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53,216 results · page 1803 of 2,218
Darcy W E Allen, Chris Berg, Brendan Markey‐Towler, Mikayla Novak · 5 authors
No abstract is available for this record.
Qi Deng
The AIBC is an Artificial Intelligence and blockchain technology based large-scale decentralized ecosystem that allows system-wide low-cost sharing of computing and storage resources. The AIBC consists of four layers: a fundamental layer, a resource layer, an application layer, and an ecosystem layer. The AIBC implements a two-consensus scheme to enforce upper-layer economic policies and achieve fundamental layer performance and robustness: the DPoEV incentive consensus on the application and resource layers, and the DABFT distributed consensus on the fundamental layer. The DABFT uses deep learning techniques to predict and select the most suitable BFT algorithm in order to achieve the best balance of performance, robustness, and security. The DPoEV uses the knowledge map algorithm to accurately assess the economic value of digital assets.
Oliver Kühn, Axel Jacob, Michael Schüller
Purpose: The study provides a recent overview of the diffusion of blockchain technology in the logistics industry. It reveals the adoption of blockchain technology at German logistics service providers (LSPs) and their expectations regarding the future relevance of the technology. Based on the TOE Framework adoption supporting and inhibiting factors are identified. Methodology: In a first step, LSPs listed in the “Die Top 100 der Logistik 2016/2017” were contacted and questioned about their blockchain activities. Based on the responses, qualitative interviews were conducted with seven participants as part of a three-stage Delphi study. Findings: In particular small and medium-sized German LSPs are currently hardly involved in blockchain technology. Larger LSPs are beginning to define their own use cases and are trying to develop them further in joint projects with partners. A systematic use is currently not taking place. Originality: The study reveals the current discrepancy between rapidly evolving theoretical approaches for the use of blockchain technology in logistics, on the one hand, and the absence of the technology in everyday operations on the other hand. It also reveals a reluctant attitude of the management towards the technology.
Anastasia Pavlova, M.A. Daniliuk, Olga Sergienko, Aleksey Pavlov
Университет ИТМО 191002, Россия, Санкт
Bulat Kubekov, Л. А. Бобров, Анар Утегенова, Vitaly Naumenko · 5 authors
The article presents the results of research related to the use of ontological and design competence approaches for the development of knowledge components and their subsequent use for designing individual trajectories of engineering education. The methodology of engineering education is considered, which, together with the initiative CDIO, the project-competence model and the knowledge display in the form of ontology, can be used as the main tool for modelling the propositional presentation of thought. Within the framework of the ontological approach, a knowledge specification language has been developed, which allows modelling the ontologies of supporting concepts of the semantic context of educational resources and specifying them in the form of knowledge expressions. The introduced formalisms and rules of the language of knowledge specification give the expressions of knowledge the properties of adaptability, extensibility, easement of processing and maintenance, which is important in designing engineering education level programs. This technique was tested on the material of the famous monograph by Hassan Goma “UML. Designing real-time systems, parallel and distributed applications" for the project "Banking system of client-server type" and is used on classes. Expressions of knowledge, together with their interfaces, are knowledge components from which individual learning trajectories are constructed.
José Padarian, Alex B. McBratney
Abstract. Data sharing and collaboration are critical to solving large scale problems. The prevailing soil data-sharing model is based on different groups sending their data to a lead party. This model is of a centralised nature and, consequently, results in the participants ceding their control and governance over their data to the lead party. Here we explore the use of a distributed ledger (blockchain) to solve the aforementioned issues. We explain what a blockchain is and some of its characteristics to then describe some features of a blockchain that makes it an interesting candidate for an inter-institutional database. Finally, we describe the potential use case of developing a global soil spectral library with multiple, independent international institutions constituting the network.
Daniel Cerecedo Hernández, Carlos Armando Franco Ruiz, Mario Iván Contreras-Valdez, Jovan Axel Franco Ruiz
El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la presencia de burbujas financieras o un comportamiento explosivo en cuatro criptomonedas: Ethereum, Ripple, Bitcoin Cash y EOS. La selección de los activos se basó en la capitalización de mercado. La metodología implementada fue una prueba simple y generalizada (SADF y GSADF) de una variación de la prueba aumentada de Dickey-Fuller propuesta por Phillips et al. (2011, 2015). Encontramos diez, siete, seis y siete comportamientos exuberantes en los activos mencionados, respectivamente. Esta metodología ha sido en gran parte inexplorada y podría emplearse de manera estándar en el sector financiero para cualquier otro activo. Esta es la primera investigación que detecta este tipo de comportamiento para un grupo de criptomonedas con frecuencia diaria. Con el presente trabajo y el artículo de Li et al. (2018), el 68,47% del mercado ha sido analizado bajo la metodología. En consecuencia, este comportamiento podría estar disperso en todo el sector.
Duwi Agustina
The main idea of the study was to determine the influence of the antecedents (trialability and compexity) on the existing constructs of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and to test measurement invariance on the relationship between the latent constructs used in this extended version of Technology Acceptance Model (ETAM). A survey questionnaire was administered on Cyptocurrency mobile applicantions users and a total of 41 responses were collected. The research model was assessed using SEM-PLS approach. The structural model was then tested in order to establish validity & reliabelity. The invariance test was first performed on the measurement model and then on the structural model using SmartPLS 3.0. The predictor variables in ETAM were able to explain 44,9% of the variance in actual usage of Cryptocurrency mobile applications.
K.V. Solodan
The features of legislation concerning taxation of cryptocurrency in different countries of Europe are analyzed in this article. The author uses the anthroposociocultural approach as the basis for the study of the problem. From the point of view of anthroposociocultural approach, the necessity of proper legal regulation of taxation of cryptocurrencies has been determined to ensure the realization of the human right to taxes. The legal regulation of taxation of cryptocurrency at the European level is analyzed. The author notices that there is still no unified approach to defining what cryptocurrencies are, and how countries can develop a common policy for taxing them. This is due partly to the anonymity of users, and partly to the ambition of virtual currencies to circumvent traditional financial institutions. The author specifies what taxes can cryptocurrencies be taxed by (tax on income, capital gains tax), analyzes European approaches to solving the problem of taxation of cryptocurrencies. The author notes that Eastern Europe states have more simple and attractive tax rates. The author of the article analyzes the European judicial practice in the field of taxation of IT activities, in particular cryptocurrencies, focuses on the practice of the European Court of Justice.
A.K.M. Najmul Islam, Matti Mäntymäki, Marja Turunen
This paper investigates the focal actors in a blockchain network and their heterogeneity in splits. Disagreements in blockchain communities often lead to splits in both the blockchain and the community. We use three key elements of the actor-network theory — punctualization, translation, and actor heterogeneity—and employ case study methodology to examine Bitcoin splits. We identify several human actors, such as miners, developers, merchants, and investors, as well as non-human actors, including blockchain, exchanges, hardware manufacturers, and wallets, involved in Bitcoin splits. Our results show that the consolidation of actors in homogeneous groups plays a key role in blockchain splits. We further describe how the human and non-human actors' fluid moves into micro and macro actor positions in the network affect the development of the split. In addition, we discuss the roles of these actors and their engagement in forming micro and macro agencies in blockchain splits.
Viachaslau Filimonau, Elena Naumova
No abstract is available for this record.
Mostafa Zaman Chowdhury, Md. Shahjalal, Shakil Ahmed, Yeong Min Jang
Fifth-generation (5G) communication, which has many more features than fourth-generation communication, will be officially launched very soon. A new paradigm of wireless communication, the sixth-generation (6G) system, with the full support of artificial intelligence is expected to be deployed between 2027 and 2030. In beyond 5G, there are some fundamental issues, which need to be addressed are higher system capacity, higher data rate, lower latency, and improved quality of service (QoS) compared to 5G system. This paper presents the vision of future 6G wireless communication and its network architecture. We discuss the emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, terahertz communications, optical wireless technology, free space optic network, blockchain, three-dimensional networking, quantum communications, unmanned aerial vehicle, cell-free communications, integration of wireless information and energy transfer, integration of sensing and communication, integration of access-backhaul networks, dynamic network slicing, holographic beamforming, and big data analytics that can assist the 6G architecture development in guaranteeing the QoS. We present the expected applications with the requirements and the possible technologies for 6G communication. We also outline the possible challenges and research directions to reach this goal.
Lyudmila Pronko, Viktor SEMENENKO
The article analyzes the implementation of the local budgets of the UTC of the Vinnytsia region. The achievements of the local self-government reform in terms of the effectiveness of management of the budget resources of the united territorial communities were determined. An analysis of the financial capacity of the budgets of the joint territorial communities of the region. The problematic aspects of the financial provision of the execution of functions by the local authorities are singled out. The ways of improving the territorial organization of power on the principles of decentralization and construction of financially self-sufficient territorial communities are proposed. Currently, financial autonomy of local budgets of UTC is provided by the relevant legal norms of the Budget Code of Ukraine. The implementation of individual steps of fiscal decentralization also expanded the financial autonomy of local budgets through: the establishment of uniform norms of deductions from national taxes; the difference between the indicative planning system of the local budgets of the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine; formation of a single basket of general fund revenues and expansion of the source of its filling; formation and putting into operation of the system of equalization of the tax capacity of the territory, etc.
Yurika Yurika, MUHAMMAD SALEH
This study aims to examine and analyze the regional financial performance of the Tabalong District government based on regional financial analysis for the period og 2010 to 2017 the analysis techniques used include the Regional Financial Independence Ratio,Fiscal Decentralization Ratio,PAD Effectiveness Ratio,PAD Growth Ratio,and Activity Ratio. The data used are secondary data obtained from the Regional Finance Agency Of South Kalimantan Province and the Directorate General of Fiscal Balance of the Ministry of finance. The results of the analysis obtained in this studi are : 1) Regional independence ratio in general from 2010 to 2017 falls into the very low category. 2) The Fiscal Decentralization Ratio in general from 2010 to 2017 falls into the very poor category 3) The PAD Effectiveness Ratio in general from 2010 to 2017 falls into the effective category 4) PAD Grow Ratio in general in 2010 to 2017 show that direct expenditure is greater than indirect expenditure in each of the fiscal years.Keywords : Regional Finance, regional autonomy
Bin Cao, Mengyang Li, Lei Zhang, Yixin Li · 5 authors
The impact of communication transmission delay on the original blockchain, has not been well considered and studied since it is primarily designed in stable wired communication environment with high communication capacity. However, in a wireless scenario, due to the scarcity of spectrum resource, a blockchain user may have to compete for wireless channel to broadcast transactions following media access control (MAC) mechanism. As a result, the communication transmission delay may be significant and pose a bottleneck on the blockchain system performance and security. To facilitate blockchain applications in wireless industrial Internet of Things (IIoTs), this article aims to investigate whether the widely used MAC mechanism, carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance (CSMA/CA), is suitable for wireless blockchain networks or not. Based on tangle, as an example to analyze the system performance in term of confirmation delay, transaction per second and transaction loss probability by considering the impact of queueing and transmission delay caused by CSMA/CA. Next, a stochastic model is proposed to analyze the security issue taking into account the malicious double-spending attack. Simulation results provide valuable insights when running blockchain in wireless network, the performance would be limited by the traditional CSMA/CA protocol. Meanwhile, we demonstrate that the probability of launching a successful double-spending attack would be affected by CSMA/CA as well.
S. Andryushin, В.В. Кузнецова
Objective: to identify characteristics of modern financial technologies, which have become a catalyst for rapid and irreversible changes in the financial sector; to classify the problems of regulation of finance technologies and their products; to search for a compromise between the promotion of financial innovations and financial risks to ensure financial stability. Methods: systematic approach to the cognition of economic phenomena, enabling to study them in dynamic development, taking into account the influence of various environmental factors. The systematic approach determined the choice of specific research methods: empirical, historical, logical, comparative, and statistical. Results: it is shown that the modern financial system is evolving towards its decentralization based on the distributed registers and blockchain technologies. The evolution of decentralized platforms and their impact on the development of crypto networks are considered. The basic principles and working mechanisms of decentralized crypto networks, the advantages and disadvantages of decentralized protocols are reviewed. It is shown that the development of a decentralized financial market is inextricably linked with centralized technologies - artificial intelligence technologies and the use of software interfaces, big data analytics and machine learning. The use of modern financial technologies reduces barriers and costs of entry to the markets for financial intermediaries, but also generates new risks in the system, requiring codification and updating of regulation forms. Regulatory actions of the authorities aimed at minimizing the risks generated by innovative technologies are also described.Scientific novelty: the article shows for the first time that the basis of the modern financial system is decentralized technologies of distributed registers and blockchain, which allow maintaining databases, reaching consensus, generating new transactions and controlling them from more than one center of the distributed network. In order to maximize the impact of the third era of the Internet, decentralized platforms must be synchronized with centralized technologies, the development of which contributes to further decentralization of the financial system. In order to maintain financial stability, prudential regulators and supervisors will have to find an effective compromise between encouraging further financial innovations and the financial risks posed by them.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used to clarify the target mandates, tools, channels and mechanisms of monetary policy of the Bank of Russia, directly related to technological innovations, acting, under the growing uncertainty in the economy, as a built-in stabilizer of financial stability, elastic regulation of trading and financial imbalances within the country and between countries.
Soujanya Ponnapalli, Aashaka Shah, A.T. Tai, Souvik Banerjee · 7 authors
Public blockchains like Ethereum use Merkle trees to verify transactions received from untrusted servers before applying them to the blockchain. We empirically show that the low throughput of such blockchains is due to the I/O bottleneck associated with using Merkle trees for processing transactions. We present RAINBLOCK, a new architecture for public blockchains that increases throughput without affecting security. RAINBLOCK achieves this by tackling the I/O bottleneck on two fronts: first, decoupling transaction processing from I/O, and removing I/O from the critical path; second, reducing I/O amplification by customizing storage for blockchains. RAINBLOCK uses a novel variant of the Merkle tree, the Distributed Sharded Merkle tree (DSM-TREE) to store system state. We evaluate RAINBLOCK using workloads based on public Ethereum traces (including smart contracts) and show that RAINBLOCK processes 20K transactions per second in a geo-distributed setting with four regions spread across three continents.
Halvdan Haugsbakken, Inger Langseth
Blockchain technology is argued to be the next “big” digital technology trend that will challenge a number of organizations, including higher education institutions. In contrast, higher education institutions have a history of being slow to adopt new digital technologies in the organizational apparatus. The question that remains discussing is whether universities will approach blockchain technologies in ways that are different from traditional research and education. This paper intends to discuss three particular ways in which blockchain may challenge higher education institution. The paper questions whether blockchain technologies can democratize and automate learning process, reduce costly bureaucracy and be adopted in higher education institutions. In sum, the intent is to invite to a discussion on blockchain and address whether or in what ways higher education institutions should adopt blockchain technologies as a digital technology.
Abdullah Ahmad Zarir
Ethereum is a blockchain platform that hosts and executes general-purpose computer programs known as smart contracts. Users execute smart contracts by sending transactions to one of the functions of the contract. The execution of smart contracts in Ethereum has a cost that is measured in Gas unit. Executing a function of a smart contract burns a certain amount of gas units (a.k.a., gas usage). The total gas usage depends on how much computing power is necessary to carry out the execution of the function. Ethereum follows a free-market policy for deciding the transaction fee for executing a transaction. More specifically, users choose how much they are willing to pay in cryptocurrency for each unit of gas (a.k.a., gas price). Miners process transactions to gain mining rewards, which come directly from the paid transaction fees by users. However, neither the user nor the miner know, beforehand, the gas usage of a transaction. In this thesis, we analyze the Ethereum transaction data spanning between Oct. 2017 and Feb. 2019 (the Byzantium period) to conduct two studies that examine how gas usage and price impact the transaction processing dynamics of the Ethereum blockchain platform. \n \nIn our first study, we examine the strategies that are adopted by miners to prioritize transactions, the stability of the gas usage of contract functions, and whether the gas usage of a contract transaction can be predicted within a reasonable margin. We observe that most miners follow the default strategy for prioritizing transactions (which solely relies on gas price), a significant amount of contract functions have a very stable gas usage history, and it is possible to provide a real-time estimation of the gas usage of a transaction for these contracts with a median Adjusted RSquared of 0.86. \n \nIn the second study, we focus on understanding gas prices. We analyze how users commonly set gas prices and whether the contracts that are involved in user-to-contract transactions influence gas prices. Subsequently, we build a regression model to discover the factors that are strongly associated with the gas price of transactions. We observe that the gas prices set by users assume a wide range of values, vary considerably over time, and change based on the user. We also observe that the gas price of user-to-contract transactions differ significantly across contracts and functions. Lastly, we observe that different factors are more strongly associated with gas prices at different times. \n \nOur findings can help researchers to focus on the vulnerabilities of the current gas mechanism in their future work, provide developers insights on how to improve their decentralized applications (DApps) regarding transactions, motivate users to make an informed decision when issuing a transaction, and help miners to adopt optimized mining strategy.
Lei Yang, Vivek Bagaria, Gerui Wang, Mohammad Alizadeh · 7 authors
Bitcoin is the first fully decentralized permissionless blockchain protocol and achieves a high level of security: the ledger it maintains has guaranteed liveness and consistency properties as long as the adversary has less compute power than the honest nodes. However, its throughput is only 7 transactions per second and the confirmation latency can be up to hours. Prism is a new blockchain protocol which is designed to achieve a natural scaling of Bitcoin's performance while maintaining its full security guarantees. We present an implementation of Prism which achieves a throughput of 70,000 transactions per second and confirmation latencies of tens of seconds.
Н.П. Иващенко, Andrey Shastitko, Anastasia Shpakova
No abstract is available for this record.
Shengjing Sun, Xiaochen Zheng, Javier Villalba-Díez, Joaquín Ordieres‐Meré
Indoor air pollution has been ranked among the top five environmental risks to public health. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is proven to have significant impacts on people's comfort, health, and performance. Through a systematic literature review in the area of IAQ, two gaps have been identified by this study: short-term monitoring bias and IAQ data-monitoring solution challenges. The study addresses those gaps by proposing an Internet of Things (IoT) and Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT)-based IAQ data-monitoring system. The developed data-monitoring solution allows for the possibility of low-cost, long-term, real-time, and summarized IAQ information benefiting all stakeholders contributing to define a rich context for Industry 4.0. The solution helps the penetration of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)-based monitoring strategies in the specific case of Occupational Safety Health (OSH). The study discussed the corresponding benefits OSH regulation, IAQ managerial, and transparency perspectives based on two case studies conducted in Spain.
Yang, Lei, Xuechao Wang, Vivek Bagaria, Gerui Wang · 8 authors
Bitcoin is the first fully-decentralized permissionless blockchain protocol to achieve a high level of security, but at the expense of poor throughput and latency. Scaling the performance of Bitcoin has a been a major recent direction of research. One successful direction of work has involved replacing proof of work (PoW) by proof of stake (PoS). Proposals to scale the performance in the PoW setting itself have focused mostly on parallelizing the mining process, scaling throughput; the few proposals to improve latency have either sacrificed throughput or the latency guarantees involve large constants rendering it practically useless. Our first contribution is to design a new PoW blockchain Prism++ that has provably low latency and high throughput; the design retains the parallel-chain approach espoused in Prism but invents a new confirmation rule to infer the permanency of a block by combining information across the parallel chains. We show security at the level of Bitcoin with very small confirmation latency (a small constant factor of block interarrival time). A key aspect to scaling the performance is to use a large number of parallel chains, which puts significant strain on the system. Our second contribution is the design and evaluation of a practical system to efficiently manage the memory, computation, and I/O imperatives of a large number of parallel chains. Our implementation of Prism++ achieves a throughput of over 80,000 transactions per second and confirmation latency of tens of seconds on networks of up to 900 EC2 Virtual Machines.
Nils Paz, S. J. Silverman, John Harmon
Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) is a shared, synchronized and replicated data spread spatially and temporally with no centralized administration and/or storage. Each node has a complete and identical set of records. All participants contribute to building and maintaining the distributed ledger. Current DLT technologies fall into two broad categories. Those that use block-chains such as in Bitcoin or Ethereum, and newer approaches which reduce computational loads for verification. All current approaches though difficult to crack can be vulnerable to quantum algorithms using Quantum Information Technologies (QIT). This effort joins the 2 technologies, constructing a Quantum Distributed Ledger (QDL) which provides a higher level of security using QIT and a decentralized data depository using DLT. This enhanced security prevents middleman attacks with quantum computers yet retains the advantages of a decentralized ledger of data.