Mohammad Alvian Dharma Nararya, Shuri Mariasih Gietty, Himawan Aditya Pratama
Tulisan ini mengkaji secara kritis kemunculan gim Play-to-Earn (P2E) dalam kerangka teknologi Web3, dengan berargumen bahwa janji desentralisasi yang dibawa oleh blockchain dan Non-Fungible Token (NFT) justru mereproduksi, bahkan memperkuat, pola-pola eksploitasi kapitalisme tradisional. Model P2E merujuk pada sistem permainan digital yang memungkinkan pemain memperoleh keuntungan finansial dari aktivitas bermain melalui mekanisme ekonomi berbasis token kripto, di mana aset dalam gim memiliki nilai tukar di pasar digital. Sementara itu, blockchain merupakan teknologi pencatatan terdistribusi yang menyimpan data transaksi di banyak komputer (nodes) dan sering diklaim sebagai fondasi desentralisasi digital karena tidak bergantung pada otoritas tunggal. Melalui analisis terhadap infrastruktur Web3 dan studi kasus gim Axie Infinity (2018), tulisan ini menunjukkan bahwa sistem digital yang diklaim membebaskan pengguna dari kontrol terpusat justru memusatkan kekuasaan ekonomi dalam bentuk yang lebih terselubung. Dengan kerangka teori kapitalisme digital dan konsep false needs dari Herbert Marcuse, penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa ekonomi P2E mengubah aktivitas bermain menjadi bentuk kerja (playbor) dan menundukkan pemain pada pasar spekulatif yang menguntungkan pengembang dan pemilik modal. Di Asia Tenggara, tempat basis pemain P2E tetap besar meskipun gelembung pasarnya telah pecah, sistem ini mengeksploitasi kondisi sosial-ekonomi yang rentan dengan membingkai ketidakstabilan finansial sebagai peluang. Tulisan ini berargumen bahwa âdesentralisasiâ dalam Web3 merupakan bentuk sentralisasi terselubung melalui kontrol algoritmik, opasitas infrastruktur, dan privatisasi platform, menunjukkan bahwa Web3 dan gim P2E bukanlah alternatif pasca-kapitalis, melainkan fase baru dari kapitalisme digital yang mengomodifikasi permainan dan mendistribusikan risiko ke bawah sambil mengonsolidasikan keuntungan di atas.
The Paris Journal on AI & Digital Ethics Bootstrapping Trust across Web2 and Web3 Domains Using Publicly Verifiable Web Data Yuan LuÂč, Qiang TangÂČ Corresponding authors:luyuan@iscas.ac.cn âą qiang.tang@sydney.edu.au Abstract Through [âŠ]
This is an accepted article with a DOI pre-assigned that is not yet published.Web3 ecosystems represent an emergent field of digital religion where decentralized infrastructuresâspanning smart contracts, token economies, and symbolic interfacesâactively generate novel forms of ritual life. These rituals, deeply embedded in algorithmic processes and economic incentives, cultivate collective identities, symbolic hierarchies, and affective economies marked by hope and betrayal. To interpret these dynamics, this article proposes Distributed Rituals Analysis (DRA), a comprehensive framework synthesizing Lived Religion, Ritualization Theory, and Actor-Network Theory. Drawing on 18 months of ethnographic engagement across diverse Web3 communities âincluding NFTs, DAOs, and staking protocolsâI illustrate how decentralized practices become ritualized through temporal orchestration, symbolic differentiation, and distributed agency. Reflexive participation further reveals the researcherâs complex positionality as both observer and participant. DRA offers conceptual and methodological clarity for exploring emergent rituals in decentralized environments, illuminating how digital infrastructures reconfigure sacredness and collective meaning-making. This framework also lays the groundwork for future comparative inquiries into ritual forms across decentralized and hybrid spaces.
HsiâPeng Lu, Ya-Yuan Ku, KuoâLun Hsiao, Wadee Alhalabi
With the rise of blockchain and decentralized technologies, doubts about traditional financial institutions' efficiency have increased. Meanwhile, Web3 offers transparency, security, and autonomy. However, the existing literature overlooks role the role of doubt as a push factor while focusing on the positive effects of trust. Moreover, the role of crypto wallets as a mooring factor remains underexplored. This study applies push-pull-mooring theory to examine Web3 literacy, trust in machines, doubt in institutions, and switching costs. Data were collected from 165 survey respondents. The results indicate that Web3 literacy increases doubt in traditional institutions but does not significantly affect trust in Web3. Additionally, switching costs moderate the relationship between Web3 literacy and doubt. When switching costs are low, doubt rises significantly. This study provides a new perspective on Web3 adoption, showing doubt's push effect and the role of push-pull mooring in migration, thus addressing gaps in the literature. Furthermore, the findings highlight how decentralized finance's trust mechanism is evolving, offering insights for Web3 adoption.
A system implementaion paper on a decentralized application for transparent charity transactions built on hardhat , next js ,and django that combines the web2 and web3 dynamics.
Social sustainability in urban and architectural design depends on inclusive, participatory processes that empower communities to actively engage in shaping their environments. This study investigates how emerging digital platforms, specifically Augmented Reality (AR) and decentralized platforms built on blockchain technology (Web3), can function as instruments for broadening public participation and enhancing perceptual access to urban art proposals. An original algorithm generated nine digital abstract sculptures, each with descriptive attributes forming the basis for qualitative analysis across different visualization modes: traditional renderings, Augmented Reality environments, and NFT-based Web3 representations. Through participant voting, each digital sculpture accumulated a measurable level of preference that served to identify which sculpture was perceived as most successful within each visualization context. Comparative analysis revealed how distinct digital interactions shape perception, engagement, and inclusivity of feedback processes. Regression models further predicted voting outcomes, showing that different sculptural attributes played a dominant role depending on the type of visualization. Findings indicate that platform-specific technological affordances substantially shape participatory outcomes. Consequently, the study argues that careful analysis and selection of the digital platform must precede any participatory process, as platform-specific affordances fundamentally condition the inclusivity, accessibility, and overall effectiveness of public engagement in socially sustainable design.
This study presents a systematic literature review (SLR) conducted under the PRISMA 2020framework to investigate the convergence of two transformative paradigms: Generative ArtificialIntelligence (GenAI) and Web3. The findings indicate that, while each technology independentlydrives digital transformation, their integration remains underexplored. GenAI advancesinnovation through algorithmic creativity, personalization, and automated content generation,whereas Web3, enabled by blockchain, smart contracts, non-fungible tokens (NFTs), anddecentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs), introduces decentralized mechanisms of trust,transparency, and digital ownership. Current research addressing the intersection of thesedomains is fragmented and predominantly conceptual, leaving critical gaps in trust mechanisms,governance structures, operational models, and legal frameworks.To address these gaps, this study proposes the conceptual AIChain Framework: a unifiedplatform that integrates GenAI-powered content generation, automated tokenization, trustengines, and decentralized marketplaces. This architecture demonstrates cross-sectoral potentialin creative industries, FinTech, and education by linking algorithmic creativity withdecentralized ownership. The contributions are threefold: (1) at the theoretical level, the studysynthesizes the Resource-Based View (RBV), the Dynamic Capabilities View (DCV), the digitaltrust framework, and the information interaction model to establish a foundation for analyzingGenAIâWeb3 convergence; (2) at the practical level, it introduces an operational architecture fornext-generation platform development; and (3) at the policy and governance level, it highlightsthe need for transparent, auditable, and participatory models to prevent technological oligopolies.By bridging theoretical insights with practical implications, this research provides a roadmap forfuture scholarship and industry practice, including pilot implementations of the AIChainframework, the design of hybrid governance models, and the assessment of ethical andenvironmental implications surrounding GenAIâWeb3 convergence.
In the dynamic landscape of e-commerce, fostering customer loyalty is critical for sustainable growth and profitability, given the ease with which consumers can switch platforms and the high cost of acquiring new customers. This study explores multifaceted strategies for enhancing customer retention, including loyalty programs, gamification, customer lifetime value (CLV) and churn analytics, and community-based approaches. It examines how data-driven personalization, psychological reward systems, and emotional connections through brand communities drive loyalty. Examples such as Amazon Prime, Sephoraâs Beauty Insider, and Nike Run Club illustrate the effectiveness of tailored rewards, gamification, and social engagement. The integration of CLV and churn analytics enables businesses to optimize resources by targeting high-value customers and predicting churn risk. Community strategies, leveraging social media, user-generated content, and events, foster a sense of belonging, particularly among younger demographics. Ethical considerations, including data privacy and transparency, are highlighted as essential for maintaining trust. The study underscores the evolving role of technology, such as AI and Web3, in shaping innovative, customer-centric loyalty strategies for both large and small e-commerce businesses.
Mohit Malik, Rahul S Mor, Vijay Kumar Gahlawat, Vikas Kumar
âą Presents a novel hybrid blockchain and AI-enabled end-to-end SC traceability model. âą Validates a multilayer Web3-based architecture integrating smart contracts, ML algorithms & IoT-enabled data capture. âą Offers a proof-of-concept and feasibility analysis, highlighting scalability, transaction speed & system responsiveness. Conventional traceability systems without real-time information transmission are susceptible to tampering. In contrast, blockchain and artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled traceability models offer transparency and accountability, given their decentralized nature and immutability. This research conceptualizes and develops a hybrid blockchain and AI-enabled traceability (prototype) model and implements it in the dairy industry. The study includes a collaborative research methodology, including a literature review to analyze the existing traceability solutions, identify data entry points, select model requirements, and deploy smart contracts, decentralized applications (Dapps) and Web3 technologies to develop and validate the proposed model via Testnet . The findings present the user interface developed as a prototype traceability model and its characteristics, such as transparency, decentralized nature, and immutability, followed by practical validation. The post-implementation data analysis highlighted the security, privacy, smart contract validation rules, and comparative insights, as well as the alignment of the theoretical model with practical applications using Web3 technologies. This research contributes to the literature on hybrid blockchain and AI-enabled traceability, highlighting the potential for exploring opportunities in the food industry.
Mobile Web3 faces catastrophic retention (< 5%) yielding effective acquisition costs of \$500 - \$1,000 per retained user. Existing solutions force an impossible tradeoff: embedded wallets achieve moderate usability but suffer inherent click-jacking vulnerabilities; app wallets maintain security at the cost of 2 - 3% retention due to download friction and context-switching penalties. We present SecureSign, a PWA-based architecture that adapts desktop browser extension security to mobile via EIP-6963 provider sandboxing. SecureSign isolates dApp execution in iframes within a trusted parent application, achieving click-jacking immunity and transaction integrity while enabling native mobile capabilities (push notifications, home screen installation, zero context-switching). Our drop-in SDK requires no codebase changes for existing Web3 applications. Threat model analysis demonstrates immunity to click-jacking, overlay, and skimming attacks while maintaining wallet interoperability across dApps.
Audio piracy detection is increasingly complex in decentralised distribution settings, where mainstream approaches fail to ensure robustness, verifiability, or computational efficiency. Conventional Digital Rights Management (DRM) systems mainly enforce licensed access, but once content is copied or redistributed outside their control they offer little protection. Classical fingerprinting approaches such as MFCC based hashes can detect near-exact duplicates, yet they often fail under signal edits like pitch shifting, time stretching or equalisation. Deep learning embeddings improve robustness but demand heavy computation and centralised resources, making them less suitable for edge or decentralised deployments. These limitations call for a solution that is both edit resilient and verifiable. We propose HashWave, a blockchain-integrated perceptual hashing framework that combines robust audio fingerprinting with tamper-proof verification. The system fuses MFCC, chroma and chroma CENS, CQT, spectral contrast, and lightweight tempo/energy cues, applying operation-aware weighting via [Formula: see text] and constrained DTW for time-scale edits. Evaluated across GTZAN, FMA-A Dataset for Music Analysis, and MUSAN (SLR17) with over twenty signal-processing transformations, HashWave achieves AUC 0.957 and TPR@1%FPR 0.952, outperforming MFCC-only baselines and approaching deep embeddings at lower CPU cost. The blockchain layer, built on Ethereum and IPFS, ensures decentralised hash storage, duplication control, and verifiable authorship with average upload and contract execution times of 0.017 s and 0.044 s. Together, these results establish HashWave as a practical, scalable, and secure framework for piracy detection across streaming, podcasting, and Web3 ecosystems.
Open access
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have enabled the emergence of intelligent agents capable of performing complex multi-step tasks across various domains. In parallel, the growth of Web3 has introduced a decentralized web infrastructure, yet remains largely inaccessible to non-technical users due to operational complexity, fragmented information, and security risks. In this article, we present Web3Agent , an AI agent system that integrates LLM-based interaction with blockchain environments to enable language-driven on-chain operations. Web3Agent automatically decomposes user instructions into structured workflows, dynamically queries blockchain data and APIs, and performs multi-step operations such as asset transfers, token swaps, and smart contract execution. Web3Agent incorporates real-time inspection, error handling, and interaction transparency across its operation log, and flow visualization components. We evaluate the system and perform ablation study with customized dataset in a simulated environment, demonstrating its feasibility in orchestrating complex Web3 tasks and highlighting implications for agent-based abstraction in decentralized systems.
Web3 applications, built on blockchain technology, manage billions of dollars in digital assets through decentralized applications (dApps) and smart contracts. These systems rely on complex, software supply chains that introduce significant security vulnerabilities. This paper examines the software supply chain security challenges unique to the Web3 ecosystem, where traditional Web2 software supply chain problems intersect with the immutable and high-stakes nature of blockchain technology. We analyze the threat landscape and propose mitigation strategies to strengthen the security posture of Web3 systems.
The manuscript should contain an abstract. The abstract should be self-contained and citation-free and should not exceed 300 âwords. The abstract should state the purpose, approach, results, and conclusions of the paper. The author should assume that the reader has âsome knowledge of the subject but has not read the paper. Thus, the abstract should be intelligible and complete in itself (no numerical âreferences); it should not cite figures, tables, or sections of the paper. The abstract should be written using the third person instead of first per-âson.â This study examines the potential of Web3 technologies to enhance accounting transparency in government budgets through a survey of âacademics and professionals in Erbil, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. A structured questionnaire with 25 statements across five dimensions was âadministered to 55 respondents (74.55% academics in accounting/finance, 20% professionals from the Board of Supreme Audit) using a âfive-point Likert scale, with data analyzed via SPSS V.27.â âThe empirical results extensively validate Web3's application in enhancing governmental financial transparency. Although the theoretical âframework emphasized blockchain immutability as the foundation, statistical evidence revealed stronger endorsement for smart contracts ââ(mean = 4.167) and real-time access (mean = 4.06) compared to blockchain immutability (mean = 4.047). All hypotheses were validated at a p ââ< 0.000 significance level. Decentralized recordkeeping (mean = 4.12) and interoperability (mean = 4.116) also received strong support, âhighlighting the need for internal control and cross-government reconciliation.â âThe stronger support for smart contracts and real-time access reflects stakeholders' prioritization of practical, user-facing applications over âunderlying infrastructure. These tools offer immediate automation of budget controls, measurable cost savings, and direct citizen engage-âmentâaddressing urgent transparency challenges in the Kurdistan Region context more directly than blockchain's foundational security âfeatures.â âFrom an accounting perspective, Web3 supports fundamental financial reporting principles: blockchain immutability aligns with reliability âof accounting records; smart contracts function as programmed spending controls enhancing compliance and restricting unauthorized ex-âpenditures; real-time access corresponds to timeliness and disclosure principles, enabling continuous monitoring by citizens and oversight âagencies; while decentralization and interoperability strengthen internal control and promote consistency across governmental financial sys-âtems.â âWhile blockchain provides essential recordkeeping infrastructure for transparent records, stakeholder priorities emphasize automation, âaccessibility, and integration. These findings suggest governmental accounting reforms should prioritize smart contracts and real-time reporting systems as primary drivers of financial transparency, with blockchain serving as the supporting foundation. The study recommends âincremental adoption, development of real-time dashboards, integration with existing infrastructure, and establishment of supportive institutional frameworks.
The increasingly sophisticated environment in which attackers operate makes software security an even greater challenge in open-source projects, where malicious packages are prevalent. Static analysis tools, such as Malcontent, are highly useful but are often incapable of dealing with obfuscated malware. Such situations lead to an unreasonably high rate of false positives. This paper highlights that dynamic analysis, rather than static analysis, provides greater insight but is also more resource-intensive for understanding software behaviour during execution. In this study, we enhance a dynamic analysis tool, package-analysis, to capture key runtime behaviours, including commands executed, files accessed, and network communications. This modification enables the use of container sandboxing technologies, such as gVisor, to analyse potentially malicious packages without significantly compromising the host system.
A. Marques, Luiz Eduardo Terra de Faria, Diogo S. Mendonça
The exponential growth of the cryptoasset market and the advancement of decentralized technologies have challenged traditional models of tax collection. In particular, self-custody wallets, which allow users to maintain direct control over their digital assets without the mediation of financial institutions, pose significant obstacles to oversight and tax compliance. This paper proposes an approach for the automatic collection of taxes on foreign exchange operations with stablecoins, using smart contracts on decentralized exchanges (DEXs). Through the implementation of a Proof of Concept (PoC), based on the Split Payment logic, we demonstrate the technical feasibility of applying a tax rate, analogous to the IOF, directly during transactions carried out by self-custody wallets, without the need for prior user identification. Experimental results, validated on the Polygon mainnet, reinforce the potential of the proposed model as a practical solution aligned with the principles of Web3, contributing to the debate on automated tax compliance mechanisms in decentralized environments.
This paper introduces a structured approach to improving decision making in Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAO) through the integration of the Question-Option-Criteria (QOC) model and AI agents. We outline a stepwise governance framework that evolves from human led evaluations to fully autonomous, AI-driven processes. By decomposing decisions into weighted, criterion based evaluations, the QOC model enhances transparency, fairness, and explainability in DAO voting. We demonstrate how large language models (LLMs) and stakeholder aligned AI agents can support or automate evaluations, while statistical safeguards help detect manipulation. The proposed framework lays the foundation for scalable and trustworthy governance in the Web3 ecosystem.
FabrĂcio Barbosa Viegas, Murilo Costa Salem, Tatiana Aires Tavares
Digital messaging plays a central role in modern society, but it is currently dominated by centralized platforms that compromise user privacy and control. This position paper argues that decentralized messaging systems, based on open protocols and free software, can serve as public communication infrastructure and exemplify Web3 as a digital common good. We discuss the limitations of current services (identity lock-in, user fragmentation, data exposure) and present decentralized approaches (peer-to-peer, federated, blockchain-based) according to recent literature. We relate these models to the concept of public digital infrastructure, essential communication systems managed in a non-exclusive manner, and the notions of digital commons. As illustrative cases, we cite open protocols like Matrix and Web3 initiatives that adopt blockchain-based identity (e.g., XMTP), showing that such systems exhibit the characteristics of common resources: public specification, collective governance, and open-source software.
Contemporary Online Social Networks (OSNs) present critical vulnerabilities in user authentication and data integrity protocols. Since the social network is a multi-user platform, it requires a well-performing authentication mechanism that works along with the blockchain to ensure secure transactions. The existing methodologies exhibit significant limitations, particularly susceptibility to quantum cryptanalysis and privacy vector compromises. This study proposes a novel blockchain-based framework for decentralized OSNs, implementing smart contracts and InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) protocols to establish a distributed authentication architecture that mitigates these vulnerabilities while maintaining computational efficiency. Initially, we propose a post-quantum digital signature followed by a blockchain system using the signatures. Unlike previous OSNs, our solution uses post-quantum approaches, making it secure against both classical and quantum attacks. To enhance the data authentication of social network users, this research leverages the post-quantum multimodal biometric-based approach, where an improved version of Crystals Dilithium 3 is utilized in place of ECDSA in the XRP Ledger (XRPL) blockchain. We have integrated different post-quantum algorithms with XRPL using the open quantum safe library (liboqs) and compared the results in terms of resource consumption. The research explores the advantages of the proposed approach, highlighting its potential to mitigate the shortcomings of conventional methods and ensure secure data transmission in the era of quantum computing.
Trust on the internet is an essential pillar for online interactions, and blockchain technologies offer a new paradigm of trust based on data integrity and decentralization, enabling innovative solutions such as theWeb3 applications. This paper presents the experimental infrastructure for blockchain research and development currently being built within the ILIADA project at RNP, and its use for the development of new Web3 applications.
Property valuation, a foundational method for governments, financial institutions, and insurers to gauge economic stability, remains hindered by opaque, fragmented data practices. Despite technological advancements like Artificial Inteligence (AI) and Web3, valuation processes rely on siloed, non-standardized data that institutions rarely shareâeven internally. This paper identifies systemic barriers to global transparency and proposes a Proptech framework to resolve this disconnect. Unlike market valuation, which leverages AI and algorithms to predict prices, housing valuation depends on manual audits and confidential metrics. This lack of transparency limits governments' capacity to preempt real estate crises or curb speculative risks. By integrating blockchain-enabled data sharing and AI analytics, a decentralized Proptech platform, sharing a global network, could standardize and democratize valuation data, enabling real-time insights for crisis management and evidence-based policymaking. The study highlights how such innovation could transform urban planning, financial markets, and economic resilience, positioning Proptech as a catalyst for equitable, transparent valuation ecosystems. Received: 7 April 2025 | Revised: 29 July 2025 | Accepted: 14 October 2025 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement The data that support this work are available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author. Author Contribution Statement Pedro Faria: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing â original draft, Writing â review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration. Peter Finn: Conceptualization, Validation, Investigation, Resources, Writing â review & editing. Tiago Navarro: Conceptualization, Resources, Writing â review & editing, Visualization, Supervision.
The rapid development of decentralized technologies and blockchain is transforming the methods of authentication, data management and the implementation of digital human rights, which actualizes the need to form a new identity paradigm based on user autonomy and trustful interaction without intermediaries. The purpose of this article is to substantiate self-sovereign identity as the foundation of trust and digital asset management within the Web3 ecosystem. The research methodology combines comparative legal and formal-dogmatic analysis, structural-functional modeling of the three-way interaction among issuer, holder, and verifier, as well as a problem-oriented review of the technical standards and practices of early platforms (Sovrin, uPort). It is demonstrated that the emergence of self-sovereign identity is a natural response to the shortcomings of centralized and federated identification models in Web 2.0 (OAuth 2.0, OpenID Connect): dependence on providers, concentration of leakage risks, and inability to disclose attributes selectively. The article reveals the mechanism of trust formation in the self-sovereign identity system, which is based on a three-party model of interaction between the issuer, the holder and the verifier; in this model, data authenticity is ensured using cryptographic verifiability through decentralized identifiers and verifiable credentials, which allows minimizing the participation of intermediaries, reducing the surface of possible attacks and guaranteeing the autonomy of the data subject in the process of managing their own digital identity. The key principles of self-sovereign identity (control, availability, transparency, minimization of disclosure, portability, security/resilience, and consent) are systematized, and their applied role in forming a «trust architecture» in Web3 (DAO, DeFi, NFT) is demonstrated. The study revealed a regulatory asymmetry between the technological development of self-sovereign identity systems and the level of their legal regulation. For Ukraine, key regulatory gaps have been specified that hinder the implementation of self-sovereign identity systems and limit the possibility of integrating Ukrainian e-government systems into the international Web3 space: the legislation lacks definitions of the terms «self-sovereign identity» and «decentralized identifier», which is why these concepts have no legal status in Ukraine; the current legal framework for electronic identification and personal data protection is incompatible with the principles of decentralization, self-control, and minimization of information disclosure, which underlie the SSI model. The practical significance of the results lies in the proposed holistic legal and technical framework for developing Web3 trust services, which enables the design of interoperable and secure processes for managing digital assets, prioritizing personal sovereignty over data.