Lianshan Sun, Xue Bai, Chao Zhang, Yang Li · 6 authors
In the Big Data era, data provenance has become an important concern for enhancing the trustworthiness of key data that are rapidly generated and shared across organizations. Prevailing solutions employ authoritative centers to efficiently manage and share massive data. They are not suitable for secure and trustworthy decentralized data provenance sharing due to the inevitable dishonesty or failure of trusted centers. With the advent of the blockchain technology, embedding data provenance in immutable blocks is believed to be a promising solution. However, a provenance file, usually a directed acyclic graph, cannot be embedded in blocks as a whole because its size may exceed the limit of a block, and may include various sensitive information that can be legally accessed by different users. To this end, this paper proposed the BSTProv, a blockchain-based system for secure and trustworthy decentralized data provenance sharing. It enables secure and trustworthy provenance sharing by partitioning a large provenance graph into multiple small subgraphs and embedding the encrypted subgraphs instead of raw subgraphs or their hash values into immutable blocks of a consortium blockchain; it enables decentralized and flexible authorization by allowing each peer to define appropriate permissions for selectively sharing some sets of subgraphs to specific requesters; and it enables efficient cross-domain provenance composition and tracing by maintaining a high-level dependency structure among provenance graphs from different domains in smart contracts, and by locally storing, decrypting, and composing subgraphs obtained from the blockchain. Finally, a prototype is implemented on top of an Ethereum-based consortium blockchain and experiment results show the advantages of our approach.
The Level of Conceptual Interoperability Model (LCIM) is a widely used framework that represents inter-relationship among interoperability and composability of different information systems. Although this model has been successfully applied to various domains such as cybernetics and informatics, there are many challenges in directly adopting the model for blockchain-based systems. This paper identifies those challenges and proposes a new Level of Conceptual Interoperability Model for blockchain systems based on the original LCIM. We define five different levels of interoperability for blockchain-based systems and theoretically evaluate the level of interoperability (LOI) achieved by different blockchain networks. The evaluation outcomes show that there exists technical interoperability (Level 1) between Bitcoin and Ethereum networks, whereas Solana and Binance achieve pragmatic interoperability (Level 4) by conveying state changes with the Ethereum network and Polkadot achieve dynamic interoperability (level 5) by suitably conveying state changes within the ecosystem of its networks. We present case studies that demonstrate how the proposed LCIM for blockchain systems map various real-world applications to their respective levels.
Rabia Musheer Aziz, Mohammed Farhan Baluch, Sarthak Patel, Pavan Kumar
Ethereum smart contracts have recently received new commercial applications and a lot of attention from the scientific community. Ethereum eliminates the requirement for a trusted third party by allowing untrusted parties to expose contract details in computer code. Nonetheless, as online commerce grows, plenty of fraudulent activities, such as money laundering, bribery, and phishing, emerge as major threats to trade security. For correctly recognizing fraudulent transactions, this paper developed a Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LGBM) technique-based model. The modified LGBM model optimized the parameters of Light GBM using the Euclidean distant structured estimation approach. This paper also examines the performance of different popular models such as Random Forest (RF), Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), Logistic Regression, k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), XGBoost, Support Vector Classification (SVC), and ADAboost with limited features and compares their performance metrics with the proposed model for Ethereum fraudulent activity classification. A comparative performance evaluation matrices scores of different popular models along with the proposed model demonstrated the applicability of the proposed approach. The modified LGBM algorithms and RF models demonstrate the best performance compared to other models with the highest accuracies, while the modified LGBM algorithm has a slightly superior performance of 99.17 percent compared to the RF model's 98.26 percent.
We present a decentralized online gaming platform implemented as a Decentralized Application (DApp) on the Ethereum blockchain. The gaming platform enables secure gaming, where the account balances and the stakes of the players are secured by a smart contract. Moreover, the fair enforcement of the game rules and the deposit of the winnings of the players and the gaming platform into their accounts are guaranteed by the smart contract. The gaming platform proposes lending functionalities that allow players to securely borrow tokens from the gaming platform in order to participate in the games.
Healthcare industry has become one of the world's important sectors. It is one of the quickestand persistently growing industries. Healthcare Technology focuses mainly on patient's empowerment. Blockchain technology is offering healthier scope for accessing medical records privately. Patient confidentiality can be maintained more effectively using block chain. It is very difficult to hack the data because blockchain makes use of decentralized data storage. Nowadays machine learning is used for understanding the data and for analysing and making decisions in various sectors. It is one of the prominent techniques that are being applied in an extensive range of applications to solve a variety of complex problems. Machine learning plays a vital role in healthcare sector, by offering effective methods by saving time, effort and money. Convergence of blockchain technology with machine learning and cloud computing provides extremelyenriched functionalities and services which enables the healthcare industry to revolutionize with substantial results for medical professionals. For experimental results, Ethereum is used. In the proposed work, the patients can also get the disease details using machine learningconcept by providing their symptoms.
The Internet has become one of the most important technologies in the world, and hackers use various methods to launch cyber attacks to profit from it. Phishing is one of famous social engineering attacks, it is often used to steal user data, including login credentials and credit card numbers. Although the Transport Layer Security certificate is used to verify the trust of websites, there are still a series of vulnerabilities. The demand for trusted IP addresses has led a lot of research, including IP whitelisting, DNS filtering and so on. However, these technologies still have many shortcomings. In view of this, we proposed a novel mechanism for verifying websites using blockchain technology. The URL and IP address of a permissioned website are recorded in blockchain through a specific smart contract. A DNS query is executed through a smart contract designed to avoid URL redirection attacks. With the help of immutable nature of blockchian, phishing websites can be detected. The mechanism will not add any load to users and provides tamper-proof functions based on the characteristics of blockchain. The comparison of related works shows that the proposed mechanism is more secure. We also provided a reference implementation of the proposed mechanism on Ethereum Quorum simulation platform, which proves the effectiveness and practicability of the mechanism.
Sensor nodes play a crucial role in the promotion of development of Internet of Things (IoT). Through this transaction, RO defines access control policies in script form based on ABAC's access control model to grant access right. The identity of all users in the model is identified by address. This paper builds a more flexible right transfer access control model by means of combining the Attribute-Based Access Control model (ABAC) and blockchain technology. Owing to the characteristics of ABAC’s attributes and right association, the massive problems of some sensor nodes can be solved. At the same time, for the sake of addressing the dynamic problems such as node access and right transfer, right transfer contract (TS) and access control contract (CS) are employed on the chain to ensure efficient and safe transmission of rights. To solve on-chain storage problems and ensure transparency of the operation, the idea of Rollup in Ethereum expansion is used to upload the final state of protocol policy and right exchange to the chain. Any user can know the policy and current right transfer status at any time. Finally, comparative and security analysis show that the model presented here can solve IoT devices’ massive and dynamic problems more effectively and it is more secure than the traditional models.
Truc Nguyen, Phuc Thai, Tre’ R. Jeter, Thang N. Dinh · 5 authors
Despite the great potential of Federated Learning (FL) in large-scale distributed learning, the current system is still subject to several privacy issues due to the fact that local models trained by clients are exposed to the central server. Consequently, secure aggregation protocols for FL have been developed to conceal the local models from the server. However, we show that, by manipulating the client selection process, the server can circumvent the secure aggregation to learn the local models of a victim client, indicating that secure aggregation alone is inadequate for privacy protection. To tackle this issue, we leverage blockchain technology to propose a verifiable client selection protocol. Owing to the immutability and transparency of blockchain, our proposed protocol enforces a random selection of clients, making the server unable to control the selection process at its discretion. We present security proofs showing that our protocol is secure against this attack. Additionally, we conduct several experiments on an Ethereum-like blockchain to demonstrate the feasibility and practicality of our solution.
In the Internet of Things (loT) era, edge computing is a promising paradigm to improve the quality of service for latency sensitive applications by filling gaps between the loT devices and the cloud infrastructure. Highly geo-distributed edge computing resources that are managed by independent and competing service providers pose new challenges in terms of resource allocation and effective resource sharing to achieve a globally efficient resource allocation. In this paper, we propose a novel blockchain-based model for allocating computing resources in an edge computing platform that allows service providers to establish resource sharing contracts with edge infrastructure providers apriori using smart contracts in Ethereum. The smart contract in the proposed model acts as the auctioneer and replaces the trusted third-party to handle the auction. The blockchain-based auctioning protocol increases the transparency of the auction-based resource allocation for the participating edge service and infrastructure providers. The design of sealed bids and bid revealing methods in the proposed protocol make it possible for the participating bidders to place their bids without revealing their true valuation of the goods. The truthful auction design and the utility-aware bidding strategies incorporated in the proposed model enables the edge service providers and edge infrastructure providers to maximize their utilities. We implement a prototype of the model on a real blockchain test bed and our extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness, scalability and performance efficiency of the proposed approach.
Blockchain is a new, emerging technology that is expected to have deep and “disruptive” effects on our economies and societies. It offers a new paradigm for the way in which information is registered, stored, and transacted. Blockchain is actually only one example of distributed ledger technology, which constitutes a physically decentralized and secure database, in the sense data are not held in one central site, rather they are held and updated simultaneously across several sites, theoretically making it more difficult to hack (Weiss and Biermann, 2020). Blockchain allows generated information to be stored in “blocks,” each of which is “stamped” and linked to the previous one, creating an unchangeable record of transactions (Cagigas et al., 2021). The process is conducted and verified via a predefined network protocol or “consensus mechanism” that specifies how the system is ruled. This permissions architecture can be used to determine whether, and to what extent, the blockchain itself will be largely left under the control of a centralized entity or authority or whether access and control of the blockchain will be shared among all those interested in participating. For example, depending on the permissions granted, participation in the verification process can be open and free or restricted to a group of users. In addition, the information registered in the blockchain can be more or less openly shared. At the most general level, then, blockchains are secure, immutable, anonymous, and decentralized digital records (or ledgers) of user-verified digital transactions. The first well-known blockchain product to emerge was Bitcoin, in 2008, which utilizes the technology for its most familiar usage—“cryptocurrency.” Today, there are thousands of cryptocurrencies that have been launched with different degrees of success.1 Since cryptocurrency became well known, there has been a second spike in public consciousness about blockchain around non-fungible tokens (NFTs), where one-of-a-kind digital assets are bought and sold every day. These NFTs can be as trivial as a “signed Tweet,” one of which was sold via auction in March 2021 for almost US$3 million.2 Yet, only 1 year later, the same product was put up for sale again, the highest bid being only US$280, inevitably questioning its intrinsic price.3 As a result, blockchain is sometimes associated with crypto-criminality, money laundering, or questionable frivolities in the digital art market. Despite these better-known commercial applications, blockchain can also be applied to the public sphere: government, public policy, and public services. Indeed, in recent years, governments and international organizations around the world have started to deploy blockchain in a growing number of services, including digital identity management, health, food and agriculture, land registry, public procurement, defense, aviation, value chains, logistics, and more.4 So, while the early hype and possibilities of blockchain were grossly inflated (Tapscott & Tapscott, 2016) and the “blockchain revolution” is still to come in the way that the portable computing, the internet, and cell phones did, there are significant implications to the technology, both as a target and as a tool of public policy and indeed as a possible new form of governance (Campbell-Verduyn, 2018). Among these implications are higher-order questions on the nature of money, law, and democracy—and even the state itself (Atzori, 2015). Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin have been issued outside of the traditional financial sector and have become a means of financial exchange and wealth-storage beyond the reach of governments—and among their more radical proponents, that is a feature, not a bug. Hence, states are already examining the issue of regulating cryptocurrencies not only because of their potential for being used in illegal transactions and money laundering but also for their potential threat to financial stability (FSB, 2021). It may be attractive too for financial interests to “tame” crypto and turn it into just another investment vehicle. The implications for the nature of law were first forcefully put forward by Lawrence Lessig: “code is law” (Lessig, 1999, 2006). This refers to a species of “algorithmic governance” where the routines and assumptions embedded in computer codes “govern” human behavior (Noble, 2018; Pasquale, 2015). More importantly, the code, for example, in the form of a smart contract, can trump the “law” in the sense of legislation or rules determined by state authorities. For example, remote services can be contracted in one part of the world, paid for through an app such as Satoshipay, and governed by a smart contract. The legal and taxation regimes within which those contracting parties reside become irrelevant. In both the arch-examples of currency and law, we see the potentially radical disintermediation that is either lamented or celebrated by promotors of blockchain technologies. Blockchain can go further and deeper in upending our conventional concepts of democracy and the state. For example, for most purposes, government-issued ID (passports, driver’s licenses, and birth certificates) are considered the foundation of one’s formal and legal identity. Indeed, a pioneer public case is currently being developed in the European Union (EU) within the realm of self-sovereign identity (SSI), namely the European Self-Sovereign Identity Framework (ESSIF).5 Moreover, there are also private initiatives: through Blockchain Helix, people can establish digital identities that give them an immutable record of who they are. The “national” passport could be eclipsed by the digital ID, which can then be used for borderless transactions. The point of these innovations is sometimes difficult to grasp since they seem to be only “added layers” to existing, secure, and accepted forms of ID. All current forms of ID can be counterfeited, hence the lengths that governments go to protect the security, for example, of a passport. We can see the problem more clearly in the case of academic or professional credentials. As labor markets go global, the barriers to “proving” one’s university or training qualifications (e.g., degrees, certificates, and CVs) rise considerably with requirements for attestation from various “official” bodies. Blockchain potentially upends this. The upending is moderate, a mere tilt, if governments (e.g., the ESSIF above) build the blockchain architecture. The upending is radical if individuals no longer need government and if their digital ID is blockchain-solid and accepted anywhere. The digital ID would supplant the government passport or other state-sanctioned ID. The current value of “citizenship” would be further debased. Another example is governance processes, in both private and public spheres. The LiquidFeedback platform promises a “unique democracy software” to promote self-organization of units as small as an association or company or as large as municipalities. Bitnation goes further still and promises “a blockchain jurisdiction in which communities can be built, contracts made, disputes resolved, and agreements positively enforced through reputation. Within this jurisdiction, governance services such as peer-to-peer security, insurance and education can be accessed via third-party dapps.” You can even start your own “nation” if you like. Of course, this seems absurd—until we interrogate the core functionalities of the modern nation-state and consequently of “citizenship.” A contract between two parties who reside in the same “jurisdiction” is subject to adjudication and enforcement by that jurisdiction. When the parties are from different jurisdictions, the contract usually specifies which of the legal frameworks govern the agreement. Alternatively, there are provisions in international commercial law or treaties that will govern such agreements. Once again, blockchain upends this. A contract between parties in Montreal and Mumbai can be forged in blockchain, with its own self-executing provisions that have nothing to do with the jurisdictions within which the parties reside. Some analysts believe blockchain has libertarian and autarkic disintermediation in its DNA,6 but this has not stopped some governments from embracing the technology as the “next big thing” in governance and policy platforms; Dubai, for example, has a blockchain strategy that it claims will make it the “happiest city on earth.”7 This is part of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) Emirates Blockchain Strategy 2021, which aims to transform 50% of government transactions to blockchain.8 Its plan comprises a national system built around a unique digital ID for each citizen/resident, which they can then use to access government documents and services. The EU has a blockchain strategy, which includes the European Blockchain Services Infrastructure that is a joint effort of the EU states, Norway, Liechtenstein, and the European Commission.9 The overarching intent is to provide “legal certainty” and avoid “regulatory fragmentation.” Estonia has been the pioneer in digital governance, embracing e-government as early as 1997. It was the first government to use blockchain technology in 2012 with its Succession Registry, maintained by the Ministry of Justice. The blockchain platform now includes the following registries: health care, property, business, succession, digital court system, surveillance tracking information system: official state announcements, and the state gazette. Anarchists, drug cartels,10 financial institutions, and some governments (from the Baltics to Arab emirates) have embraced blockchain, but the policy research community is alarmingly late to the party. Debate and analysis on blockchain have been dominated by computing science and fintech, and more recently by legal scholars, even though the implications for policy science and public policy are potentially staggering. Even if we think of the implications only in terms of blockchain as a “tool” (something to be used in the delivery of public services) for public policy or as a “target” (threats to be managed), the list of services that could be disrupted by blockchain is significant. It is only in the recent period that the lack of attention to blockchain from the policy research community has started to change. This attention to blockchain can be quantified: a systematic review of the academic literature on blockchain in the public sector shows a sharp increase from 2015 onward (Cagigas et al., 2021). In parallel, there has been a significant increase in the number of policy documents on blockchain produced by international policy organizations, including the EU,11 the OECD,12 the United Nations (United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and UNWOMAN), and the World Bank.13 From the perspective of government and policy, blockchain is being used as a tool, for example, in the following activities: Record-keeping (health records, land registries, and vehicle registration); identity attestation (passports, ID cards, birth certificates, marriage, and divorce) Payments and remittances (Rodima‐Taylor & Grimes, 2019) Central Bank Digital Currencies, mostly known by their acronym CBDCs (although very few are currently considering using blockchain in their final pilots14) Secure and transparent delivery of cash benefits and tokens Smart contracts Supply chain management (tracking) Traceability systems (food safety and conflict minerals) (Muirhead & Porter, 2019) Insurance contracts And, as regards policy targets (threats) associated with blockchain, the following lead the concern: Money laundering (e.g., Financial Action Task Force) Financial services regulation (and experimentation) Carbon footprint of cryptocurrency “mining” Cyber-threats and cyber-warfare Tax evasion It is now timely to bring together a collection of articles by leading international experts that focus on what blockchain might mean for the economy and society, the regulatory dilemmas it presents, and possible policy solutions. The articles selected for this special issue all focus on core characteristics or promises of blockchain technology from a societal perspective and contemplate the regulatory challenges and dilemmas therein. For example, at the most generic level, blockchain technology is expected to be disruptive, meaning it is expected that, after initially taking root in simple, specific applications, it will increasingly replace previous technologies and bring about profound changes in the ways in which processes are completed, bringing about increased efficiencies and greater transparency and data security. However, these potential advantages must be considered alongside blockchain’s high-energy consumption needs, processing speed and cost. Blockchain thus presents trade-off dilemmas for policymakers seeking to promote economic growth, innovation, and sustainability. At higher and more abstract levels, we should also contemplate the potential impact of blockchain on our received notions of state sovereignty, citizenship, and governance. A key question for policymakers today is how can and should blockchain be regulated? De Filippi et al. (2022) pose the question of how policy can be designed to regulate and legalize a technology like blockchain that is “alegal” by design. The public, permissionless version of blockchain was explicitly designed to be decentralized, anonymous, and beyond the control of government. Some of the uses to which it was consequently put were clearly illegal, but many are “alegal” in the sense that they are simply beyond the scope of government to regulate or even “see” and have a self-regulatory, non-state bounded character of simple facticity. Blockchain is neither legal nor illegal, it just is or at least it “just was” in the moment of its creation/design by Satoshi Nakamoto (possibly a person, possibly a pseudonym). It was a completely new economic and payment system that had not existed before and thus was beyond law. The article shows, with a brief example of the attack on The DAO (a decentralized investment fund deployed as a smart contract on Ethereum in 2016), how far beyond normal legal or governmental interventions it was. However, policymakers are not entirely impotent—they can still regulate intermediaries, commercial operators, or mining pools and establish arbitration regimes, and indeed governments in the USA and in Europe have imposed anti-money laundering regulations and blacklists. De Filippi et al. (2022) register the limits of these approaches and instead argue for the creation of “regulatory sandboxes” (already used by the financial industry) that would permit leading and regulatory and from regulatory that would still regulatory The article by and (2022) on another core question to of policy and public distributed ledger technology, and other systems are to be is on specific and such as and rather governance, or conventional transparency and of and even if they are not they are embedded in frameworks that their they are subject to public their can be and on & The of technologies in may to more public services but also to such with a technology that in of digital security. and (2022) focus on the following can public In the case of institutions, what is the way public with technologies or their we a architecture or a The the use of potentially the public sector and how this may in government. then several policy with a to protect in government even if some of the used to do et al. (2022) the potential of blockchain to governments and on stored data (e.g., birth and to for Indeed, this is a core of the state The rise of on blockchain technologies is potentially provide individuals with and control their data and them to their data with using a of people can of their identity data and control and how it is their As these data need to be to be they may become a more data for digital information and transactions the formal of identity by can be used for with These may potentially the between government, and et al. (2022) information and governance in the digital using In addition, the impact of on data in the digital world is that technology might in no greater control or and might in the only current the argue that regulation and a of centralized and decentralized governance are still to avoid and that the benefits of are Blockchain be into the public sector its The article by et al. (2022) the impact of blockchain and public sector their on digital services and may well avoid embracing the of blockchain in the public sector will to some on the by public in those where the technology might their and et al. (2022) a on the of blockchain for a digital identity in public services, different around a blockchain that is more or less the sense of to being to and on the The literature shows that public can have a of or the of blockchain, depending on impact on public sector and among other The article greater of blockchain by public the more public the blockchain is open and permissionless and access to information on the public The of the of of of public in the of that a blockchain with can system a higher of while can see information in the has no possibly because the benefits of transparency are by the of of public A of articles blockchain in in the world, and at different and Blockchain technologies are increasingly being up by international organizations and a of policy (2022) that the use of blockchain by international organizations questions in international law and the conventional of In these while blockchain has and it traditional and The article on the use of blockchain by international organizations such as in the The two most public sector are identity management and attestation and the of government For example, are to their documents to their identity (e.g., and other The and to the of the for to data on It is that 1 individuals lack official identity documents and blockchain can be one tool to secure digital which can then in turn be used to establish for cash in (2022) other from the economic such as the World Blockchain All of these are one of that behavior as a new of legal system, international organizations the of in the world of As international organizations to become entirely the of their states and to greater The of has been considered an of policy but that of actually creating law, as to regulations and Blockchain may The article by and (2022) a where at least to the hype is Estonia is to have embraced blockchain early and with after built the first national blockchain the blockchain that have been built by the government to and also as to whether these blockchain the promises of associated with claims by blockchain use approaches to several blockchain to the that have in argue concepts associated with and and used by different parties to mean different that the ways in which blockchain is and are leading a of of even though this is using the of Moreover, the concepts of transparency and could be in a of used in a as a of data that the of blockchain constitutes a with being to blockchain not in even while the around blockchain it is bringing about societal Blockchain has the potential to and the of people to in can this technology to forms of of services and of self-organization In their et al. (2022) a which uses blockchain as a tool to financial and the economy more It to do through a which allows to new of tokens on the blockchain in to the of and In the a specific of to and in the for information and technology and is In the point some advantages of as regards on As this an of blockchain, that can be in a new of the blockchain are further and For example, by the that were open to and new technologies. However, some was among about using a digital among of the In addition, can be on the part of public sector who training and The articles in this special issue provide on blockchain and some of its implications for policy, society, and governance. the digital has left the and policy and public is just up with legal and computing science not to the already with digital services, and beyond the of and are the and the Blockchain is designed to be It is designed to and decentralized, and non-state and For the and not to money and blockchain promises an from the of the state. In this blockchain is both a policy question and a to be up to the It is blockchain is a to be with and of key to public policy and public We these provide a first into a deeper of the potential and and even of blockchain in the public sector and in this to
Mitchell Olsthoorn, Dimitri Stallenberg, Arie van Deursen, Annibale Panichella
Ethereum is the largest and most prominent smart contract platform. One key property of Ethereum is that once a contract is deployed, it can not be updated anymore. This increases the importance of thoroughly testing the behavior and constraints of the smart contract before deployment. Existing approaches in related work either do not scale or are only focused on finding crashing inputs. In this tool demo, we introduce SynTest-Solidity, an automated test case generation and fuzzing framework for Solidity. SynTest-Solidity implements various metaheuristic search algorithms, including random search (traditional fuzzing) and genetic algorithms (i.e., NSGA-II, MOSA, and DynaMOSA). Finally, we performed a preliminary empirical study to assess the effectiveness of SynTest-Solidity in testing Solidity smart contracts.
Smart cities deploy large numbers of sensors and collect a tremendous amount of data from them. For example, Advanced Metering Infrastructures (AMIs), which consist of physical meters that collect usage data about public utilities such as power and water, are an important building block in a smart city. In a typical sensor network, the measurement devices are connected through a computer network, which exposes them to cyber attacks. Furthermore, the data is centrally managed at the operator's servers, making it vulnerable to insider threats. Our goal is to protect the integrity of data collected by large-scale sensor networks and the firmware in measurement devices from cyber attacks and insider threats. To this end, we first develop a comprehensive threat model for attacks against data and firmware integrity, which can target any of the stakeholders in the operation of the sensor network. Next, we use our threat model to analyze existing defense mechanisms, including signature checks, remote firmware attestation, anomaly detection, and blockchain-based secure logs. However, the large size of the Trusted Computing Base and a lack of scalability limit the applicability of these existing mechanisms. We propose the Feather-Light Blockchain Infrastructure (FLBI) framework to address these limitations. Our framework leverages a two-layer architecture and cryptographic threshold signature chains to support large networks of low-capacity devices such as meters and data aggregators. We have fully implemented the FLBI's end-to-end functionality on the Hyperledger Fabric and private Ethereum blockchain platforms. Our experiments show that the FLBI is able to support millions of end devices.
This study examines the effects of the epidemic and the price bubble on the effectiveness of the cryptocurrency market. In this Research, We collect the daily closing price of 5 cryptocurrencies from https://coinmarketcap.com/. The data was taken from 01 September 2017 to 14 December 2021 with a total data or sample of 1231 daily data from each currency or a total of 6155 samples from a total of all tested currencies. The five cryptocurrencies are Litecoin (LTC), Cardano (ADA), Ethereum (ETH), Ripple (XRP), and Bitcoin (BTC). To measure market inefficiency we use magnitude market inefficiency (MIM) and the study by Le Tran and Leirvik (2019) is used to establish the adjusted magnitude of market inefficiency (AMIM). In this study AMIMt is calculated on a daily frequency by using the daily closing price as the basis for calculation.We found that the three periods of the cryptocurrency bubble in the cryptocurrency market occurred in late 2017, early 2018, and July 2020. The cryptocurrency financial bubble had a lesser impact than the announcement of a worldwide pandemic being declared for COVID-19 on March 11, 2020. It is very likely that a bubble will occur during July 2020 related to the declaration that COVID-19 is a pandemic of global scope.
This work presents a Self Sovereign Identity based system proposal to show how Blockchain, Building Information Modeling, Internet of Thing devices, and Self Sovereign Identity concepts can support the process of building digitalization, guaranteeing the compliance standards and technical regulations. The proposal ensures eligibility, transparency and traceability of all information produced by stakeholders, or generated by IoT devices appropriately placed, during the entire life cycle of a building artifact. By exploiting the concepts of the Self Sovereign Identity, our proposal allows the identification of all involved stakeholders, the storage off-chain of all information, and that on-chain of the sole data necessary for the information notarization and certification, adopting multi-signature approval mechanisms where appropriate. In addition it allows the eligibility verification of the certificated information, providing also useful information for facility management. It is proposed as an innovative system and companies that adopt the Open Innovation paradigm might want to pursue it. The model proposal is designed exploiting the Veramo platform, hence the Ethereum Blockchain, and all the recommendations about Self Sovereign Identity systems given by the European Blockchain Partnership, and by the World Wide Web Consortium.
Chao Ni, Cong Tian, Kaiwen Yang, David Lo · 6 authors
Smart contract, a special software code running on and resided in the blockchain, enlarges the general application of blockchain and exchanges assets without dependence of external parties. With blockchain’s characteristic of immutability, they cannot be modified once deployed. Thus, the contract and the records are persisted on the blockchain forever, including failed transactions that are caused by runtime errors and result in the waste of computation, storage, and fees. In this paper, we refer to smart contracts which will cause runtime errors as crash-inducing smart contracts. However, automatic identification of crash-inducing smart contracts is limited investigated in the literature. The existing approaches to identify crash-inducing smart contracts are either limited in finding vulnerability (e.g., pattern-based static analysis) or very expensive (e.g., program analysis), which is insufficient for Ethereum.To reduce runtime errors on Ethereum, we propose an efficient, generalizable, and machine learning-based crash-inducing smart contract detector, CRASHSCDET, to automatically identify crash-inducing smart contracts. To investigate the effectiveness of CRASHSCDET, we firstly propose 34 static source code metrics from four dimensions (i.e., complexity metrics, count metrics, object-oriented metrics, and Solidity-specific metrics) to characterize smart contracts. Then, we collect a large-scale dataset of verified smart contracts (i.e., 54,739) and label these smart contracts based on their execution traces on Etherscan. We make a comprehensive comparison with three state-of-the-art approaches and the results show that CRASHSCDET can achieve good performance (i.e., 0.937 of F1-measure and 0.980 of AUC on average) and statistically significantly improve the baselines by 0.5%-60.4% in terms of F1-measure and by 41.2%-44.3% in terms of AUC, which indicates the effectiveness of static source code metrics in identifying crash-inducing smart contracts. We further investigate the importance of different types of metrics and find that metrics in different dimensions have varying abilities to depict the characteristic of smart contracts. Especially, metrics belonging to the "Count" dimension are the most discriminative ones but combining all metrics can achieve better prediction performance.
This exploration paper is about the conception of a World Wide Web grounded for the conception grounded around machine-readability, also called Web3.0. Web3.0 will review how we interact with the digital world and the change won't just be for individualities. The effect of Web3.0 blockchain on businesses – both traditional and disruptive will be inversely massive. The transition from Web2.0 to Web3.0 still, won't be overnight. This means businesses will have time to look back at their process and see where they fit on the decentralization and translucency radar. But indeed though Web3.0 is in the future, the reality of the moment is that businesses need to start preparing. Let our Blockchain experts help you. Some technologists and intelligencers have varied it with Web2.0, wherein they say data and content are consolidated in a small group of companies occasionally appertained to as"Big Tech". The term"Web3" was chased in 2014 by Ethereumco- founder Gavin Wood, and the idea gained interest in 2021 from cryptocurrency suckers, large technology companies, and adventure capital enterprises. Some experts argue that web3 will give increased data security, scalability, and sequestration for druggies and combat the influence of large technology companies. Others have raised enterprises about a decentralized web, citing the eventuality of low temperance and the proliferation of dangerous content, the centralization of wealth to a small group of investors and individualities, or a loss of sequestration due to further extensive data collection. Crucial Words World Wide Web; Web3.0; Big Tech; cryptocurrency; decentralized web
Yue Wang, Tingyu Che, Xiaohu Zhao, Tao Zhou · 6 authors
Due to the competitive relationship among different smart factories, equipment manufacturers cannot integrate the private information of all smart factories to train the intelligent manufacturing equipment fault prediction model and improve the accuracy of intelligent manufacturing equipment fault detection. The use of a low fault recognition rate model for smart factories will cause additional losses for them. In this work, we propose a blockchain-based privacy information security sharing scheme in Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) to solve the sharing problem of private information in smart factories. Firstly, we abstract smart factories as edge nodes and build decentralized, distributed trusted blockchain networks based on Ethereum clients on simulated edge devices and propose an Intelligent Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (IECDSA) to guarantee the ownership of shared information by edge nodes. Secondly, we propose the Reputation-based Delegated Proof of Stake (RDPoS) consensus algorithm to improve the security and reliability of the Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) consensus algorithm. Furthermore, we design and implement an incentive mechanism based on information attributes to increase the motivation of edge nodes to share information. Finally, the proposed solution is simulated. Through theoretical and simulation experiments, it is proved that the blockchain-based privacy information security sharing scheme in IIoT can improve the enthusiasm of edge nodes to share information on the premise of ensuring the security of information sharing.
Rodrigo Dutra Garcia, Gowri Ramachandran, Jó Ueyama
Smart contracts allow application developers to automate business processes through a decentralized computation architecture. Contemporary blockchain platforms such as Ethereum and Hyperledger Fabric offer support for smart contracts through consensus mechanisms such as Proof-of-Work (PoW) or other types of transaction validation and ordering services. This article exploits smart contracts in the Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) blockchain platforms. In particular, we explore Tendermint and Hyperledger Besu, BFT blockchain platforms, and apply them to a decentralized e-prescription case study to evaluate their effectiveness. We adopt Hyperledger Besu and Tendermint in this research, given that both are BFT-based blockchains. Also, it is noteworthy that smart contracts in BFT blockchain platforms such as Tendermint are not well established and not widely adopted yet. Our article empirically evaluates the performance of smart contracts in Tendermint and Hyperledger Besu using a decentralized medical prescription case study and compares their results with Ethereum, a PoW blockchain. Our results demonstrate that BFT blockchain platforms are efficient for multistakeholder applications such as e-prescription and supply chains. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the implementation of smart contracts in BFT blockchain platforms, such as Tendermint and Hyperledger Besu.
In recent years, advancements in electric vehicle (EV) technology and rising petrol prices have increased the demand for EVs and also made them important for the Smart Grid (SG) economy. During the high energy demand, Vehicle to Grid (V2G) comprises a notable feature that returns the stored energy back to the grid. However, due to dynamic nature of energy prices and EVs availability, determining the best charging and discharging strategy is quite difficult. The existing approaches need a model to predict the uncertainty and optimize the scheduling problem. Further, other issues like security, scalability, and real-time data accessibility of EVs energy trading (ET) data at low cost also exist. Though many solutions exist, they are not adequate to handle the aforementioned issues. This paper proposes a Secure V2G-Energy Trading (SV2G-ET) scheme using deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) and Ethereum Blockchain Technology (EBT). The proposed SV2G-ET scheme employs a deep Q-network for EVs scheduling for charging/discharging. SV2G-ET scheme uses InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) and smart contract (SC) for secure access of EV’s ET data in real time. The experimental results prove the efficacy of the proposed SV2G-ET scheme that leads to improved scalability, saving the EVs charging cost, low ET data storage cost, and increased EV owner’s profit.
Parth Merchant, Kshitij Patil, Nikhil Panchal, Prof. Sanketi Raut
Abstract: Property registration is a subject that hardly ever crosses the thoughts of most people outside of the actual property sector, besides for whilst they’re concerned in an actual property transaction themselves. Even then, it’s typically taken into consideration one of the mundane administrative matters, a rubber-stamping exercise that’s way much less tangibly thrilling than gathering the keys to a brand-new home. However, the critical role of property registration withinside the actual property markets cannot be understated. Property registry in India as well as in many parts of the world is very slow and cumbersome process. The onset of the Blockchain technology inside Bitcoin, has generated a super deal of hobby through displaying a possibility to remove the central floor wished and remodel verbal exchange among humans and machines through growing trust. Originally restrained to the included forex domain, it has created an impact on different sectors as well. Developing a system that now not only accelerates the technique of land registration, however additionally makes it less difficult for Buyers, Sellers and Government registrars to switch the land possession from vendor to a brand new client whilst addressing troubles which include file integrity, privacy, and most significantly the lack of common platforms among concerned organizations. The system that we're seeking to enforce is primarily based on Ethereum Blockchain that will store all the transactions made at some stage in the process of land ownership transfer. Using the idea of smart contracts of blockchain technology we are able to trigger diverse activities like access of land documents to a land inspector and fund transfer event from client to vendor after a successful verification of the land possession switch. Ultimately the motive of this idea is to check the general overall performance of a blockchain primarily based totally on land revenue & recording automation machines. A peer-to-peer tamper-proof and forgeproof network was used for this motive, the use of a Blockchain-accredited permission such as Ethereum network. The system is connected to the Interplanetary File System to manage secure document records. Using the system, validation of the lands is likewise viable as immutable transactions are being saved with inside the public ledger. Keywords: Blockchain, Ethereum, IPFS, Passport, peer-to-peer, decentralized, land record management
The security and disclosure of information in online transaction data remain a sensitive subject until this day. Whenever data collection from a transaction process is accessible over the internet system, certain parties may misuse any one of these data. Blockchain technology, which includes the use of smart contracts, is thought to overcome this problem due to the blockchain's decentralized and distributed nature. Blockchain allows transaction data to be accessed openly and transparently while securely protected by hashing encryption owned by intelligent contracts. This enables users to have detailed access privileges to each transaction's data. The development of smart contracts will be carried out in the production of microservices payment gateways based on decentralized apps (DApps) on the Ethereum blockchain in this research, with the payment gateway generated being used in the tuition payment process. The Truffle framework and the Metamask wallet will be used to assist the Ethereum payment process during the DApps development process. Testing the functionality of each intelligent contract feature reveals that the payment system can be utilized effectively and that there are no issues that cause transaction failures.
Smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain greatly benefit from cutting-edge analysis techniques and pose significant challenges. A primary challenge is the extremely low-level representation of deployed contracts. We present Elipmoc, a decompiler for the next generation of smart contract analyses. Elipmoc is an evolution of Gigahorse, the top research decompiler, dramatically improving over it and over other state-of-the-art tools, by employing several high-precision techniques and making them scalable. Among these techniques are a new kind of context sensitivity (termed “transactional sensitivity”) that provides a more effective static abstraction of distinct dynamic executions; a path-sensitive (yet scalable, through path merging) algorithm for inference of function arguments and returns; and a fully context sensitive private function reconstruction process. As a result, smart contract security analyses and reverse-engineering tools built on top of Elipmoc achieve high scalability, precision and completeness. Elipmoc improves over all notable past decompilers, including its predecessor, Gigahorse, and the state-of-the-art industrial tool, Panoramix, integrated into the primary Ethereum blockchain explorer, Etherscan. Elipmoc produces decompiled contracts with fully resolved operands at a rate of 99.5% (compared to 62.8% for Gigahorse), and achieves much higher completeness in code decompilation than Panoramix—e.g., up to 67% more coverage of external call statements—while being over 5x faster. Elipmoc has been the enabler for recent (independent) discoveries of several exploitable vulnerabilities on popular protocols, over funds in the many millions of dollars.
Blockchain has recently been able to draw wider attention throughout the research community. Since its emergence, the world has seen the mind-blowing expansion of this new technology, which was initially developed as a pawn of digital currency more than a decade back. A self-administering ledger that ensures extensive data immutability over the peer-to-peer network has made it attractive for cybersecurity applications such as a sensor-enabled system called the Internet of things (IoT). Brand new challenges and questions now demand solutions as huge IoT devices are now online in a distributed fashion to ease our everyday lives. After being motivated by those challenges, the work here has figured out the issues and perspectives an IoT infrastructure can suffer because of the wrong choice of blockchain technology. Though it may look like a typical review, however, unlike that, this paper targets sorting out the specific security challenges of the blockchain-IoT eco-system through critical findings and applicable use-cases. Therefore, the contribution includes directing Blockchain architects, designers, and researchers in the broad domain to select the unblemished combinations of Blockchain-powered IoT applications. In addition, the paper promises to bring a deep insight into the state-of-the-art Blockchain platforms, namely Ethereum, Hyperledger, and IOTA, to exhibit the respective challenges, constraints, and prospects in terms of performance and scalability.
Most traditional agricultural traceability systems are centralized, which could result in the low reliability of traceability results, enterprise privacy data leakage vulnerabilities, and the generation of information islands. To solve the above problems, we propose a trusted agricultural product traceability system based on the Ethereum blockchain in this paper. We designed a dual storage model of "Blockchain+IPFS (InterPlanetary File System)" to reduce the storage pressure of the blockchain and realize efficient information queries. Additionally, we propose a data privacy protection solution based on some cryptographic primitives and the Merkle Tree that can avoid enterprise privacy and sensitive data leakage. Furthermore, we implemented the proposed system using the Ethereum blockchain platform and provided the cost, performance, and security analysis, as well as compared it with the existing solutions. The results showed that the proposed system is both efficient and feasible and can meet the practical application requirements.