José de Medeiros Damázio, Maria Valéria Pereira de Araújo
Companies such as SEBRAE, which has a legal form of Autonomous Social Service, have very peculiar characteristics, the main one being that even though it is a private non-profit entity, they are subject to the control of the Federal Court of Accounts for receiving public resources, it plays a role of public interest, are called parastatal. The case at hand details a real situation experienced at SEBRAE / RN, where the implications, including legal ones, that the decentralization of direct purchases can bring to the company are demonstrated, as well as the problems that can be generated by the centralized model. The dilemma that is posed to the institution's administration and finance manager is to maintain the decentralized system, which has been praised and criticized, or to return to the old centralized form, which was abandoned due to recurring problems. The present case was built based on observations of the facts and interviews with the characters involved, being the same, indicated to be used by undergraduate and graduate students of the administration, economics, production engineering, public management courses, among others. . It aims to make students reflect on the theme: centralized versus decentralized purchases, in autonomous social services.
This Article outlines a blockchain based system to solve the orphan works problem. Orphan works are works still ostensibly protected by copyright for which an author cannot be found. Orphan works represent a significant problem for the efficient dissemination of knowledge, since users cannot license the works, and as a result may choose not to use them. Our proposal uses a blockchain to register attempts to find the authors of orphan works, and otherwise to facilitate use of those works. There are three elements to our proposal. First, we propose a number of mechanisms, included automated systems, to perform a diligent search for a rights holder. Second, we propose a blockchain register where every search for a work’s owner can be recorded. Third, we propose a legal mechanism that delivers works into orphanhood, and affords a right to use those works after a search for a rights holder is deemed diligent. These changes would provide any user of an orphan work with an assurance that they were acting legally as long as they had consulted the register and/or performed a diligent search for the work’s owner. The Article demonstrates a range of complementary legal and technological architectures that, in various formations, can be deployed to address the orphan works problem. We show that these technological systems are useful for enhancement of the public domain more generally, through the existence of a growing registry of gray status works and clarified conditions for their use. The selection and design of any particular implementation is a choice for policy makers and technologists. Rather than specify how that choice should look, the goal here is to demonstrate the utility of the technology and to clarify and promote its role in reforming this vexed area of law.
Raja Majid Ali Ujjan, Zeeshan Pervez, Keshav Dahal
Due to the rapid increment of the cyber attacks, intrusion detection system (IDS) is shifting towards collaborative approaches. There is a huge demand for securing larger networking environments for providing a safeguard against threats. In order to optimize the feasible detection performance, Collaborative Intrusion Detection Networks (CIDN) approaches have been adopted in practical scenarios, which enables a group of IDS nodes to mutually share and exchange mandatory information with each other, for example, IDS-signatures, attacks alarms. However, CIDN networks are distributed in nature, such networks still face plenty of implementation problems, especially, insider intruder can easily dominate any of security node and leave the entire security system vulnerable. To achieve the trust-based communication between each of IDS node, the recent advancement in blockchain applications is considered as a good fit to create trust-based communication in CIDN networks. This work converges CIDN network and blockchain in SDN context. Firstly, we investigated existing related work and highlighted challenges and research gap towards blockchain in CIDN networks. Secondly, we utilised three collaborated Snort IDS to receive the latest signature update from Ryu and then to securely share such signatures updates to all other Snort nodes within test-bed. Our work is motivated to detect seven types of common attacks with collaborated signature-based IDS, which feasibly processes more packets to achieve satisfactory detection results. Overall the evaluation results show that with the adoption of blockchain protocols, the proposed CIDN network achieves 96% of TP rate detection rate for TCP, UDP and ICMP packets.
Denne artikkelen presenterer hva kryptovaluta og blokkjede er, og hvorfor dette er revolusjonerende. Artikkelen har tre hoveddeler. Innledningsvis gis det eksempler på hvor mye aktivitet det er i dette feltet. Eksemplene er på ingen måte uttømmende, men tilstrekkelige til å vise at det er verdt å ta fenomenet på alvor. Deretter gis det en utdypende forklaring av hva bitcoin er, og hvordan det fungerer. Artikkelen fokuserer på bitcoin, selv om det finnes en rekke andre prosjekter. Grunnen er at bitcoin er det største og mest vellykkede prosjektet i dette feltet. I tillegg er god forståelse av bitcoin en enorm fordel dersom man ønsker å forstå andre anvendelser av teknologien. Avslutningsvis drøftes mulighetene som skapes med bitcoin og åpne blokkjeder, før artikkelen oppsummeres i en konklusjon.
Technology development is one of the tools for developing e-commerce. In recent years, the emergence of public Ledgers such as the Blockchain and the invention of digital cryptocurrencies have created a new type of electronic contract called smart contracts. Smart contracts are contracts under the supervision of artificial intelligence in the context of the Blockchain, and the contractor replaces them with smart properties or digital cryptocurrencies. Intention is one of the pillars of the formation of any contract in legal systems. These contracts must be able to identify the element of intent in order to be considered valid in any legal system. Acquiring the intent of the parties in smart contracts through the licensing mechanisms for the use of digital signatures, the mechanisms for assigning permissions to use virtual currencies, the mechanisms for accessing information systems, and in contracts that are represented by artificial intelligence, the conclusion of a transaction by The representative represents the intention of the attorney to grant the lawyer to the client.
Aug 1, 2019·2019 IEEE Intl Conf on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing, Intl Conf on Pervasive Intelligence and Computing, Intl Conf on Cloud and Big Data Computing, Intl Conf on Cyber Science and Technology Congress (DASC/PiCom/CBDCom/CyberSciTech)
Software defined networking (SDN) is one of the most popular network technologies which provides an adaptive, agile and flexible network management and visibility. Although SDN architecture provides manifold benefits but on the same time its dependence on a logically centralized controller lead to the single point of failure. An attacker can easily capture the any forwarding device and restrict the availability of the controller using different prevalent attacks. Distributed denial of service (DDoS) is one of the most popular attack of this category which is quiet prevalent in SDN. Here, the aim of the attackers is to inject false script in the open flow tables through malicious switches which multiply exponentially. Therefore, in this paper, a blockchain as a service framework has been presented wherein BlockSDSec model is designed to provide security as a separate service for the SDN architecture. This work provides a mechanism to prevent the threats of DDoS at the switch level by embedding an security using blockchain onto the interaction channels of data and control planes. The load balancing at the controller level is achieved using a virtual controller. The proposed scheme is simulated using MiniNet Emulator to analyze the delay originating from usage of blockchain.
Abstract Based on the blockchain technology, important datas such as transactions, scheduling, finance, and energy contracts are distributedly recorded, various resources such as distributed energy generation, energy transmission, energy consumption, and energy storage are aggregated for collaborative optimization control and market trading. In this paper, we build blockchain-based new generation energy Internet with extensive interconnection, intelligent decision making, real-time interaction, and open sharing. The application of blockchain technology in energy Internet includes photovoltaic energy microgrid, blockchain-based energy Internet entities, blockchain-based power trading, and energy asset securitization. Technical frameworks for energy Internet market trading system based on blockchain technology are proposed. Distributed energy ledger and energy trading smart contract are utilized. Distributed trading rules, algorithms and processes of energy system and microgrid are established. Energy Internet transactions and payment settlement system are constructed. Energy producers and consumers trade peer-to-peer on the platform to improve system efficiency and security.
ABSTRACT: In the last decade, a new kind of financial technology or “fintech” has emerged, bringing with it a host of legal issues. The most commonly known cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, is touted as the alternative to traditional money systems. Dozens of exchanges have emerged that can be used to store and transfer Bitcoins between virtual wallets. These exchanges are prone to being hacked, however, and without the infrastructure to back the “currency,” users have frequently lost Bitcoins to virtual thieves and been unable to recover their losses. This paper argues that class actions are an effective avenue for remedy against an exchange that has negligently lost Bitcoins. It provides a brief overview of Bitcoin’s underlying technology, the blockchain on which transactions are recorded, and the exchanges out of which they operate. Canadian class actions law is examined in the context of Bitcoin hacks to demonstrate how large-scale litigation can play an increasing role in fintech. There are many examples of cyber attack theft where class actions are the only viable remedy, given the commonality of harm, enormous aggregate losses, and lack of other recourse in an unregulated and uninsured industry. There are also inherent enforcement challenges that need to be addressed by regulators, such as jurisdiction conflict and party anonymity. New technology is constantly emerging and difficult to legally classify. Nevertheless, the paper concludes that class actions law is the best means of protecting consumer interests against fintech risks and supporting the objectives of access to justice, judicial economy, and behaviour modification.
With the deepening of research on Bitcoin privacy protection, Bitcoin, a new type of digital currency, has become more difficult to regulate. A Bitcoin privacy protection confusion scheme with regulatory RBmix is proposed for this problem. The model of RBmix uses a fair blind signature algorithm and introduces trusted third parties with regulatory, anonymity, scalability, Bitcoin compatibility, and anti-DoS aggression. Experimental results show that the RBmix protocol has good scalability and execution efficiency.
The article presents the results of research aimed at assessing the Bitcoin (BTC) capability to act as a widely accepted means of payment. The analysis includes technological and economic conditions of the BTC operation system. The research used data on market capitalization, the number of participants and the level of volatility of the BTC exchange rate in 2010-2018 from the portal coinmarketcap.com. The results of the research showed that BTC possesses certain characteristics typical of money, and has the potential to increase its share in the payment system in the future. BTC's ability to act as an electronic equivalent of cash depends on such factors as the stability of its exchange rate and the level of acceptance among users and payment acceptors. The statistical analysis of the correlation showed that along with the increase in the capitalization value of the BTC market the volatility of the exchange rate of this currency is lowered and the level of acceptance among e-commerce participants is increased. Such dependence will allow for further technological development of BTC and other cryptocurrencies and a wider use in trade.
Within the decision-making process, investors are interested in finding the most effective solutions that will allow them to obtain short-term benefits. Current economic environment is characterized by the emergence of new financial instruments that can assist investors to diversify their investment portfolio. Crypto-currencies represents a category of financial assets that can be used by investors to reduce risk and achieve significant returns. Therefore, the study intends to analyze the financial behavior of investors in the moment of publishing the financial statements. Financial statements could have a positive or negative influence on the investment portfolio and structure. The issue analyzed by this study is represented by the ability of the cryptocurrency Bitcoin to be considered as an alternative investment asset. The study is divided into two parts. In the first part, the study presents the review of literature about value-relevance, cryptocurrency term and speculative bubble. The second part presents the research methodology and results. The results of the study validate the hypothesis of this study, cryptocurrency Bitcoin being a financial asset that can be used as an alternative investment asset for diversification of investment portfolio.
Davide Frey, Marc X. Makkes, Pierre-Louis Roman, François Taı̈ani · 5 authors
Distributed ledgers are among the most replicated data repositories in the world. They offer data consistency, immutability, and auditability, based on the assumption that each participating node locally verifies their entire content. Although their content, currently extending up to a few hundred gigabytes, can be accommodated by dedicated commodity hard disks, downloading it, processing it, and storing it in general-purpose desktop and laptop computers can prove largely impractical. Even worse, this becomes a prohibitive restriction for smartphones, mobile devices, and resource-constrained IoT devices. In this demo, we present an implementation of Dietcoin, a Bitcoin protocol extension that allows nodes to perform secure local verification of Bitcoin transactions with small bandwidth and storage requirements. This demo presents and benchmarks the main features of Dietcoin that are important for today's cryptocurrencies and smart contract systems, but are missing in the current state-of-the-art: (i) allowing resource-constrained devices to verify the correctness of selected blocks locally without having to download the complete ledger; (ii) enabling devices to join a blockchain quickly yet securely, dropping bootstrap time from days down to a matter of seconds; (iii) providing a generic solution that can be applied to other distributed ledgers secured with Proof-of-Work.
Abstract In recent years, with the increase of consumers’ attention to the quality of agricultural products, reliable and reliable traceability technology of agricultural products has been paid more attention. This paper proposed a block-chain traceability system based on smart agriculture with the integration of wireless sensor network. The system has realized the agricultural product traceability system based on Ethereum. After farmers access to the system, data acquisition front-end data storage to block-chain system, the use of block-chain itself has the characteristics of decentralization, tamper-resistant, security encryption, combined with the backend database management and traceability QR code to provide consumers with safe, reliable and real farm products traceability information. Building a holographic database of the tea whole industry chain from farmland to table, adopting the food risk assessment and safety traceability technology based on the hazard factor to design the multi-role, multi-link and multi-factor intelligent management system to realize the efficient control of food quality and safety.
Aug 1, 2019·CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol-2422: Proceedings of the Selected Papers of the 8th International Conference on Monitoring, Modeling & Management of Emergent Economy (M3E2-EEMLPEED 2019)
Vasily Derbentsev, Наталія Даценко, Olga Stepanenko, Vitalii Bezkorovainyi
This paper describes the construction of the short-term forecasting model of cryptocurrencies’ prices using machine learning approach. The modified model of Binary Auto Regressive Tree (BART) is adapted from the standard models of regression trees and the data of the time series. BART combines the classic algorithm classification and regression trees (C&RT) and autoregressive models ARIMA. Using the BART model, we made a short-term forecast (from 5 to 30 days) for the 3 most capitalized cryptocurrencies: Bitcoin, Ethereum and Ripple. We found that the proposed approach was more accurate than the ARIMA-ARFIMA models in forecasting cryptocurrencies time series both in the periods of slow rising (falling) and in the periods of transition dynamics (change of trend).
Qilei Ren, Ka Lok Man, Muqing Li, Bingjie Gao · 5 authors
With the continuous development of Internet of things, all kinds of smart systems are quickly evolving to make our day-to-day life smoother and safer. Like many other sectors, transportation has entered a period of rapid change. Intelligent Traffic System is one of the fastest-growing fields within the smart systems, which is expected to increase road safety, mitigate traffic congestion, and enable fuel efficiency. The main functionalities of Intelligent Traffic System are as follows: (1) monitoring real-time traffic conditions in specific areas, (2) locating traffic emergencies (i.e. traffic accidents) in specific areas, and (3) dynamic monitoring and managing the continuous use in public transit services (i.e. change in car lanes) that may lead to changes in macro traffic conditions. This article will use the above-mentioned functionalities of the Intelligent Traffic System as underlying simulative scenarios, to design and to implement a smart transportation system based on Internet of things and blockchain—both share inherent distributed technology characteristics—combining both Internet of things sensor nodes and distributed ledger technology, to (1) record the changes in intelligent transportation systems and (2) set up a credit-token mechanism for paying the use and misuses in public transit services accordingly. The Intelligent Traffic System described in this article is intended to be used as experimental project only, given the terms and conditions as depicted in the simulated scenario. In real-life traffic scenarios, it may generate more complex system and data security issues, which will be elaborated and analyzed at the end of this article. Intelligent Traffic System is a comprehensive smart system; it can significantly change and reinvent the wheel for traffic conditions. Based on the system development as discussed in this article, there are still a lot of demands and challenges that need to be addressed in the future. Such topic scope will be explored in depth in our subsequent research.
Ravi Chandra Koirala, Keshav Dahal, Santiago Matalonga, Rameshwar Rijal
Blockchain technology as a foundation of distributed ledger offers an innovative platform for transparent and efficient transaction in Reverse Auction Bidding process in a supply chain for procuring carriers. This research work provides background and motivation for the use of Blockchain in such domains. A supply chain model is realized by deploying a smart contract in Blockchain to procure carrier. The model considers multi-attribute of the carriers while procuring one through the reverse auction bidding process. This research work validates the Blockchain-enabled supply chain model by simulating a supply chain proposed for a Dairy Company. Data to calibrate the simulation was taken from a published case study on Reverse Auctions in the supply chain. The result shows that the model is a feasible scheme and its features will offset the challenges of current RAB process making it more efficient and transparent.
La blockchain propose un système d'enregistrement décentralisé, immuable et transparent. Elle offre un réseau de nœuds sans entité de gouvernance centralisée, ce qui la rend "indéchiffrable" et donc plus sûr que le système d'enregistrement centralisé sur papier ou centralisé telles que les banques. L’approche traditionnelle basée sur l’enregistrement ne fonctionne pas bien avec les relations numériques où les données changent constamment. Contrairement aux canaux traditionnels, régis par des entités centralisées, blockchain offre à ses utilisateurs un certain niveau d'anonymat en leur permettant d'interagir sans divulguer leur identité personnelle et en leur permettant de gagner la confiance sans passer par une entité tierce. En raison des caractéristiques susmentionnées de la blockchain, de plus en plus d'utilisateurs dans le monde sont enclins à effectuer une transaction numérique via blockchain plutôt que par des canaux rudimentaires. Par conséquent, nous devons de toute urgence mieux comprendre comment ces opérations sont gérées par la blockchain et combien de temps cela prend à un nœud du réseau pour confirmer une transaction et l’ajouter au réseau de la blockchain. Dans cette thèse, nous visons à introduire une nouvelle approche qui permettrait d'estimer le temps il faudrait à un nœud de la blockchain Ethereum pour accepter et confirmer une transaction sur un bloc tout en utilisant l'apprentissage automatique. Nous explorons deux des approches les plus fondamentales de l’apprentissage automatique, soit la classification et la régression, afin de déterminer lequel des deux offrirait l’outil le plus efficace pour effectuer la prévision du temps de confirmation dans la blockchain Ethereum. Nous explorons le classificateur Naïve Bayes, le classificateur Random Forest et le classificateur Multilayer Perceptron pour l’approche de la classification. Comme la plupart des transactions sur Ethereum sont confirmées dans le délai de confirmation moyen (15 secondes) de deux confirmations de bloc, nous discutons également des moyens pour résoudre le problème asymétrique du jeu de données rencontré avec l’approche de la classification. Nous visons également à comparer la précision prédictive de deux modèles de régression d’apprentissage automatique, soit le Random Forest Regressor et le Multilayer Perceptron, par rapport à des modèles de régression statistique, précédemment proposés, avec un critère d’évaluation défini, afin de déterminer si l’apprentissage automatique offre un modèle prédictif plus précis que les modèles statistiques conventionnels.
Summary Sharing trusted data among trusted stakeholders is very important to large‐scale Internet of Things (IoT) applications. However, the entities and organizations involved in IoT naturally lack trusted relationships, which poses significant challenges to the above vision. Specifically, the first challenge is to ensure that the data in the physical world can be objectively and truly injected into the information world of IoT. The second is to ensure the credibility of the entities' identities in IoT. The third is to ensure the authenticity of data, the credibility of identity, and the reliable transmission of data when a third trusted party is unable to provide the expected trusted services. In view of the above challenges, this paper proposes a secure and lightweight triple‐trusting architecture (SLTA), which fully uses a blockchain‐related supporting technology. The architecture includes an oracle‐based data collection mechanism, which ensures that the data collected from edge devices of IoT cannot be modified, and the distributed identity management mechanism, which enhances personal privacy, security, and control of digital identities. Furthermore, a series of innovative designs for applying the blockchain to special large‐scale cooperation scenario in IoT are proposed, which is also a part of the key mechanisms of the SLTA. The innovative design includes a new software‐defined blockchain structure model and a lightweight Byzantine fault‐tolerant algorithm that provides credible support for decentralized data collection, identity management, and data transfer, as well as low‐overhead sequential storage mechanism.
In this article, we lay out the results of an analysis of the role of property tax regime in the local finance of Kosovo and highlight the current advantages and weaknesses. Design/Methodology/Approach: We do this by carrying out an analysis of the legislation in force, which regulates financial issues at the central and local levels, the functioning of property tax, and other financial implications for municipalities. In doing this we review the level of dependence of municipalities on central government, grants and their share, as well as other issues which have an impact on fiscal decentralization. We also analyse tax system and its evolution, the participation of tax categories and municipality tax in central and local budgets and give specific accentuation to property taxation, role in the taxation system and local finances. Moreover, we present the institutional structures and their competencies, relationship between central and local institutions. Findings: The current situation and system in place leaves much to be desired and property taxes may have more potential as a revenue source for municipalities. Practical Implications: This article shows the importance for municipalities to find a means to self-finance through their own sources. Originality/Value: We define needs for strengthening the Own Source Revenues (OSR), taking strong and coordinated steps to improve the management and collection of OSRs in general and property tax in particular.
Abstract In the blockchain system, the consensus mechanism not only helps the nodes maintain data consistency, but also has certain functions for token issuance and attack prevention. Aiming at the problems of low enthusiasm and weak centralization in Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS), this paper proposes a weak centralization consensus mechanism with more incentive effect. We replace the voting link with opportunity verification mechanism, and make the voting link that affects the enthusiasm of nodes become the embodiment of their own rights and interests, so as to strive for the maximization of their own interests. And we also introduce the method of random guess to make the selection of representative nodes more random, so as to achieve the situation of weaker center. At last, combined with the existing problems, the paper analyses the feasible solution with this mechanism.
Purpose. The aim of the article is determining the areas of diversification of rural development in decentralization in order to improve the quality of life of rural population and ensure the competitiveness of rural areas and achieve environmental security. Methodology of research. Common methods of study are applied in economic science in the course of the study, in particular: monographic, system and structural - in determining the directions of diversification of rural development in the conditions of decentralization. Findings. The following areas of diversification of rural development under decentralization conditions have been identified in order to ensure the social and ecological and economic development of rural territories: diversification of agricultural production; diversification of non-agricultural activities; diversification of funding sources; diversification of forms of ownership and management. It is suggested to diversify the development of rural territories in the field of agricultural production by expanding the range of products, increasing the volume of organic and niche production. It is determined that the choice of non-agricultural activities for each rural area is different and depends on natural resources and its location. The directions of diversification of non-agricultural activity in rural areas are proposed, such as: industry, rural green tourism, services and folk arts, production of specific regional products, legal entities and individuals, grants. We believe that the diversification of ownership and management in rural areas involves stimulating the development of different forms of ownership, promotion of various forms, creation of cooperatives and clusters. Originality. The scientific and practical recommendations on the formation of directions of diversification of rural development under decentralization conditions, which are determined depending on the object of diversification (agricultural production, non-agricultural activity, sources of financing, forms of ownership and management), have been improved. Practical value. The obtained results of the study are the basis for solving practical problems of rural development in the context of decentralization in Ukraine. Key words: diversification of rural development; agricultural production; non-agricultural activities; sources of financing; ownership and economic management; organic production; cluster.
Abstract This paper provides a comprehensive overview of cryptocurrencies, including the origin of cryptocurrencies, how cryptocurrencies operate, and the current situation of cryptocurrencies. In addition, we also provide the performance comparison of major cryptocurrencies with the performance of the stock market indexes. All the cryptocurrencies exhibit higher average returns and volatility than the stock market indexes, which appeals to risk-taking investors. We then perform additional analysis on the determinants of cryptocurrencies returns. We show that major fundamental variables are less likely to affect the returns of cryptocurrencies except for the S&P 500 index returns and the exchange rates between U.S. dollars and Euros.
Suhag Pandya, Murugan Mittapalli, Sri Vallabha Teja Gulla, Ori Landau
Abstract This research paper is a holistic review done on the rise of Blockchain and cryptocurrency, then elaborate about the great advantages of having a decentralized finance system. The existing scenarios from a sample of countries were reviewed in regards to their effort to adopt cryptocurrency to find some of the challenges like what are the security challenges this new monetary system faces, and limitations faced by different countries. A detailed analysis was done to answer some of the vital questions as such why cryptocurrency is banned in a few countries when other countries see cryptocurrency as a secured mode of payment transaction or what kind of security is provided by cryptocurrency compared to the traditional payments such as pay by cash, credit, or checks. Lastly, this paper also summarizes a high-level overview to propose recommended solutions to overcome the security concerns associated with the adoption of cryptocurrencies and how does the future of cryptocurrency look.
Антон Назаров, Vladislav Shvedov, Vladimir Sulimin
Abstract Progressive technologies associated primarily with the use of the latest information systems are developing very quickly and are being introduced in the modern world. Recently, such phenomena as cryptocurrency and the smart contract, functioning thanks to the blockchain technology, have become very popular. The application of this technology is used in many areas: information technology, law, state, and municipal administration, etc. This article discusses the mechanisms of functioning and features of the latest Internet technologies in the context of the agro-industrial complex of Russia. Their practical significance for optimizing the relationship between the seller and the buyer has been investigated. The advantages of the blockchain for all market participants when using technology in the supply of agri-food products are justified. The research shows the possible difficulties and shortcomings of the existing content system, gives recommendations on the use of the blockchain and its evaluation for domestic producers of agricultural products. The authors propose a mechanism for using the blockchain technology in agriculture, which will change the existing practice of trade and settlement transactions between counterparties of the agricultural market.