its growth level is low compares with newly genesis coins. This article deals some important aspects of cryptocurrency worldwide with an addition to explore its role in the Indian Economy because India is not apart from this emerging trend. Many Indian trading exchanges are started within last few years, rather Government of India is not in favor of crypto trading. The aim of this article to critically examine working features of cryptocurrencies, eg; Mining, how crypto Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) are working, their exchange markets, and how this peer-to-peer (P2P) currency blockchain works. This article also critically evaluate Indian crypto tradersâ motives and try to find out a way to deal with the related issues of cryptocurrencies for Indian Economy.
Electromobility, electric vehicles (EVs) and charging infrastructure are major building blocks for a sustainable energy future.With the emergence of sustainable IS topics, energy informatics as the comprising research discipline receives increasing attention.One of the most contemporary research areas in this context is the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and their integration into the smart power grid of the future.Blockchain is a promising technology to complement lack in charging infrastructure by disrupting existing business models and enabling peer-to-peer sharing of charging stations (CSs).In this paper we investigate how to store and validate EV charging-related data on blockchain and how to process EV charging payment transactions in a blockchain-based IS.Within the ongoing research activity, we evaluate blockchain technologies regarding their applicability for this scenario.Further we implement the presented decentralized app (dApp) design and its smart contracts as a proof-of-concept for the technical feasibility of the solution, considering factors such as interoperability, data storage, trust and scalability.
Traditional database with no prior security measures is becoming challenging in the era of data technology. Database storage on a central location with single point of failure and vulnerable to cyber attacks is getting exposed to big risk of being hacked with the evolution of powerful machines and modern hacking techniques. Since its commencement, the BlockChain technology has shown a promising performance for application buildup in diversed fields of life from cryptocurrency to smart contracts and decentralized applications. Although multiple studies on privacy, data confidentiality and security issues of BlockChain are performed but a systematic examination is still needs attention. In this thesis work we conduct a systematic study about the vulnerabilities of BlockChain system and review the security enhancement solutions that may point to a good future direction for further research into the area of BlockChain technology and its applications. Smart contracts are self-executable objects hosted on the 2nd generation blockchain like Ethereum, carry billions of SEK worth of cryptocoins and cannot be updated once deployed. Smart contracts are generally considered secure objects but the systematic analysis of technology and source code exposes a new class of vulnerabilities which are more likely an ethical aspect of programming than the software coding errors. Besides the literature review we empower our results with a static code analysis especially with the perspective of cyber forensics.
The purpose of this research is to investigate is it possible to receive extra profit in crypto market by using technical analysis methods. The oldest and the most famous cryptocurrency bitcoin has been selected as a subject. A test was executed during two-year period from 1.10.2016 to 1.10.2018. \n \n The research describes a nature of bitcoin and explains why it raises interest as an investment. Then from technical analysis methods are selected widely used indicators and developed three strategy based on them. First strategy is based on the moving average crossover, second one is based on the crossover of the RSI and the Bollinger Bands and third one is based on stochastic oscillator. Every strategy is tested with a trend filter and without it. A benchmark in the test is traditional buy & hold strategy. \n \n According to empirical test, every strategy can show greater return compared to buy & hold strategy. It was also observed that if both âOnly Longâ and âOnly Shortâ versions are profitable, combined âLong & Shortâ version shows much higher profit, than the simple sum of the results of âOnly Longâ and âOnly Shortâ versions. Strategy 1 provided the best performance and Strategy 3 the worst both in terms of profit and in terms of risk. The results of adding the trend filter were ambivalent in terms of profit, but totally worthwhile in terms of risk.
All contracts are necessarily incomplete. The inefficiencies of bargaining over every contingency, coupled with humansâ innate bounded rationality, mean that contracts cannot anticipate and address every potential eventuality. One role of law is to fill gaps in incomplete contracts with default rules. The blockchain is a distributed ledger that allows the cryptographic recording of transactions and permits âsmartâ contracts that self-execute automatically if their conditions are met. Because humans code the contracts of the blockchain, gaps in these contracts will arise. Yet in the world of âsmart contractingâ on the blockchain, there is no place for the law to step in to supply default rules â no legal intervention point. The lack of a legal intervention point means that law on the blockchain works in a fundamentally different way from law in the corporeal world. Business organizational law provides a prime example of how the law uses default rules to fill gaps in an incomplete contract and how the law works differently in the blockchain context.
In this thesis, an analysis of Bitcoin, Monero price and volatility is conducted with respect to S&P500 and the VIX index. Moreover using Python, we computed correlation coefficients of nine cryptocurrencies with two different approaches: Pearson and Spearman from July 2016 -July 2018. Moreover the Pearson correlation coefficient was computed for each year from July2016 - July 2017 - July 2018. It has been concluded that in 2016 the correlation between the selected cryptocurrencies was very weak - almost none, but in 2017 the correlation increased and became moderate positive. In 2018, almost all of the cryptocurrencies were highly correlated. For example, from January until July of 2018, the Bitcoin - Monero correlation was 0.86 and Bitcoin - Ethereum was 0.82.
Cryptocurrencies has become a very hot topic recently, with Bitcoin being the most popular. The increase in interest has led to an incentive to create payment systems for the currency that makes it easier to use for day-to-day shopping. A lot of companies are inves- tigating possible solutions for credit cards that are used for cryptocurrencies. This thesis aims to present and perform a security analysis on an already created concept of a credit card payment system for Bitcoin. The security analysis is done in a systematical approach where the modules were analyzed with predetermined restrictions and assumptions. The restricitons and assumptions are then removed one-by-one to find potential threats in the system. The outcome of the analysis is then evaluated in an attempt to find possible im- plementation methods that would mitigate or prevent the discovered threats. The possible implementations are also evaluated in terms of how they would affect the system.