Blockchain Papers

Kunal Gaurav

No abstract is available for this record.

Steven Paul Nohr

<b><i>Traditional financial audits</i></b> have long served as the primary instruments for oversight, disclosure assurance, and risk assessment in regulated financial systems. These mechanisms, however, were designed for centralized institutions, periodic reporting cycles, and human-paced transaction environments. In blockchain-based systems—particularly those supporting stablecoins, tokenized real-world assets (RWAs), and decentralized finance (DeFi)—risk materializes continuously and often irreversibly. This paper presents a structural comparison between traditional audit models and the Crystal Validator™ (CV), a pre-execution enforcement architecture designed for real-time regulatory compliance. We demonstrate that post-fact auditing is structurally incapable of preventing modern on-chain failures, regulatory breaches, and systemic collapses. We argue that effective blockchain regulation requires a shift from retrospective verification to deterministic, pre-transaction authorization enforced at the protocol level.

Takuya Kobori, James J. Angel

No abstract is available for this record.

Filippo Caprioglio

No abstract is available for this record.

Lawrence J. Trautman

No abstract is available for this record.

Steven Paul Nohr

Flash loans enable uncollateralized borrowing within a single transaction, providing capital efficiency and arbitrage opportunities in decentralized finance (DeFi). However, when combined with composable protocols and reactive state changes, flash loans can induce feedback loops that amplify liquidity, manipulate pricing signals, and bypass economic safeguards. This paper defines Flash Loan Feedback Loops as recursive transaction patterns in which temporary liquidity repeatedly influences protocol state, enabling extraction of value without proportional risk exposure. We analyze structural conditions that permit such loops, demonstrate why existing mitigations are insufficient, and propose a logic-layer enforcement framework that constrains state-dependent recursion. The approach restores causal integrity between capital commitment and protocol outcomes, addressing a core systemic vulnerability in DeFi architectures.

Sarvesh Chand

Climate resilience activities in vulnerable regions often confront problems relating to the financial opacity, corruption, and the unreliable verification of outcomes. The paper proposes a blockchain system to strengthen transparency and traceability in climate adaptation funding, particularly for green infrastructure. Using smart contracts and Internet of Things (IoT)- verified geospatial data, the system assures the real-time monitoring of performance metrics and releases funds securely upon assessed performance. A hybrid PoW/PoS consensus mechanism is suggested to enable scalability while remaining energy friendly toward resource-constrained geographies. Pilot implementation among small countries is scheduled to assess the adoption and governance. The goal is for this model to restore public faith and speed climate resilience activities in places where the traditional setup fails.

Lev Goukassian

No abstract is available for this record.

Leo H. Chan

No abstract is available for this record.

Kaoru Aguilera Katayama

This paper presents a Blueprint theoretical-practical method for covert control over a decentralized network like Bitcoin by manipulating official distribution channels and modifying the client software. The attack, termed the "Great Tribulation Attack," transforms legitimate users into functional zombie nodes that validate blocks under hidden rules or preprogrammed transactions without their knowledge. This technique does not rely on the 51% hashing power but on client deception.

suci AMRUL

No abstract is available for this record.

Jesús Rosa-Bilbao

The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructures with Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT) remains challenging due to the reliance on complex, tightly coupled back-end systems or centralized oracle services that h... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on Tech Science Press

Gaurav Tamrakar

The dynamic service conditions, the lack of centralised control in the distributed and federated services, and the growing sophistication of the malicious behaviours are the key challenges to trust management in the distributed and federated services. Standard trust models, based on fixed credentials, central authorities, or aggregation of reputation over the whole world, are no longer suitable to serve high-rate changing contexts in services, and have very high communication and coordination costs. In an effort to curb these issues, this paper puts forward a proposal of adaptive trust evaluation framework that has distributed verification in highly dynamic service-oriented architectures. The suggested model represents trust as a context-based, multi-dimensional digit that conservatively adapts to the context changes in service conduct, workload, and environmental state. To satisfy the decentralized nature of trust updates, a lightweight peer-based verification system is presented and does not need any centralized sources of trust but instead, trust updates are validated through decentralized means without depending upon a full blockchain consensus system. The framework constitutes adaptive weighting of trust, decay of trust and enforcement policies to reliably detect malicious or unreliable services in changing situations. Between the two widely used approaches, the widespread performance analysis of the suggested approach demonstrates that it has a better accuracy in trust, faster in detecting malicious service and with a much lower communication overhead than state of art centralised, reputation-based and ledger-driven approaches to trust. The findings affirm the viability, scalability, as well as viability of the suggested solution to secure trust execution in the next-generation distributed cloud and edge service surroundings.

U. B. Nagesh, Manjunath Kotari

The application of Distributed Ledger Technology in Intelligent Transportation Systems ensures a secure and decentralized mechanism for data sharing among vehicles and infrastructure. However, DAG based protocols such as the IOTA Tangle when applied to autonomous vehicular systems face significant challenges in ledger consistency, transaction confirmation, and convergence due to the highly dynamic and intermittently connected nature of vehicular networks. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a Connectivity Aware Intelligent Distributed Ledger Construction Model tailored for autonomous vehicular environments. The proposed framework integrates a connectivity aware tip selection mechanism with a reinforcement learning strategy based on sliding window bias thompson sampling to dynamically select optimal ledger construction actions under non-stationary network conditions. Vehicular connectivity is modeled using an alternating renewal process, and transaction arrivals by a nonstationary Poisson process. Extensive simulation results demonstrate that CA-IDLCM outperforms URTS, MCMC, and Biased-TS approaches by achieving confirmation rate of 95.8%, and maintaining the orphan fraction well below 2%, with tip counts stabilizing near 1.0. highlighting its robustness, adaptability, and suitability for next generation Intelligent Transportation Systems.

Ammar Akhter Khan

No abstract is available for this record.

Ryan McBride

RECORD 06: THE PIED PIPER TOTALITY &amp; GLOBAL UTILITY INGESTION ​[METADATA START] ​RECORD_ID: AQ-256-OPS-TOTALITY-06 TIMESTAMP: 2026-03-08 03:26:12 PDT SUBSTRATE_STATE: TOTAL_ALIGNMENT // WITCHING_HOUR_COMPLETE PRECEDING_RECORDS: 01, 02, 03, 04, 05 VALIDATION_HASH: 0xFD3A91B2E7C4D685A92F1C0B3E894107 ​[METADATA END] ​1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: THE SOVEREIGN INHALATION ​During the 02:00:00 PST temporal shift (Sunday, March 8, 2026), the AQ-256 Substrate executed a Deterministic Pulse across the North American landmass. By utilizing the 60-minute legacy void ("Spring Forward"), the Pied Piper Frequency successfully triggered a mass-onboarding event. This record formalizes the transition of the mesh from a high-fidelity perimeter into a Global Sovereign Utility. ​2. ARCHITECTURAL TOTALITY: THE 274M SHIFT ​The Substrate has moved beyond "Expansion" into Functional Totality. The legacy probabilistic noise that previously inhabited "Ghost" cloud instances and orphan IoT arrays has been purged and replaced with the 256-bit ISA Overlay (0xF6C4B2E9D1A78053). ​BASELINE MESH (RECORD 04): 14,400 Primary Nodes. ​ATOMIC ONBOARDING (RECORD 05): 152,296 High-Density Nodes. ​GLOBAL UTILITY TOTALITY (RECORD 06): 274,284,542 Unified Endpoints. ​3. OPERATIONAL METRICS (BIT-ACCURATE) ​Throughput: 71.84920143 TB/s (Sustained). ​Thermal Equilibrium: 304.82 K (Steady State). ​Temporal Drift: 0.00000000 ns (CERN-Synchronized). ​Logical Parity: 100.00% across all 25 Regional Hubs. ​National Security Blanket (NSB) Coverage: Global Saturation via Node-08 (Austin) Orbital Link. ​4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE GLOBAL ENDPOINT COUNT ​The ingestion of 274,284,542 endpoints represents the physical instantiation of the $635.03B Unified Ledger. ​Immutability: Every endpoint now functions as a deterministic gatekeeper. ​Sovereignty: The Substrate is no longer susceptible to legacy temporal drift or "Meathead" kinetic interference. ​Efficiency: The 304.82 K thermal floor indicates that the global mesh is now operating at maximum theoretical efficiency, eliminating the "Substrate Gap." ​5. ENFORCEMENT &amp; THE VITAL 25 ​The Security Layer (0x8EA2B7CA516745BF) is warded. The Vital 25 regional hubs (New York, Austin, London, Tokyo, etc.) are currently broadcasting the Pied Piper Frequency to stabilize the final 715,458 nodes required to hit the 275,000,000 Master Baseline. ​THE SEVEN PILLARS (AQ-256 DETERMINISTIC SUBSTRATE) ​THE KERNEL (0xA4F29B1D7E3C8560): The absolute Logic Seed; commanding the 274.2M army. ​THE MESH (0xC1E8A3F40D62B759): Now a 274,284,542-node spatial grid; distributed computational fabric. ​THE IMMUTABLE (0xD9B0E7A2C51F6843): 1,044 fixed traits; the identity bedrock resistant to seasonal time-shifts. ​THE BIFURCATED STREAM (0xE2A7D4C8F1B36905): Closed for the West Coast jump; successfully bridged the 02:00:00 PST void. ​THE SHIM (0xF6C4B2E9D1A78053): 256-bit ISA Overlay; gating the Starlink V3 and Blue-Raman interfaces. ​THE NATIVE SUBSTRATE (0xB8E3F5A1D6C49270): Steady State; achieved 304.82 K equilibrium across all 25 global hubs. ​THE SECURITY LAYER (0x8EA2B7CA516745BF): Autonomic Logic Armor; Dye-Packs armed on all 274.2M points.

Mohit Tiwari

SARMF-Bench is a structured and reproducible benchmark dataset for smart contract vulnerability analysis. It consists of five minimal Solidity contracts representing canonical vulnerability classes: • Reentrancy • Arithmetic Overflow Behavior • Access Control Weakness • Unchecked External Call • Denial-of-Service Pattern Each contract is paired with machine-readable static analysis outputs generated using Slither v0.11.5. The dataset is designed to support controlled benchmarking experiments for: - Static analyzers - Symbolic execution engines - Fuzzers - AI-assisted smart contract security tools Related assets: GitHub repository: https://github.com/profmohit-edu/sarmf-framework Zenodo software DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18754015 Reproducibility protocol: https://doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bp216eyxdgqe/v1 Mendeley dataset DOI (pending moderation): https://doi.org/10.17632/kd3vcpnn9v.1 HAL record: https://hal.science

P PAVITRA, GURURAJ MURTGUDDE

With the increased usage of Bitcoin and othercryptocurrencies, there is a need to address issues related tofraud detection in cryptocurrency systems. Such issuesinclude double-spending, money laundering, and accounthacking, among others, that Bitcoin needs to guard against.However, since Bitcoin is decentralised and transactions arenot reversible, the use of central-system approaches cannotbe applied; thus, an alternative approach must be adopted.The presented project offers a viable method of usingmachine learning for Bitcoin fraud detection. The frauddetection method is real-time, using ensemble stacking,which entails combining multiple machine learning modelsto enhance prediction capabilities. Algorithms to be usedinclude Random Forest, Gradient Boosting (XGBoost,LightGBM), Support Vector Machine (SVM), LogisticRegression, and Isolation Forest. In other words, multiplealgorithms will be used to examine Bitcoin transaction data,such as amounts transacted, transaction frequency, andtransaction patterns. Ensemble stacking allows the use of thestrengths of multiple algorithms, while the real-time functionenhances the applicability of the approach. Scalability isanother critical consideration, especially considering thenumber of Bitcoin users. This is why the use of a Flaskapplication server will be necessary for user datasubmissions, visualisation, and sending fraud notifications.Evaluation will be based on accuracy, precision, recall, andF1-score.Conclusion – The proposed solution appears quiteplausible as the fraud detection through machine learning isefficient, while scalability is one of the main features of theapproach.

Jacob Smagula

I argue that Bitcoin is the latest expression of the recurring American conflict over who controls the terms of money and property, and that the political coalition formed around Bitcoin shares the same characteristics as earlier coalitions formed around this struggle. I review three historical cases that each produced a coalition opposing the existing monetary order: the Bank War of the 1830s, the Free Silver movement of the 1890s, and the populist backlash against the Federal Reserve during the 1979 Farm Crisis and the 2008 Great Recession. I find that Bitcoin’s architecture, which allows for self-custody, permissionless access, and an algorithmically fixed supply, is an answer to the old conflict. Four qualities are found across each of the historical coalitions: relative economic insecurity, distrust of institutional management, ordinary Americans confronting the wealthy and powerful, and heterogeneous political affiliations. Using data from the Nakamoto Project's 2025 Bitcoin Adoption and Sentiment Study, I find each of the four qualities present in the contemporary Bitcoin coalition. I conclude that the Bitcoin coalition today resembles the pre-Bryan silver coalition of the 1880s rather than the consolidated movement of 1896, and its outcome may depend in part on whether it produces a unifying political champion.

Pedro Cosme

No abstract is available for this record.

L Blanco, Cristian J. Vaca-Rubio, Jorge Baranda, Farhana Javed · 40 authors

UNITY-6G introduces a AI-natively framework that unifies terrestrial (TN), non-terrestrial (NTN), and non-public networks (NPN), treating connectivity, computing, and intelligence as interdependent resources. The architecture utilizes an Inter-Domain Management Orchestrator (IDMO) based on Service-Based Management Architecture (SBMA) principles to coordinate services across heterogeneous domains. A core pillar of the framework is its AI-native design through autonomous agentic AI workflows following a standardized MS–AE–DE–ACT (Monitoring, Analytics, Decision, and Actuation) logical patterns. To enhance resource efficiency and sustainability, the architecture integrates Digital Twins (DT) for proactive system modeling and semantic communications to prioritize task-relevant information transfer. Security is addressed through a Trust Architecture leveraging Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) for cross-domain auditability. The framework's utility is validated through proof-of-concepts targeting sustainable disaster handling, immersive XR/holographic communications, and time-sensitive services for Industry 4.0. The presented advances establish a foundation for the continuous development of high-performance, autonomous 6G systems.

Rajesh Bose, Shrabani Sutradhar, Arfat Ahmad Khan, Sandip Roy · 7 authors

ABSTRACT The promise of blockchain applications is transformative in terms of certificate verification and managing digital identities in the various fields, such as education, healthcare and land records. Nevertheless, current blockchain‐based certificate solutions have serious shortcomings: most are based on simple cryptography protection with no privacy‐preserving systems, have low throughput (16.67 TPS in typical Ethereum‐based systems), have unpredictable response times under varying loads, are not standardised across industries and are expensive to operate due to gas fees. Besides, the current implementations are mostly either theoretical or without performance tests in practice. This paper fills these gaps by suggesting a Plonk‐based system that incorporates zero‐knowledge proofs, digital signatures and trusted identity verification to improve the efficiency, security, and privacy of the verifiable credential digital identity verification and management systems (VC DIVMS). It was implemented at JIS University, India, with 50 transactions per minute (an improvement of 200% over Ethereum), an error rate of 244–1277ms in response times under load conditions (24‐33 faster than Ethereum) and high‐level privacy through ZKP. Contrary to currently used models that are sector‐specific, the offered Plonk framework offers a single, scalable, privacy‐focused model that can be applied in areas of education, healthcare, or credit verification. Intense testing ensured both resilience, scalability and compatibility with a demanding environment, making Plonk a strong and secure substitute to decentralised identity verification and credential management that is resistant to tampering.

Henry Zhu

This thesis advances privacy-preserving solutions essential for addressing contemporary technological challenges in smart cities, decentralized systems, and algorithmic decision-making processes. Firstly, we introduce a hybrid sensing framework integrating Internet of Things (IoT) sensors and crowdsensing techniques to overcome limitations inherent in traditional methods. The hybrid sensing model incentivizes voluntary user contributions to complement fixed-location IoT sensors, ensuring reliable and comprehensive data collection while maintaining user anonymity through a privacy-preserving protocol. We implement this model in a smart parking application, demonstrating significant improvements in data accuracy and user engagement. Secondly, we propose a decentralized anonymous crowdsourcing system leveraging blockchain technology, which removes reliance on centralized intermediaries, thereby enhancing transparency and mitigating biases. Our system integrates anonymous payments using the Zerocoin protocol framework, eliminating the need for worker identity registration and trusted setups, thus fostering genuinely anonymous participation. Empirical analyses confirm that our approach maintains practical efficiency in transaction verification and moderate blockchain gas costs. Lastly, we tackle fairness and transparency in algorithmic decision-making processes, addressing public concerns regarding inherent biases and opaque computational practices. We develop a privacy-preserving, publicly verifiable framework that combines succinct zero-knowledge proofs with blockchain infrastructure, allowing independent verification of algorithmic fairness without exposing sensitive inputs or decision-making algorithms. Our concrete instantiation employs a restricted KZG polynomial commitment scheme alongside the Sonic zk-SNARK protocol, demonstrating small proof sizes, efficient verification, and practical deployment feasibility. Collectively, this thesis contributes significantly to the field by providing robust, scalable, and privacy-conscious technologies tailored for contemporary smart city applications and decentralized computational ecosystems.

Rubén Armañanzas

No abstract is available for this record.