Blockchain Papers

Michael Schallop

No abstract is available for this record.

Sami Rashid Mohammed Shibah

No abstract is available for this record.

Haoyang Gao, X Wang

With its decentralized, tamper proof, transparent and traceable characteristics, blockchain technology has shown great potential in fields such as finance, supply chain, and the Internet of Things. However, the public transparency of its ledger poses a serious challenge to user transaction privacy. Traditional privacy protection schemes such as homomorphic encryption and zero knowledge proofs can enhance privacy, but often struggle to balance computational overhead, communication costs, and data availability. This article explores the innovative application of neural networks in blockchain privacy protection and proposes a transaction obfuscation model based on generative adversarial networks. This model utilizes a generator to learn the statistical features of raw transactions and generate difficult to track obfuscated transactions, while ensuring the validity and compliance of obfuscated transactions through discriminators and blockchain verification contracts. The experimental results show that compared with traditional obfuscation methods and differential privacy methods, the proposed model significantly reduces the consumption of privacy budget and computation delay while ensuring high transaction utility (such as reducing address correlation by more than 85%), achieving a better balance between privacy and utility. This study provides new ideas for building efficient and practical blockchain privacy enhancement solutions.

Shehzad Ahmed, Rafiqul Bhuyan

No abstract is available for this record.

Zulfiqar Ali Mir

No abstract is available for this record.

Damaris Jepkurui Kangogo, Bertalan Zoltán Péter, Attila Klenik, Imre Kocsis

<title>Abstract</title> Smart contracts in blockchains often implement critical functionality; consequently, their development time software fault detection, removal, and avoidance have been the target of intensive research. However, the applicability of runtime dependability mechanisms to smart contracts has not been explored systematically, mainly due to the transaction pricing models of public blockchains. In this paper, we propose a novel and practical runtime verification approach for Hyperledger Fabric, the leading cross-organizational blockchain platform, as an error detection facility for fault tolerance mechanisms; building on the proposition that, in contrast to the public setting, cross-organizational blockchains have ample computational headroom for their systematic use. We introduce a smart contract entity framework architecture with reusable domain models and encapsulated runtime verification. We describe Hypernate, our open-source implementation of the approach for Java smart contracts, which uses the Java Modelling Language for requirement specification and integrates the OpenJML verification tool. We demonstrate and evaluate the approach on a Fabric implementation of the TPC-C benchmark.

Maha S. Almubarak

No abstract is available for this record.

Savva Shanaev, Bogdan Maksikov, Mikhail Vasenin

No abstract is available for this record.

Jean Claude Niyokwizerwa

No abstract is available for this record.

Nishanth Shet, R. Chinmai, Preethi Preethi, Y. V. Srinivasa Murthy

Abstract As quantum computing grows, the security of RSA and ECC offers is becoming increasingly flush. A novel Quantum Resistant Multipath CryptoGraph protocol (QR-MCP) has been proposed in this work, which is a multi-layered security framework that combines lattice-based cryptography, SPHINCS+ post-quantum signatures, onion routing, with AI-driven anomaly detection for long lifetime security and privacy of data. Encrypting messages in multiple paths increases security as larger network attackers cannot intercept an entire message. Ledgering on the blockchain is also used for integrity verification for the protocol, and the protocol also uses AI models to detect anomalies in real-time. QR-MCP has shown to be resilient to simulated cyber attacks such as man-in-the-middle, traffic analysis as well as collusion based decryption. Future scalability to new threats will gain strength with the introduction of homomorphic encryption and zero-knowledge proof (ZKP).

HUYNH GIA BAO

WHAT THIS PAPER ARGUES. Every Popperian tool this corpus has built — falsifiability criteria, self-vaccination, the act-level test, the Personal System Reminder, and the four falsification conditions just added to the Entropy-Resistant Institution (ERI) index — operates inside a discursive formation without ever asking how that formation became possible to inhabit in the first place. This is not a gap Popperian rigor can close by adding a fifth falsification condition or a fifth comparator case, because the question is not whether a claim within the formation is true or false; it is what made this particular kind of claim — a weighted numerical composite, cross-culturally applied, extracted from historical institutions and repurposed as a design template for future governance — a thinkable, legitimate object of knowledge at all. This is the question Michel Foucault's archaeological method exists to ask. This paper argues the corpus needs it, using the just-revised ERI paper as evidence rather than illustration. Four archaeological blind spots are documented directly in ERI's own text. First, its newly added Jiangnan-regeneration section treats "Jiankang, 220–589" as a bounded unit that a fourth comparator case can be added alongside — the unexamined assumption that a historical institution is a natural object rather than one constituted by the apparatus built to measure it, Foucault's critique of "the unity of the book" applied for the first time to a unity of the case. Second, the six attributes assume, without argument, that "legitimacy transfer" and "resource flexibility" name the same kind of variable in a Six Dynasties Chinese, a Shinto-imperial Japanese, and a Catholic canon-law context — a commensurability claim no additional comparator case can test, because the problem is not sample size but an a priori equivalence the index requires in order to function as an index at all. Third, ERI names its own methodological ancestors — Polity5, the Fragile States Index, V-Dem — as if borrowing a value-neutral toolkit, when each is inherited along with the specific historical formation that produced it. Fourth, ERI states plainly that the exercise exists to extract portable institutional design lessons for F2-era governance actors — read here not as incidental motivation but as the archive-producing act itself, the textbook operation of what Foucault calls biopower. The paper's constructive contribution is the Archaeological Symmetry Principle, extending this corpus's existing Principle of Epistemic Symmetry into a register falsifiability cannot reach alone: a researcher who subjects a target argument to falsifiability must, symmetrically, subject their own measuring instrument to historicization. Read this way, the Longevity Asymmetry Corpus is reread as an analysis of biopolitics that has operated, until now, without the name — the Mortality Symmetry Axiom as the statistical anonymity that historically made biopower's tolerance of differential death invisible, the Biological Zero-Day Mechanism as the process that collapses that anonymity back into sovereign-style visibility. The paper closes by naming, honestly, the tension this creates with the corpus's own Popperian commitments, and states plainly what an archaeological stance does not solve.

Oleksandr Kuznetsov, Yulia Khavikova, Valerii Bushkov, Dmytro Shchytov · 5 authors

Zero-knowledge succinct non-interactive arguments of knowledge (zk-SNARKs) have emerged as a critical technology for privacy-preserving computation and blockchain applications. However, systematic performance analysis of practical implementations remains limited, hindering informed technology adoption decisions. This study presents a comprehensive benchmarking analysis of the Groth16 protocol implementation using the widely-adopted Circom-snarkjs framework. We developed an automated benchmarking platform that systematically measures performance across seven representative circuit types with varying computational complexity (1-11 R1CS constraints). Our methodology ensures reproducible measurements through controlled experimental design with statistical validation. The platform captures detailed metrics for all three phases of the Groth16 protocol: witness generation, proof creation, and verification. Results from 35 independent measurements reveal several important findings. Witness generation demonstrates consistent performance across circuit types, averaging 57.6±12.1 milliseconds. Proof generation times range from 832 to 1,147 milliseconds, showing non-linear scaling with circuit complexity. Verification times remain relatively stable (741-884 milliseconds), confirming Groth16's theoretical constant-time verification advantage. All measurements achieved 100% success rate with complete proof validation. Notably, circuit structure significantly impacts performance beyond simple constraint counting. Comparison-based circuits achieve 13.22 constraints per second efficiency, substantially outperforming arithmetic circuits (1.02-4.36 constraints/second). This finding provides actionable guidance for circuit design optimization. The study contributes an open-source benchmarking framework for reproducible zk-SNARK research and provides empirical performance data for technology adoption decisions. Our findings support the practical deployment of Groth16 for applications requiring efficient zero-knowledge proofs while highlighting optimization opportunities for circuit designers.

Ken Alabi

No abstract is available for this record.

T. L. Kosohov, O. V. Olkhovska

We study the epistemic efficiency of decentralized prediction markets under autonomous agentic liquidity. We introduce the information-incentive gap (G) – the discrepancy between ground truth and the market-implied probability – and establish, via Itô's calculus and exact solution of the resulting moment ODE, exponential convergence of its second moment together with an explicit upper bound for the gap of order O(σ/λ−−√). A two-level empirical study on information-driven event categories (Politics, Economics, Finance, Crypto Markets), drawing on approximately 40 million time-series records collected over the study period, is consistent with the model: (i) platform-level analysis of N=100 resolved binary events per platform shows the mean gap decreasing from G¯=0.517 at T−168 h to G¯=0.229 at T−30 min for Kalshi, and from 0.583 to 0.002 for Polymarket, with an empirical convergence rate λemp≈1.4×10−6 s−1; (ii) a paired cross-platform comparison of N=34 matched event groups shows that Polymarket exhibits a lower mean gap than Kalshi (mean ΔG=0.27 at T−6 h; Polymarket leads in 85% of pairs), consistent with the theoretical dependence of convergence speed on liquidity-driven λ. Monte Carlo simulation (N=50000 paths) confirms a &gt;276× reduction in convergence latency and a 109× improvement in the Information Efficiency Ratio (IER) compared to the human-centric baseline.

Kenneth Chibueze

No abstract is available for this record.

Jónas Gunnarsson Djurhuus

This thesis examines how the structure of municipal finance and budget governance affects the economic capacity of municipalities on the Faroe Islands. In recent decades, Faroese municipalities have been assigned increasing responsibility for welfare services, including elderly care, while substantial differences persist in municipal size, tax bases, and administrative capacity. These structural differences raise questions about whether the current decentralized governance system provides sustainable economic conditions for all municipalities. The study analyzes how the Faroese municipal financing and budgeting model is organized and explores the economic challenges municipalities face in practice. The analysis draws on qualitative interviews with Faroese mayors combined with document analysis of policy reports, legislation, and economic assessments. The empirical findings are interpreted through theoretical perspectives from fiscal federalism, incremental budgeting, soft budget constraint theory, and research on intermunicipal cooperation.The analysis shows that differences in population size, demographic composition, and tax bases create unequal economic conditions across municipalities. Smaller municipalities appear particularly vulnerable to economic shocks, demographic ageing, and large investments. While intermunicipal cooperation can enhance administrative capacity, it may also generate coordination challenges and common-pool dynamics. Furthermore, the financing model for elderly care contributes to uneven financial pressures between municipalities. The thesis concludes that the current institutional framework may create long-term challenges for the sustainability of municipal welfare provision. Possible policy responses include adjustments to the financing model, stronger equalization mechanisms, or structural reforms aimed at ensuring more economically robust local governments.

Charry Mae Grepon, Eloiza Tagarda, Maricel Ugat, Ray Butch Mahinay · 6 authors

The Alternative Learning System (ALS) plays a critical role in expanding access to education for out-of-school youth and adults in the Philippines. However, persistent governance and financing constraints continue to challenge the program’s capacity to deliver equitable learning opportunities. This study examines ALS financing within the context of the 2026 EDCOM II reform to understand how national and local funding mechanisms are structured to support program equity and implementation. The study employed a qualitative policy analysis using document review of official policy reports, fiscal allocations, and reform frameworks related to ALS financing. This study does not evaluate implementation outcomes, learner-level effects, or empirically observed program impacts, and is limited to policy-documentary analysis of financing structures and reform intent. Key sources included the FY 2026 proposed national ALS budget, formal EDCOM II reform documents, DEPED-DBM-DILG Joint Circular No. 1 (s. 2025) on the Special Education Fund (SEF), and related governance issues. A results-chain conceptual model was used to analyze the expected and policy derived relationships between financing inputs, intended program outcomes as reflected in policy logic, rather than empirically validated effects. The documentary analysis suggests that a significant portion of the ALS budget is allocated to direct learner subsidies, reflecting a learner-centered and equity-oriented financing design. Policy reforms under EDCOM II also introduce governance and financing mechanisms, such as decentralization, dedicated ALS budget lines, and SEF co-financing, designed to support more equitable resource allocation. However, persistent bottlenecks, including infrastructure gaps, uneven regional access, and service-delivery capacity constraints, may constrain implementation effectiveness. The study concludes that coordinated national and local financing mechanisms may provide enabling conditions for strengthening ALS implementation. Integrating Program Support Funds and SEF allocations may support more responsive resource distribution and locally responsive service delivery. The findings provide policy-documentary analysis that may inform ALS financing reforms and future efforts toward more equitable resource allocation.

Michael Neubert, Wolfgang Rams, Patrick Gruhn

No abstract is available for this record.

Julian Vásquez, Carlos Marin, Paulo Alonso Gaona-García

At present there are many intermediaries for the acquisition of tourist plans, which in some situations represent a risk, because they promise great offers and when the client is going to enjoy what they have acquired, they get unwanted surprises. For this reason, the platform described in this work for the reservation of tourist plans allows companies to offer different activities so that travelers can put together their vacation packages, considering that each of the parties will ensure compliance with the service, using smart contracts and blockchain technology.

Okello Aron

No abstract is available for this record.

Tejas Dodiya

No abstract is available for this record.

Tommy Zhang

No abstract is available for this record.

Chris Daniels, Garrick Hileman

No abstract is available for this record.

Seungju Lee, Jaewook Lee

No abstract is available for this record.