Abstract The technology of Ethereum blockchain enables the implementation of smart contracts. Nowadays smart contracts are one of the most successful applications of blockchain technology, which are widely used in many fields, such as finance, energy and services. The decentralization and immutability properties of Ethereum blockchain provide security for transactions from smart contracts. However, these properties are possible to lead to unfixable vulnerabilities of smart contracts. In recent years, vulnerability detection on smart contracts has attracted more attention from researchers and many related tools have emerged. Nevertheless, the existing vulnerability detection tools have not yet been put into formal use. Due to the lack of suitable smart contract sets and fair metrics with other factors, it remains complex work to conduct authoritative performance tests on these tools. In this paper, we first summarize eight common vulnerabilities of smart contracts, and then divide them into call-related and call-irrelated vulnerabilities according to whether they involve caller functions or not. In addition, we propose a detection framework called SuperDetector, which combines a variety of vulnerability detection tools based on static analysis technology. And the framework mainly measures the detection performance, which contains vulnerability coverage, detection accuracy, usability and execution time on the two types of vulnerabilities. The results indicate that the framework can analyze the performance from different perspectives, and the performance of vulnerability coverage and detection accuracy on call-related vulnerabilities is much better than that on call-irrelated vulnerabilities. Finally, we design a selector based on the detection results in the framework for improving the vulnerability coverage and detection accuracy.
The decentralization of power generation driven by the rise in the adoption of distributed energy resources paves the way for a new paradigm in grid operations. P2P energy trading is beneficial to the grid as well as the connected peers. A blockchain-based smart contract is well suited to transparently facilitate trades between energy consumers and producers without the services of intermediaries. In this paper, Ethereum-based smart contracts that facilitate double energy auction and spinning reserve trading are developed with Solidity, compiled, and deployed within the Remix IDE. Willing energy sellers/buyers submit offers/bids to a contract that implements the double auction procedure. In order to fulfil energy supply obligations, sellers are also able to purchase spinning reserves via another smart contract. The smart contracts’ effectiveness in performing the auction procedure and making payments is confirmed using an energy/reserve market scenario. The proposed scheme encourages further adoption of distributed energy resources and participation in local P2P energy trading.
In recent years, popularity and use of cryptocurrencies has been rising along with their prices and Ethereum is the second most famous cryptocurrency after Bitcoin. Cryptocurrencies are based on blockchain, which is a distributed and empowered technology that has the power to transform any banking systems. It has become an attractive investment for traders as well as individuals looking to invest. The price of Ethereum varies and is controlled by different factors, such as the crypto market in which it is sold, supply and demand. Ethereum is so valuable because it could be used as cash, we could also pay a portion or part of Ethereum to someone in exchange and it is easily guaranteed by the blockchain. Unlike stocks, Ethereum price is much more variable, as it has a trading time of 24-hours a day without any close time. The paper compares the results of three different models, namely Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTMs) and Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTMs). The dataset consists of the closing price for the last 2000 days that is used to predict both short-term (30 days) and long-term (90 days) Ethereum prices. These prices are being fetched from an API which is in JSON format and are updated every day.
A smart contract that is deployed to a blockchain system like Ethereum is, under reasonable circumstances, expected to be immutable and tamper-proof. This is both a feature (promoting integrity and transparency) and a bug (preventing security patches and feature updates). Modern smart contracts use software tricks to enable upgradeability, raising the research questions of how upgradeability is achieved and who is authorized to make changes. In this paper, we summarize and evaluate six upgradeability patterns. We develop a measurement framework for finding how many upgradeable contracts are on Ethereum that use certain prominent upgrade patters. We find 1.4 million proxy contracts which 8,225 of them are unique upgradeable proxy contracts. We also measure how they implement access control over their upgradeability: about 50% are controlled by a single Externally Owned Address (EOA), and about 14% are controlled by multi-signature wallets in which a limited number of persons can change the whole logic of the contract.
Abstract: Charity is an act of kindness, wherein a person who has financially more than enough of what he needs contributes part of his surplus earnings for the fulfillment of the needs of folks who are much less capable. The charity organizations lack transparency and the supervision of them is difficult to achieve, which has a negative impact on the willingness of the people to donate. Blockchain as an underlying technology provides a new solution for the charity system in terms of technology. This project proposed a charity system (D-Donation) based on blockchain technology and expounds the design pattern, architecture and operational process of the platform. Some core functions of the D-Donation app have been realized and verified on Polygon Blockchain. Through this we hope to increase the transparency of charities to enhance the public's trust in charities and promote the development of philanthropy by blockchain-based charity system. Keyword: Blockchain, Ethereum, Polygon, Solidity, Smart contracts, Metamask, Javascript, Node js, React JS, Ethers js, Hardhat.
Abstract Robot Operating System (ROS) has brought great potential for automation in all fields involved in production activities, which greatly improves productivity and simplifies operations that belonged to humans originally. However, ROS is highly dependent on communication but lacks secure data sharing mechanisms. Therefore, when it comes to multi-robots interaction scenarios, there are severe challenges in ensuring the safe and trustworthy exchange of specified confidential data among multi-robots. The reliability of data also needs to be considered carefully. This paper proposes a solution to this problem based on blockchain technology. We present a general secure and convenient authorization framework named AuthROS for ROS nodes with absolute security and high availability based on private Ethereum network and SM algorithms. This framework is capable of meeting the requirements for immutability and security of confidential data exchange in nodes of ROS of any size. An authority granting and identity identifying mechanism is proposed and integrated into the Ethereum smart contract to execute atomically to ensure the trustworthiness exchange of data and no third-party participation. At the same time, a key exchange based on SM2 and plaintext encryption mechanism based on SM4 is proposed to ensure the data transmission security. Furthermore, a data digest uploading scheme is adopted to improve the efficiency of querying and data uploading to the Ethereum network. Based on all of mechanisms mentioned above, AuthROS can play a role in the scenario where data transmitted among robots need to be recorded and maintain immobility. Experimental results demonstrated that AuthROS is equipped with excellent security, good time performance along with Nodes Forging resistance. We believe that AuthROS is the first secure data sharing framework for Robots loaded with ROS. We open sourced AuthROS at https://github.com/RobAI-Lab/ROS-Chain.
Siddharth Singh, Rohit Prasad, Usha Dhankhar, Seema Malik
The revolutionary concept of blockchain has given a rise to multiple facets of secure, accountable, online services. We witness the rise of E-voting as a critical topic related to online services. Blockchain with smart contracts emerges as a good candidate to use in the development of safer, cheaper, more secure, more transparent, and easier to use e-voting systems. Ethereum and its network are one of the most viable candidates for the implementation of an e-voting system using blockchain, due to their consistency, widespread use, and provision of smart contracts logic. An e-voting system must be secure, as it should prevent duplication of votes while being fully transparent and protecting the privacy of the voters involved. In this work, we have implemented and tested a sample voting web - application as a smart contract for the Ethereum network using the Ethereum wallets and the Solidity language. Eventually, when elections are held, the Ethereum blockchain will store votes and voting results. Users can connect their Ethereum wallet and vote for the candidate they want to, and these transaction requests are processed by the consensus of each Ethereum node. These agreements create a transparent voting environment.
Crowdfunding has emerged as a popular method for raising capital in various domains, providing a platform for entrepreneurs and innovators to access funds from a broad audience. This paper explores the application of Ethereum blockchain technology to enhance crowdfunding processes, emphasizing decentralization, transparency, and security. Ethereum's smart contract capabilities enable the creation of decentralized crowdfunding platforms, offering a trustless environment where contributors and project creators interact directly without relying on intermediaries. The use of Ethereum's native cryptocurrency, Ether(ETH), facilitates seamless, borderless transactions, eliminating the need for traditional banking systems and reducing transaction costs. Decentralized crowdfunding on the Ethereum blockchain enhances transparency through the immutability of transactions recorded on the blockchain. Contributors can verify the allocation offunds, ensuring that they are used as intended by the project creators.
Fake News has become a huge alarming issue since the previous few years.It can be used to influence people on any political, economical or social topics and change people’s thoughts on a particular subject. We’re using a blockchain based technique to overcome this problem. More specifically the proposed approach uses concepts of customized proof of authority and proof of truthfulness consensus algorithm serving as an incentive mechanism to determine the integrity of fake news. As Blockchain is a decentralized system no one will be able to tamper with the original news. Also, we are maintaining the reputation score of each organization. Due to fear of lowering credibility score, no one will produce fake news and the probability of fake news getting viral will be reduced. This platform which is a blockchain based Decentralized application can provide normal readers on the platform with a reliable way of verifying the content and the source by which it gets published. Our work demonstrates that the solutions proposed in this paper ensure data integrity, data security, data transparency, and data traceability by consideration of such a blockchain-based framework for tackling fake news. Key Words: Decentralized Applications, Decentralised Autonomous Organisation, Decentralized Exchange, Peer To Peer, Ethereum Virtual Machine
Farjana Khanam Nishi, Mahizebin Shams-E-Mofiz, Mohammad Monirujjaman Khan, Abdulmajeed Alsufyani · 7 authors
An electronic health record (EHR) is a technology that allows you to keep track of your health information. It keeps computerized records of several healthcare organizations. Records are exchanged via enterprise-wide data systems as well as other networking technologies and exchanges. Patients nowadays expect immediate access to their health information. However, the health sector comes with immediate access to data, and there are worries about the privacy and security of medical records of patients. As a result, a blockchain-based solution can assist in resolving this issue. The blockchain has the potential to beat the conventional centralized system, which suffers from a severe lack of accessibility. This is a decentralized technology that has recently been presented to provide a new viewpoint on data security and system efficiency. This paper presents a blockchain-based system that helps the patient’s data be managed and secured into a single record held by the patient. This system was developed using the Ethereum network using Ganache, as well as programming languages, tools, and techniques such as Solidity and web3.js. The measured approach suggested in this paper uses this platform to store patients’ data and execute functions in a decentralized system using blockchain smart contracts. Transactions are communicated through the smart contract once it has been launched, providing security and privacy features. Furthermore, the transaction’s desired alterations can be verified and transmitted to the entire distributed network. There is also a cryptocurrency wallet (MetaMask) that holds a centrally controlled, private information system in which records can be quickly accessed and secured by authorities. Doctors and patients can access the system through the wallet. Moreover, all the data of the doctor and patient will be secured and managed through this system. This proposed system is aimed at doing things such as the following: blockchain technology allows users to obtain the same data at the same time, increasing efficiency, developing credibility, and reducing barriers. It enables the secure storage of data by setting specific access for users. Additionally, this proposed system facilitates the secure transfer of patient medical records. Finally, this paper describes a health-record system and a new protocol that are quick and secure to use. It allows greater openness and ownership of sensitive data to be recorded and secured and also promotes the healthcare sector with blockchain.
Industrial applications often require federated cloud services from multiple providers to improve reliability and flexibility. Traditional selection methods through auctions usually involve a centralized auctioneer to coordinate the auction procedure. Blockchain and smart contracts provide a decentralized mechanism to automate the cloud auction process; however, existing solutions fail in the selection of the most suitable providers and the violation detection of the signed auction agreements, which are also known as service-level agreements (SLAs). To tackle these problems, we propose an integrated auction model using Bayesian game theory and blockchain techniques. The proposed model is enhanced with two Bayesian Nash Equilibriums (BNEs); the first BNE enables the selection of cost-effective providers to construct the federated cloud services, while the second BNE ensures consistent and trustworthy monitoring of federated SLAs. Moreover, a timed message submission (TMS) algorithm is proposed to protect the auction privacy during the message submission phase. This paper validates the equilibrium results of two BNEs and implements the proposed model on the Ethereum blockchain. The analytical and experimental results demonstrate the feasibility, trustworthiness, and cost-effectiveness of our model.
Abstract: Real estate is one of the most trusted investments that people have preferred. It provides a steady source of income which can be in the form of rent as well as lease. There are a number of advantages, but one of the key disadvantages of real estate investments is illiquidity. Although the global real estate investments are twice the size of investments in the equity markets, the number of investors in the real estate market is remarkably lower. Blockchain technology has real potential to solve the issues of illiquidity and transparency, and most importantly, it opens this very market to the retail investors as well. By creating Security Tokens, which are backed by real-world assets, real estate can be made more liquid with the help of Special Purpose Vehicles. These security tokens, which represent fractional ownership of the real estate can be traded by a trader / investor and these tokens can be listed on legitimate secondary exchanges. The robustness of Smart Contracts can be very efficient in transferring of tokens and also provide a seamless distribution of earnings amongst the investors / traders. This work describes Ethereum blockchain based solutions has the potential to make the existing Real Estate investment system much more efficient and reliable. Keywords: Tokenization , Blockchain , Fungible Assets, Tokens, Special Purpose Vehicle, Smart Contracts, Liquidity, Security Tokens,
Himank Goel, Harshit Gupta, M L Sharma, K C Tripathi
Abstract: Blockchain technology is an evolving technology which is revolutionizing the IT industry by providing better security and efficiency. This technology can help to solve different kinds of problems in the industrial sphere, such as trust, transparency, security and reliability of data processing. I theory, the use of Blockchain technology shows great and positive results. Ethereum is the most widely used blockchain platform because of its unlimited block size. Many sophisticated problems with smart contracts can be solved with Ethereum and the removal of any third party organization which may interfere in transactions and it is easier to implement compared to other blockchain technologies. In this paper the benefits and drawbacks of wallet based on Ethereum blockchain are analyzed. Many already implemented wallets on Blockchain technology were studied, as well as affected success or problems factors during the implementations. This paper aims to analyze conveniences and difficulties related to the Blockchain integration to a wallet and implementation in the different fields of modern industry
Smart contracts are self-executing programs that run on the blockchain and make it possible for peers to enforce agreements without a third-party guarantee. The smart contract on Ethereum is the fundamental element of decentralized finance with billions of US dollars in value. Smart contracts cannot be changed after deployment and hence the code needs to be verified for potential vulnerabilities. However, smart contracts are far from being secure and attacks exploiting vulnerabilities that have led to losses valued in the millions. In this work, we explore the current state of smart contracts security, prevalent vulnerabilities, and security-analysis tool support, through reviewing the latest advancement and research published in the past five years. We study 13 vulnerabilities in Ethereum smart contracts and their countermeasures, and investigate nine security-analysis tools. Our findings indicate that a uniform set of smart contract vulnerability definitions does not exist in research work and bugs pertaining to the same mechanisms sometimes appear with different names. This inconsistency makes it difficult to identify, categorize, and analyze vulnerabilities. We explain some safeguarding approaches and best practices. However, as technology improves new vulnerabilities may emerge. Regarding tool support, SmartCheck, DefectChecker, contractWard, and sFuzz tools are better choices in terms of more coverage of vulnerabilities; however, tools such as NPChecker, MadMax, Osiris, and Sereum target some specific categories of vulnerabilities if required. While contractWard is relatively fast and more accurate, it can only detect pre-defined vulnerabilities. The NPChecker is slower, however, can find new vulnerability patterns.
We use and study a wide range of machine learning methods to predict and trade in the daily crypto currency market. We teach the algorithms to make daily market predictions based on how the 100 cryptocurrencies with the most market value change in price. Based on our research, all of the used models are able to make estimates that are statistically sound, with the average accuracy of all crypto currencies falling between 52.9% and 54.1%. When these accurate numbers are based on the 10% most confident expectations for each class and day, they go up to somewhere between 57.5% and 59.5%. A well-known case study in the field of data science looks at how people try to figure out how much different digital currencies are worth. Stock prices and the prices of cryptocurrencies are based on more than just the amount of buy and sell orders. At the moment, the government's financial policies about digital currencies affect how the prices of these things change. People's views about a crypto currency or a star who directly or indirectly backs a crypto currency can also cause a big rise in buying and selling of that currency. This study looks at the trustworthiness of the three most famous coins on the market today: bitcoin, how well buying strategies for ethereum and litecoin that are based on machine learning work. The models are checked and tested with both good and bad market situations. This lets us figure out how accurate the forecasts are in light of any changes in how the market feels between the proof and test times.
Binu Kuriakose Vargis, Mohammad Shabbir Alam, Kamal Upreti, Ranjana Raut · 6 authors
The recent pandemic has brought an unprecedented tangible effect on the adversaries of understanding the importance of Vaccines. Prior to this situation there were scenarios where the drip in Vaccine efficacy has affected the public health sector and even the Government's. Vaccination is the only assertive way of procuring immunization against such deadly pandemics. This study discusses such events which motivated the need of managing and monitoring the vaccine supply chain. The applications of IoT and Blockchain have been depicted and converged in this regard. Blockchain is the apparent solution to manage and monitor the vaccines effectiveness by delivering the same to the public health centers timely. Moreover, the counterfeit vaccines can also be identified. Internet of Things (IoT) has given a significant contribution in terms of fetching the real time readings in many applications. In our study temperature and moisture parameters are collected using Sensors in IoT and then the complete voyage of vaccine cold units will be monitored using Blockchain Transactions till it has been delivered. A framework is proposed on a Ethereum platform and consensus mechanism which will eventually avoid any possible alterations and counterfeiting of the deliverable Vaccine Units ensuring a safe transit which will be accessible and transparent even to the receiving patients, healthcare members along with the Governments body.
Tamara Zuvela, Sara Lazarevic, Sofija Djordjevic, Marko Arsenović · 5 authors
Cryptocurrency is a type of digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography to secure and verify transactions as well as to control the creation of new units, it uses Blockchain properties for the same. Blockchain is a decentralized digital ledger technology that records transactions securely and transparently. Blockchain technology and cryptocurrency are closely connected. Cryptocurrencies rely on blockchain technology to operate, as blockchain serves as the decentralized ledger that records all transactions and ensures their security and transparency. [7] As the internet becomes more accessible and convenient, an increasing number of people and organizations are turning to digital transactions. Digital payment systems are significantly faster, less expensive, and more efficient. As a result, it's not unexpected that innovative digital payment system types are quickly emerging. No other approach even comes close to the colossus that is cryptocurrencies. Predicting cryptocurrency prices can be useful for a variety of reasons. For traders and investors, predicting cryptocurrency prices can help them make informed decisions about when to buy or sell cryptocurrencies, maximizing their profits or minimizing their losses. For prediction, the algorithms used are GRU (gated recurrent unit), LSTM (longshort-term memory), and Bi-LSTM (Bi-directional long-short-term memory) algorithms to predict the future price of a cryptocurrency. An ensemble model is also created using the three models, and prices could be accurately predicted using these models and displaying the obtained results.
Abstract: Blockchain technology has many applications in terms of record-keeping, transparency, and cryptocurrency as well. Additionally, with one of its characteristics, manipulation or fraud can be eliminated. By decentralizing the data, the data becomes immutable, which means any traditional method of record-keeping that were susceptible to manipulation can be removed now. In this paper, a method to remove scholarship-based manipulation has been proposed. In many universities, there are scholarships based on the student’s family income. To support the poor and deserving in getting an education, these scholarships are a must. However, paper-based income certificates used to justify family income can be easily manipulated. Therefore, with the help of the Ethereum Smart Contract, a framework to store income certificates has been proposed. This method can be used to enter income data from the student’s family’s employer’s backend. Considering a fair and acceptable income for eligibility for the scholarship, the university can decide to go ahead with it without fearing the manipulation of income data. Keywords: Blockchain Technology, Scholarship manipulation, fraud detection, Education, Smart contract.
Zhimei Sui, Joseph K. Liu, Jiangshan Yu, Man Ho Au · 5 authors
Payment channels have been a promising solution to blockchain scalability. While payment channels for script-empowered blockchains (such as Bitcoin and Ethereum) have been well studied, developing payment channels for scriptless blockchains (such as Monero) is considered challenging. In particular, nabling bidirectional payment on scriptless blockchains remains an open challenge.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Cryptography and Data Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
This research analyzes cryptocurrency fundamentals during the pandemic COVID-19 significantly affected cryptocurrencies during a brief period of financial panic. Technological advances resulted in the shift of traditional currencies towards digitalization. Volume and market cap variables are used as independent variables. The cryptocurrencies in this study are Bitcoin, Ethereum, Binance Coin, Ripple, and Dogecoin, which have the top 10 largest market capitalization. The research data was taken on the CoinMarketcap.com website from the beginning of the pandemic in Indonesia in March 2020 – to February 2021. The results showed that the Market Cap of Bitcoin, Ethereum, Binance Coin, Ripple, and Dogecoin had a significant effect on the price. Furthermore, the volume of Bitcoin, Ethereum, Binance, and Dogecoin has an effect and is significant on the price. In comparison, Ripple Volume has no effect and is not significant to the price. This implies that highly speculatively priced cryptocurrencies have the same fundamental value as stock prices.
Jonathan Christian Setyono, William S. Suryawidjaja, Abba Suganda Girsang
There are currently more than 10.000 cryptocurrencies available to buy from the online market, with a vast range of prices for each coin it sells. The fluctuation of each coin is affected by any social events or by several important companies or people behind it. The aim of this research is to compare three cryptocurrencies, which are Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Binance Coin, using Social Network Analysis (SNA) by visualizing them using Business Intelligence (BI Dashboard). This study uses the SNA parameters of degree, diameter, modularity, centrality, and path length for each network and its actors and their actual market price by crawling(data collecting process) from Twitter as one of the social media platforms. From the research conducted, the popularity of cryptocurrencies is affected by their market price and the activeness of their actors on social media. These results are important because they could help in the decision-making to buy cryptocurrencies with high popularity on social media because they tend to retain their value over time and could benefit from price spikes from influential people. Doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2022-03-02-09 Full Text: PDF
With the introduction of smart contacts, Ethereum has become one of the most popular blockchain networks. In the wake of its popularity, an increasing number of Ethereum-based software have been developed. However, the carbon emissions resulting from these software has been pointed out as a global issue. It is necessary to reduce the energy consumed by these software to reduce carbon emissions. Recently, most studies have focused on smart contracts and proposed energy-efficient methods for the development of carbon friendly Ethereum networks. However, in addition to smart contracts, the energy used by client software in Ethereum networks should also be reviewed. This is because the client software performs all functions occurring in the Ethereum network, including smart contracts. Therefore, energy bugs that waste energy in Ethereum client software should be investigated and solved. The first task to enable this is to build an energy bug benchmark of Ethereum client software. This study introduces ECench, an energy bug benchmark of Ethereum client software. ECench includes 507 energy buggy commits from 7 series of client software that are officially operated in the Ethereum network. We carefully collected and manually reviewed them for cleaner commits. A key strength of our benchmark is that it provides eight energy wastage categories, which can serve as a cornerstone for researchers to identify energy waste codes. ECench can provide a valuable starting point for studies on energy reduction and carbon reduction in Ethereum.