Research on blockchain technology implementation within civil engineering is quickly emerging. The use of blockchain for the integration of the material and economic flows within construction supply chain – thus creating a new digital business model for the related actors – to enhance a construction project’s production, logistics management, and constructability, has been only scarcely investigated. In this paper, this shortage is documented through a comprehensive literature review. Then, the potential of Swedish independent third-party logistics consultants as a fertile ground for such a digital business model, is examined. Finally, conclusions about the pursuance of this potential paradigm shift are drawn.
Kroz ovaj rad precizno je objašnjeno kako izgraditi novu kriptovalutu po uzoru na već postojeću kriptovalutu. Opisane su tehnologije koje se koriste kako bi kriptovaluta funkcionirala. Pripremljeni su potrebni programi za izgradnju klijenta kriptovalute na sustavu Linux i objašnjena njegova svrha. Nakon toga je napravljena izmjena postojeće kriptovalute. Razlozi izmjene određenih parametara su detaljno objašnjeni. Navedeni su mogući problemi pri izradi i njhova rješenja. Na kraju je izgrađena kriptovaluta i podignuta mreža čvorova.
This paper tends to examine cryptocurrency and its permissibility in the structure of Islamic banking finance. It identifies the major types of cryptocurrencies and also revealed its benefits. Despite these benefits and relating it to Islamic finance it was viewed from two angle; cryptocurrency and money in Islam and also cryptocurrency and the principles of Islamic finance. The study revealed it is compatible to structure of Islamic banking and finance when compared side by side to the features of fiat money which is currently in use. More so, the study clears some of the key issues like its legal tender, issuer unknown, money laundering & illicit purpose etc usually raised against cryptocurrency. The study concluded that cryptocurrency as an economic innovation has secured a pass mark to fit into the structure of Islamic banking and finance. The study further recommends that there is need to create standards guiding its operations, further ensure full disclosure on its transactions etc.
Blockchain, or more general distributed ledger technology (DLT), is seen as an opportunity to integrate digital information, management, and contracts to increase trust and collaboration within the construction industry. However, little research has analyzed and confirmed this linkage through case-studies. There seems to be a gap between use-case ideas and the technical system implementation. This paper aims to reduce this gap through a review of both DLT and its applications in construction. It proposed six use-case categories through clustering of analyzed use cases and a basic framework to match the categories to a suitable DLT design. For that, the trust level of the user group was used as a proxy for the needed fundamental properties of the system. The categories and framework can lead to a more connected and structured thinking between technological properties of DLT’s and use cases in construction.
Nowadays, it has been recognized that blockchain can provide the technological infrastructure for developing decentralized, secure, and reliable smart energy grid management systems. However, an open issue that slows the adoption of blockchain technology in the energy sector is the low scalability and high processing overhead when dealing with the real-time energy data collected by smart energy meters. Thus, in this paper, we propose a scalable second tier solution which combines the blockchain ledger with distributed queuing systems and NoSQL (Not Only SQL database) databases to allow the registration of energy transactions less frequently on the chain without losing the tamper-evident benefits brought by the blockchain technology. At the same time, we propose a technique for tamper-evident registration of smart meters' energy data and associated energy transactions using digital fingerprinting which allows the energy transaction to be linked hashed-back on-chain, while the sensors data is stored off-chain. A prototype was implemented using Ethereum and smart contracts for the on-chain components while for the off-chain components we used Cassandra database and RabbitMQ messaging broker. The prototype proved to be effective in managing a settlement of energy imbalances use-case and during the evaluation conducted in simulated environment shows promising results in terms of scalability, throughput, and tampering of energy data sampled by smart energy meters.
Internet of Things (IoT) has gradually become one of the most important platforms across different disciplines, by enabling dedicated physical objects to communicate with other Internet-enabled things. With this trend, more devices in medical environments are capable of connecting with each other, named Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). It aims for improving efficiency and reducing communication delay, e.g., monitoring the status of patients and notifying abnormal events. However, due to the distributed nature, insider attacks are still one of the major threats to such IoT environment. How to improve the trust management in IoMT remains a challenge. Motivated by the popularity of blockchain technology, in this paper, our general goal is to investigate the performance of blockchain-based trust management. In particular, we focus on a particular type of IoMT, named medical smartphone networks (MSNs), because of the wide adoption of smartphones in the medical domain. Then, we apply blockchains for enhancing the effectiveness of Bayesian inference-based trust management to detect malicious nodes in MSNs. In the evaluation, we explore the performance of our approach in two different healthcare environments, and experimental results demonstrate that blockchain technology can help improve the detection efficiency of detecting malicious nodes with reasonable workload.
Introduction: the differences in the scientific interpretations of the concept of "state of proof" are due to the use of different methodological approaches in its study. This category is usually associated with "sufficiency", which, in turn, means that what is at stake meets the needs, the necessary conditions; manifests itself to the necessary extent; is available in the necessary amount. Accordingly, the state of proof in criminal proceedings should reflect the result of cognitive activity based on sufficient evidence, to summarize the process of proving the circumstances and facts relevant to the correct resolution of the criminal case, to answer the question of availability of the optimal amount of evidence to make an informed decision.
The rapid development of cryptocurrencies has drawn attention to this particular market, with investors trying to understand its behaviour and researchers trying to explain it. The evolution of cryptocurrencies’ prices showed a kind of bubble and a crash at the end of 2017. Based on this event, and on the fact that Bitcoin is the most recognized cryptocurrency, we propose to evaluate the contagion effect between Bitcoin and other major cryptocurrencies. Using the Detrended Cross-Correlation Analysis correlation coefficient (ΔρDCCA) and comparing the period after and before the crash, we found evidence of a contagion effect, with this particular market being more integrated now than in the past—something that should be taken into account by current and potential investors.
Francesco Longo, Letizia Nicoletti, Antonio Padovano, Gianfranco d’Atri · 5 authors
Despite Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have reduced the information asymmetry and increased the degree of interorganizational collaboration, the companies participating a supply chain are less inclined to share data when information is sensible and partners cannot be fully trusted. In such a context, Blockchain is a decentralized certificate authority that may provide economic and operational benefits but companies operating in a supply chain claim to have little knowledge about Blockchain due to its novelty and to the lack of use cases and application studies. In this work, a software connector has been designed and developed to connect an Ethereum-like blockchain with the enterprises' information systems to allow companies to share information with their partners with different levels of visibility and to check data authenticity, integrity and invariability over time through the blockchain, thus building trust. In order to explore the potential of deploying the blockchain in a supply chain, a simulation model has been developed to recreate the supply chain operations and integrated with the blockchain through the same software connector to carry out a scenario statistical analysis. Application results shows how blockchain technology is a convenient instrument to overcome collaboration and trust issues in a supply chain, to increase the supply chain overall performance, to minimize the negative consequences of information asymmetry over the echelons of a supply chain but also to discourage companies from any misconduct (e.g. counterfeiting data or low data accuracy).
We present solc-verify, a source-level verification tool for Ethereum smart contracts. Solc-verify takes smart contracts written in Solidity and discharges verification conditions using modular program analysis and SMT solvers. Built on top of the Solidity compiler, solc-verify reasons at the level of the contract source code, as opposed to the more common approaches that operate at the level of Ethereum bytecode. This enables solc-verify to effectively reason about high-level contract properties while modeling low-level language semantics precisely. The contract properties, such as contract invariants, loop invariants, and function pre- and post-conditions, can be provided as annotations in the code by the developer. This enables automated, yet user-friendly formal verification for smart contracts. We demonstrate solc-verify by examining real-world examples where our tool can effectively find bugs and prove correctness of non-trivial properties with minimal user effort.
The blockchain art market is partitioned around the roles of artists and collectors and highly concentrated among few prominent figures. We hence propose to adapt Kleinberg's authority/hub HITS method to rate artists and collectors in the art context. This seems a reasonable choice since the original method deftly defines its scores in terms of a mutual recursive relationship between authorities/artists - the miners of information/art, and hubs/collectors - the assemblers of such information/art. We evaluated the proposed method on the collector-artist network of SuperRare gallery, the major crypto art marketplace. We found that the proposed artist and collector metrics are weakly correlated with other network science metrics like degree and strength. This hints the possibility of coupling different measures in order to profile active users of the gallery and suggests investment strategies with different risk/reward ratios for collectors as well as marketing strategies with different targets for artists.
Franklien Senduk, Daisy S.M. Engka, George M.V. Kawung
ABSTRAK Keuangan Daerah adalah semua hak dan kewajiban Daerah yang dapat dinilai dengan uang serta segala sesuatu berupa uang dan barang yang berhubungan dengan pelaksanaan hak dan kewajiban Daerah. Semangat desentralisasi yang melimpahkan kewenangan pengelolaan keuangan kepada pemerintah daerah, khususnya tingkat kota atau kabupaten membuat daerah mencari cara mendapatkan pendapatan daerah yang sah untuk mendukung program pembangunan dalam bentuk Infrastruktur untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat, di tengah gencarnya program pembangunan perekonomian di berbagai sektor, sehingga berimplikasi kepada pembangunan yang berkelanjutan dan berdampak luas pada penambahan pendapatan masyarakat sehingga pertumbuhan ekonomi meningkat secara positif . Perangkat Daerah yang terkait di dalam proses penerimaan daerah di pacu untuk meningkatkan peluang penerimaan daerah dari semua sektor pendapatan daerah. dengan paradigma pembangunan berkelanjutan (sustainable development) yang harus diimplementasikan oleh pemerintah daerah. Fakta empiris (empirical evidents) menunjukkan penerapan otonomi daerah memberi keleluasaan kepada daerah untuk mendapatkan sumber sumber pendapatan yang sah seperti pajak dalam bentuk Dana Bagi Hasil baik dari Pemerintah Pusat maupun Pemerintah Provinsi dan retribusi daerah dengan luasnya kewenangan pemerintah daerah. Kata kunci : Dana Bagi Hasil, Infrastruktur dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi ABSTRACT Regional Finance is all Regional rights and obligations that can be valued with money and everything in the form of money and goods related to the implementation of the rights and obligations of the Region. The spirit of decentralization that delegated financial management authority to local governments, especially at the city or district level, made the regions look for ways to obtain legitimate regional revenues to support development programs in the form of infrastructure to improve community welfare amid the intense economic development programs in various sectors, thus implicating development sustainable and have a broad impact on increasing community income so that economic growth increases positively. Regional Apparatus that is related to the process of regional revenue is encouraged to increase the opportunities for regional revenues from all regional income sectors. with a sustainable development paradigm that must be implemented by the regional government. Empirical evidence shows the application of regional autonomy which gives freedom to the regions to obtain legitimate sources of income such as taxes in the form of Revenue Sharing Funds from both the Central and Provincial Governments and regional retributions with the broad authority of the regional government. Keywords: Revenue Sharing Funds, Infrastructure and Economic Growth
Evidence shows that there are numerous socioeconomic and environmental benefits from improved sanitation; conversely, numerous studies have explored the lack of access to basic sanitation and its negative impact on gross domestic product (GDP). This paper establishes the positive impacts on GDP from investment in sanitation and emphasizes how it can regenerate countries. As the backdrop of this idea, this paper combines and analyzes supporting evidence through an extensive literature review to show that a new way of thinking informed by a comprehensive understanding of the historical issues faced must be adopted to address the sanitation challenge. This paper emphasizes decentralization, technological standardization, innovative financing, cost-recovery mechanisms and the potential of socioeconomic spillover effects as tools to revitalize the sanitation sector. It further elaborates on the significance of hybrid governance and institutional mechanisms, including state and non-state actors, to collectively contribute toward achieving total sanitation coverage in developing Asian countries. The paper shares the message that the benefits of wastewater management are far-reaching and conveys the importance of decision makers prioritizing this sector. The paper concludes that achieving replicability and scalability requires dedicated political will and visionary leadership.
Research and apply blockchain technologies for e-commerce, finance and energy. The blockchain system includes blockchain technology components, blockchain application programming interfaces, and applications. The blockchain-based applications cover supply chain finance, e-commerce transactions, product traceability, user credits, financial services, trust systems, new energy, etc. Based on blockchain technology, it builds a creative and security trading system, payment system and trust system for e-commerce, financial services and new energy business.
Ferly Christian Kolinug, Anderson Guntur Kumenaung, Debby Christina Rotinsulu
ABSTRAK Pelaksanaan desentralisasi dibiayai atas beban Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah (APBD) sehingga pembiayaan pembangunan secara bertahap akan menjadi beban terhadap pemerintah daerah. Keadaan ini akan semakin memperkuat tekanan internal dari keuangan daerah, karena peranan sumbangan dan bantuan pusat dalam pembiayaan pembangunan daerah akan semakin kecil. Bantuan pusat dalam pembiayaan pembangunan hanya akan diberikan untuk menunjang pengeluaran pemerintah, khususnya untuk belanja pegawai dan program-program pembangunan yang hendak dicapai. Hal ini berarti bahwa seiring dengan berjalannya otonomi, dana transfer yang diberikan oleh pemerintah pusat ke pemerintah daerah mulai berkurang dan yang menjadi sumber utama pembiayaan daerah adalah pendapatan dari daerah sendiri. Transfer Pemerintah Pusat khususnya yang didominasi oleh transfer tidak bersyarat yaitu DAU dan DBH menjadi sumber dana utama dalam menunjang pembiayaan pembangunan yang ada di Kota Manado, hal ini mengindikasikan adanya fenomena flypaper effect pada Kota Manado. Penelitian ini bertujuan menelaah performa kinerja keuangan daerah untuk mengetahui apakah transfer atau DAU plus DBH dari pemerintah pusat dan PAD berpengaruh terhadap belanja pemerintah daerah (BD) Kota Manado serta untuk mendeteksi terjadinya flypaper effect. Data yang dipakai menggunakan data time series dengan periode anggaran tahun 2006-2012. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah model analisis rasio dan model ekonometrik, dengan menggunakan data sekunder. Hasil analisis rasio menunjukkan kemandirian dan derajat desentralisasi memiliki trend positif, akan tetapi masih sangat bergantung pada dana transfer pusat, juga ditemukan produktivitas dan efektivitas belanja daerah (BD) terjadi penurunan. Hasil analisis regresi menunjukkan bahwa DAU dan PAD secara terpisah maupun serentak berpengaruh positif terhadap Belanja Daerah dan pengaruh PAD terhadap BD lebih besar daripada pengaruh DAU terhadap BD dan memberikan bukti tentang tidak adanya keberadaan flypaper effect. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa Pemerintah Daerah Kota Manado dalam memprediksi Belanja Daerahnya (BD) lebih mengutamakan kemampuan keuangannya sendiri yang diproksi dari penerimaan Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD). Kata kunci: Kinerja Keuangan Daerah, Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah (APBD), Flypaper Effect. ABSTRACT The implementation of decentralization be financed at the expense of the Regional Budget (APBD) so that development financing will gradually become a burden for local governments. This situation will further strengthen the internal pressure of the financial area, because the role of donations and assistance in financing the regional development center will be smaller. Central assistance in development financing will only be granted to support government spending, particularly for personnel expenditure and development programs to be achieved. This means that over autonomy, transfer of funds given by the central government to local governments began to decrease and become the main source of funding is the revenue from the region itself. Central Government Transfers particularly dominated by unconditional transfer that DAU and DBH become a major source of funding to support the financing of development in the city of Manado, it indicates that the phenomenon of flypaper on the city of Manado. The research examined the performance of the financial performance area to determine whether the transfer or DAU plus DBH of the central government and the PAD influence on local government expenditures (BD) as well as the city of Manado for detecting the occurrence of flypaper. The data used using time series data with the 2006-2012 budget period. The analytical method used is the ratio analysis models and econometric models, using secondary data. Results of the analysis showed the ratio of self-reliance and degree of decentralization has a positive trend, but still highly dependent on the transfer of funds center, also found the productivity and effectiveness of expenditure areas (BD) decline. Regression analysis showed that DAU and PAD separately or simultaneously positive effect on regional expenditures and the effect of PAD to BD is greater than the influence of the DAU to BD and provide evidence about the absence of the existence of flypaper. This indicates that the Local Government Area of Manado in predicting Shopping (BD) prefers his own financial capabilities are a proxy of acceptance revenue (PAD). Keywords: Financial Performance Regional Budget (APBD), flypaper.
Oldri O. Pantas, Paulus Kindangen, Tri Oldy Rotinsulu
ABSTRAK Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh kinerja keuangan daerah yang diukur dengan Belanja Modal, upaya fiskal, tingkat derajat desentralisasi fiskal dan kemampuan pembiayaan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dan penurunan kemiskinan di Sulawesi Utara. Jenis penelitian dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksplanatif. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis jalur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) belanja modal berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Sulawesi Utara, (2) upaya fiskal tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Sulawesi Utara (3) desentralisasi fiskal tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Sulawesi Utara, (4) kemampuan pembiayaan tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Sulawesi Utara (5) belanja modal tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap penurunan kemiskinan di Sulawesi Utara, (6) upaya fiskal berpengaruh signifikan terhadap penurunan kemiskinan di Sulawesi Utara, (7) desentralisasi fiskal berpengaruh signifikan terhadap penurunan kemiskinan di Sulawesi Utara, (8) kemampuan pembiayaan tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap penurunan kemiskinan di Sulawesi Utara dan (9) pertumbuhan ekonomi tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap penurunan kemiskinan di Sulawesi Utara..Kata kunci: kinerja keuangan daerah, belanja modal, pertumbuhan ekonomi, penurunan kemiskinan ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of regional financial performance as measured by Capital Expenditures, fiscal efforts, the degree of fiscal decentralization and the ability of financing towards economic growth and poverty reduction in North Sulawesi. The type of research in this study is explanatory research. The data analysis technique used is path analysis. The results showed that (1) capital expenditure had a significant effect on economic growth in North Sulawesi, (2) fiscal efforts had no significant effect on economic growth in North Sulawesi (3) fiscal decentralization had no significant effect on economic growth in North Sulawesi, (4) financing capability does not significantly influence economic growth in North Sulawesi (5) capital expenditure does not significantly influence poverty reduction in North Sulawesi, (6) fiscal efforts have a significant effect on reducing poverty in North Sulawesi, (7) fiscal decentralization has a significant effect on poverty reduction in North Sulawesi, (8) financing capacity does not significantly influence poverty reduction in North Sulawesi and (9) economic growth has no significant effect on reducing poverty in North Sulawesi. Keywords: government financial performance, capital expenditure, economic growth, poverty rates
Novlie Manopo, Debby Christina Rotinsulu, Sri Murni
Abstrak Pengelolaan keuangan Daerah yang maksimal guna meningkatkan perekonomian dengan menggenjot sector-sektor potensial yang dimiliki serta membuat kebijakan yang benar-benar mengena kepada msyarakat merupakan semangat utama dalam otonomi daerah, yang mendesentralisasikan kewenangan dan keuangan dari pusat ke daerah. Selain itu pemerintah daerah juga dituntut untuk bisa meningkatkan sumber pendapatannya dan perlahan-lahan bisa berada di tahap kemandirian dan mengurangi ketergantungan terhadap dana alokasi dari pemerintah pusat. Kata kunci : Efektivitas, Efisiensi, Pendapatan Asli daerah, Otonomi Abstract The financial management area is the maximum in order to boost the economy by boosting the potential sectors that are owned and create policies that really hit the msyarakat is the main spirit of regional autonomy, which is decentralizing authority and finance from the center to the regions. In addition, local governments are also required to be able to increase its revenue sources and slowly could be in the stage of self-sufficiency and reduce dependence on allocation of funds from the central government. Keywords : Effectiveness, Efficiency, Local Revenue, Autonomy
The signing of electronic contracts and the certification of important documents are realized by utilizing blockchain, identity-based cryptography and electronic signature technology. Blockchain technology can realize the data distributed ledgers through the entire system nodes, the whole processes, and the entire transactions. Identity-based cryptography and electronic signature technology can achieve data integrity, privacy, and nonrepudiation. All data is shared by all participating nodes, the information in the cyberspace is more transparent, and the behavior is more traceable. A complete and compliant contract signing process and data certification is achieved.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Mehmet Aydar, Salih Cemil Cetin, Serkan Ayvaz, Betul Aygun
The disruptive technology of blockchain can deliver secure solutions without the need for a central authority. In blockchain protocols, assets that belong to a participant are controlled through the private key of an asymmetric key pair that is owned by the participant. Although, this lets blockchain network participants to have sovereignty on their assets, it comes with the responsibility of managing their own keys. Currently, there exists two major bottlenecks in managing keys; $a)$ users don't have an efficient and secure way to store their keys, $b)$ no efficient recovery mechanism exists in case the keys are lost. In this study, we propose secure methods to efficiently store and recover keys. For the first, we introduce an efficient encryption mechanism to securely encrypt and decrypt the private key using the owner's biometric signature. For the later, we introduce an efficient recovery mechanism using biometrics and secret sharing scheme. By applying the proposed key encryption and recovery mechanism, asset owners are able to securely store their keys on their devices and recover the keys in case they are lost.
Yury Zhauniarovich, Yazan Boshmaf, Husam Al Jawaheri, Mashael Al Sabah
Web-based hosting services for version control, such as GitHub, have made it easier for people to develop, share, and donate money to software repositories. In this paper, we study the use of Bitcoin to make donations to open source repositories on GitHub. In particular, we analyze the amount and volume of donations over time, in addition to its relationship to the age and popularity of a repository. We scanned over three million repositories looking for donation addresses. We then extracted and analyzed their transactions from Bitcoin's public blockchain. Overall, we found a limited adoption of Bitcoin as a payment method for receiving donations, with nearly 44 thousand deposits adding up to only 8.3 million dollars in the last 10 years. We also found weak positive correlation between the amount of donations in dollars and the popularity of a repository, with highest correlation (r=0.013) associated with number of forks.
This chapter braces against the ideological tide washing in on peer-to-peer, distributed ledgers based upon cryptography, or phrasing that adds ‘blockchain enabled’ to various forms of digital communication practice. Through a media studies lens we theorise blockchain as ‘Web 3.0’ technology, signalling the emergence of ‘human programming’, where people become the conscious linkages between disparate machineries while serving their underlying vulnerabilities. We also draw upon historical analysis of community access television (CATV) and the Internet and World Wide Web (WWW) to argue that radical ideologies have intertwined with ‘new media’ and specifically networked media since the 1960s and follow an innovation and adoption trajectory of expansion and contraction. Through the case study of Bitcoin, a cryptocurrency based upon the blockchain protocol, we examine its initial innovative frames of expansion through decentralisation and disruption of the centralised banking system. We then move to highlighting its tidal contraction via reabsorption into centralised structures and point to the indelible changes brought to the communication-life floor are left after these technologies engage the socio-political. We conclude this critique by considering how smart contracts are ledgers of built personal data that are inescapable for their subjects.
Penggunaan blockchain dalam kehidupan manusia kini telah menyentuh sektor pertanian dengan diperkenalkannya agri-blockchain pada awal 2018. Salah satu aspek pemanfaatan agri-blockchain adalah integrasi Smart Contract dalam asuransi pertanian yang menghasilkan generasi asuransi pertanian otomatis dan efektif. Di Indonesia, meskipun Smart Contract belum digunakan dalamasuransi pertanian, penggunaan asuransi pertanian untuk memastikan kesejahteraan petani telah dirumuskan melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2013 tentang Perlindungan dan Pemberdayaan Petani. Namun, dalam pemanfaatannya, asuransi pertanian di Indonesia masih terhambat oleh prosesverifikasi dan klaim asuransi pertanian yang kompleks. Masalah ini dapat diselesaikan melalui penggunaan Smart Contract dalam asuransi pertanian yang mampu menjalankan klausul asuransi pertanian secara otomatis dan memangkas waktu pemrosesan agar klaim kompensasi menjadi lebihpendek. Dalam hukum kontrak Indonesia dan hukum asuransi, penggunaan Smart Contract masih belum diatur. Dengan masalah yang ada, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penggunaan Smart Contract dalam asuransi pertanian berdasarkan hukum Indonesia.
Myeonghyun Kim, Kisung Park, Sungjin Yu, Joonyoung Lee · 7 authors
Smart grids incorporating internet-of-things are emerging solutions to provide a reliable, sustainable and efficient electricity supply, and electric vehicle drivers can access efficient charging services in the smart grid. However, traditional electric vehicle charging systems are vulnerable to distributed denial of service and privileged insider attacks when the central charging server is attacked. The blockchain-based charging systems have been proposed to resolve these problems. In 2018, Huang et al. proposed the electric vehicle charging system using lightning network and smart contract. However, their system has an inefficient charging mechanism and does not guarantee security of key. We propose a secure charging system for electric vehicles based on blockchain to resolve these security flaws. Our charging system ensures the security of key, secure mutual authentication, anonymity, and perfect forward secrecy, and also provides efficient charging. We demonstrate that our proposed system provides secure mutual authentication using Burrows-Abadi-Needham logic and prevents replay and man-in-the-middle attacks using automated validation of internet security protocols and applications simulation tool. Furthermore, we compare computation and communication costs with previous schemes. Therefore, the proposed charging system efficiently applies to practical charging systems for electric vehicles.