Blockchain Papers

Vinod Salunkhe, R. Sujatha

No abstract is available for this record.

Frederico Chaves Carvalho, Marisa Maximiano, Ricardo Gomes, Vítor Távora · 6 authors

Increasing demand in innovative healthcare systems, as well as information management, enforces institutions and private consortiums to enroll in decentralized solutions that preserve patient’s sensitive information, and give capability of revoking and grating access to specific entities that request patient data. With blockchain emerging technology these solutions can be achieved allowing a more user-centric control of their own data. Furthermore, the need to conceal information and disabling data mining algorithm from agglomerating patient’s data and correlate them to their corresponding healthcare providers. This is crucial to maintain several privacy issues introduced by third parties accessing patient data without the patient’s explicit consent and applying those algorithms to perform clinical studies. This paper proposes an architectural approach at solving the problem of privacy preserving data sharing agreements between patients and healthcare providers, using blockchain, smart contracts and zero-knowledge proofs.

Sharad Katkol, Praveen M. Dhulavvagol, Shashikumar G. Totad

Blockchain technology has the potential to transform healthcare data management by enhancing security, transparency, and data integrity. However, scalability, latency, and privacy concerns have limited its application in high-volume, sensitive environments such as healthcare. This paper introduces a blockchain architecture that addresses these challenges through adaptive sharding and rule-based data partitioning. The adaptive sharding algorithm dynamically adjusts shard configurations in response to real-time network demands, optimizing resource allocation and improving scalability. Meanwhile, rule-based data partitioning organizes transactions across shards based on specific attributes, such as transaction type or geographic region, to minimize cross-shard communication and improving processing efficiency. Together, these methods increase transaction throughput by 34% and reduce latency by 9% compared to traditional approaches. Additionally, the system incorporates Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) consensus to strengthen security, along with zero-knowledge proofs and homomorphic encryption to protect sensitive patient data during transaction verification. This architecture provides a comprehensive, scalable, and secure blockchain solution tailored to the unique needs of healthcare data management, addressing critical limitations while maintaining privacy and data integrity.

Faisal Alanazi, Mahdi Zareei, Alberto Rodríguez Arreola

The rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) demands solutions that can secure massive streams of sensitive data without sacrificing performance. Traditional blockchains struggle in IoT environments, facing significant challenges with transaction speed, scalability, and privacy. This paper introduces PRIVOT, a novel blockchain architecture that integrates a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) for high-throughput consensus with lightweight zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) for confidential transactions, rateless coded computation for private analytics, and an AI-driven manager that dynamically balances security and efficiency. Our simulations show that PRIVOT significantly outperforms traditional blockchain approaches, achieving high transaction throughput (up to 480 TPS on a 500-device network) with confirmation latencies under 2.1 seconds, even under heavy load. The framework provides robust privacy, limiting data leakage to less than 0.1% against significant node collusion, while keeping computational overhead low enough for resource-constrained IoT devices. By unifying these techniques, PRIVOT offers a scalable and resilient solution ideal for large-scale IoT deployments where both high performance and strong privacy are paramount.

Shamneesh Sharma, Nidhi Mishra

No abstract is available for this record.

Lyhour Hak, Somchart Fugkeaw

The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is transforming healthcare by enabling devices to generate and share critical patient data. However, securely sharing this data across different healthcare entities remains a significant challenge due to concerns over privacy and security. Traditional solutions using Ciphertext Policy Attribute-Based Encryption (CP-ABE), Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI), and Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) offer secure and anonymous data access, but they often fall short in scalability and integration, particularly in cross domain environments. To address these limitations, we introduce SSL-XIoMT, an optimized SSI and ZKP authentication framework within a consortium Hyperledger-based environment. This innovative system integrates SSI under advanced Zero-Knowledge Scalable Transparent Argument of Knowledge (ZK-STARK) and Plonk protocols within a consortium Hyperledger framework for privacy-preserving identity verification. We enhance identity privacy by integrating Multi-Party Computation (MPC), ensuring that identity credentials and ZKP proofs are securely shared and reconstructed without exposing sensitive information. Additionally, we optimize CP-ABE by offloading complex computations to fog nodes, which pre-compute attributes and logical operations. This approach significantly reduces computational overhead and enhances both privacy and efficiency. Our extensive analysis shows that SSL-XIoMT dramatically improves the performance of processing time for CP-ABE encryption and decryption compared to current methods. Moreover, our hybrid ZKPs based authentication approach outperforms the existing schemes regarding processing time and flexibility. The throughput test also demonstrates that SSL-XIoMT is practical for large scale cross-domain data sharing implementation.

Mohammed El Baraka, Siham Ezzouak

This paper proposes a quantum-resistant signature protocol tailored for Bitcoin transactions, leveraging the commutative supersingular isogeny Diffie-Hellman (CSIDH) cryptographic system. By achieving a key size of 64 bytes and a signature size of 128 bytes, the protocol realises up to an 80% reduction in combined key and signature storage overhead compared to SPHINCS+. Benchmark results further reveal a 50% improvement in signing throughput relative to SPHINCS+, while maintaining comparable verification performance. These findings underscore the practical benefits of adopting quantum-resistant cryptographic solutions and highlight the protocol's potential to secure blockchain systems in the post-quantum era.

Laura García, Carlos Cancimance, Rafael Asorey-Cacheda, Claudia Liliana Zúñiga Cañón · 6 authors

Data integrity and traceability are important challenges to provide security in the Internet of Things (IoT) networks, which are often vulnerable to data manipulation attacks due to their use of low-resource devices and wireless communication technologies. In this regard, blockchain is a promising solution to enhance IoT security, but the implementation of a conventional blockchain requires high computational and network connectivity resources that are not compatible with IoT networks. In this paper, we propose a lightweight blockchain for data integrity and traceability in IoT networks that adapts the Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) feature of blockchain to the LoRaWAN wireless communication protocol. Our proposal offers data integrity without the need for complex consensus algorithms or cryptographic operations.We also have designed and implemented a logical LoRaWAN P2P topology that enables communication between the IoT nodes which comprise LoRaWAN’s characteristic star topology. Finally, we evaluate our proposal and demonstrate its feasibility and performance in terms of data traceability, and network overhead.

Asrar Mahboob, Muhammad Rashad, Ghulam Abbas, Zohaib Mushtaq · 6 authors

This paper presents a novel blockchain-embedded cybersecurity framework for industrial solar power systems, integrating immutable machine learning (ML) with distributed ledger technology. Our contribution focused on three fac... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on Tech Science Press

Asif Mahmud, Kareem Kamal, Ahmed Wasif Reza

Cryptocurrency mining data centers consume 100-200 times more energy than conventional office areas annually. Regulating power consumption, cooling mechanisms, and thermal control performance is crucial to creating a greener and more energy-efficient crypto-mining data center. This paper presents a new cryptocurrency mining data center design that is both environmentally friendly and energy-efficient. The design considers popular green and energy-saving data center cooling and temperature management approaches, as well as cost-effective operations. The total monthly cost of the proposed data center is 358025 USD, with renewable energy generating 68520 kW of electricity. The monthly profit from Bitcoin mining is 3200806.969 USD, while Ethereum mining is 2317353.503 USD. The PUE number is 1.04, and the DCiE is 96.15 percent. These statistics help determine the model’s conclusion.

Weigang Ma, Jiaqi Qi, M Ye, Yibo Zhang

ABSTRACT An increasing number of knowledge resources are stored and disseminated in digital form, resulting in new challenges for Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) protection, including difficulty in establishing rights, difficulty in defending rights, and difficulty in incurring high costs. The proposed system in this paper aims to use Internet of Things (IoT) devices to collect knowledge resource data, store it in the Interplanetary File System (IPFS) network, and mint non‐fungible tokens (NFTs) in the blockchain, simplifying the process of IPR confirmation and protection while reducing costs. Additionally, blockchain transactions are delivered to the blockchain service network (BSN) to enhance network credibility. Experimental results show an average file storage time of 0.05 s, a 13% reduction in the average time for property rights registration, and a reduction in maintenance costs.

Serena Gomez, Chaitanya Vijaykumar Mahamuni, Angelin Abisha, Aditi Patil

<p><strong>This paper contributes to the literature by</strong> presenting a reproducible framework for designing and testing fair on-chain governance systems. It introduces <em>CryptoKen</em>, an Ethereum-based token using quadratic voting to reduce plutocracy and enhance participation in decentralized organizations, achieving high usability (SUS 82.5) and 92% verified test coverage.</p>

Dey, Joydeep

Edge Artificial Intelligence (Edge AI) represents a transformative shift in the way data is processed, analyzed, and acted upon. By combining the capabilities of artificial intelligence with the decentralized architecture of edge computing, Edge AI enables faster decision-making, enhanced data privacy, and improved operational efficiency. This manuscript explores the essential aspects of Edge AI, including its real-time responsiveness, cost efficiency, and sustainability benefits. It also highlights the wide range of industrial applications — from healthcare and manufacturing to autonomous systems — while addressing key challenges such as limited device computing power and integration complexities. As organizations increasingly adopt Edge AI solutions, the technology is paving the way toward a hybrid future where edge and cloud systems coexist, driving innovation, scalability, and intelligence across every connected ecosystem.

Ashok Kumar Pasi, Irfan Siddavatam, Ashwini Dalvi

Blockchain technology will revolutionize many industries since it provides decentralization, transparency, and security features. However, existing algorithms are not without challenges-that is, high power consumption, limited scalability, and vulnerability. This paper aims to propose a novel hybrid consensus algorithm based on a combination of Proof of Stake (PoS) and Proof of Elapsed Time (PoET). This innovative approach strives to surpass the current shortcomings and to improve the performance and security of blockchain systems. This proposed algorithm can balance the security, performance, and resource utilization features of the PoS-based energy efficiency and the PoET-based fairness and scalability. This paper shows the hybrid algorithm design and its mathematical modelling. Its operational flow and main elements are fully explained. An extensive simulation was performed to evaluate this proposed algorithm with other conventional consensus mechanisms such as PoW, PoA, and hybrid PoS + PoW regarding throughput, latency, scalability, and energy efficiency. Results showed that PoS + PoET improved performance on the blockchain to great heights with high throughput capabilities and scalability without affecting the security aspect. This study is very important for the development of energy-efficient and scalable blockchain solutions that can open up the application of blockchain technology in real-world applications. The results are expected to contribute to further research and development in sustainable blockchain ecosystems.

Nisita Weerasinghe, Pawani Porambage, An Braeken, Madhusanka Liyanage · 5 authors

The transition from fifth-generation (5 G) to sixth-generation (6 G) networks is driving significant advancements in network slicing, fueled by the growing demand for next-generation applications and services. However, managing these advancements within the constraints of finite resources creates the opportunity for open resource marketplaces, which introduces technical and business challenges. To address these, we propose TokenNet, the first blockchain-based architecture that represents network resources as non-fungible tokens (NFTs) in the context of network slicing. TokenNet facilitates secure, decentralized resource trading, ownership traceability, and management, optimizing resource allocation through auctioning, brokering, and trust mechanisms. It offers more granular, flexible, and trustworthy control over network resources compared to existing state-of-the-art systems. Our prototype implementation demonstrates its effectiveness, outperforming baseline models in cost efficiency, reducing delays, and improving minting performance. These advantages position TokenNet as a promising solution for future network management.

Aakanksha Aakanksha, David Sundaram

The traditional top-down approach to hospital location decision-making often leads to inefficiencies and fails to address communities’ evolving needs. This paper proposes a novel smart ecosystem planning model that leverages advanced technologies, including blockchain and smart contracts, to enhance hospital site selection processes. We propose a model based on the Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) concept to manage healthcare location decisions. Our study focuses on implementing this model in New Zealand (NZ), by analyzing long-term healthcare needs and optimize resource allocation for new healthcare facilities. The proposed smart ecosystem empowers many stakeholders to participate actively in decision-making. This collaborative approach ensures hospital locations are chosen based on comprehensive, data-driven insights, leading to improved healthcare delivery, operational efficiency, and equitable service access. Our findings provide valuable managerial insights for healthcare administrators and policymakers and offer a scalable model that other regions and countries can adopt to enhance healthcare infrastructure planning.

Zainab Abdullah Jasim, Ameer Kadhim Hadi

Recent years have seen extensive adoption of blockchain technology across a variety of application domains, all with the goal of enhancing data privacy, system trustworthiness, and security. One of the biggest problems with blockchain is its inability to scale; other problems include energy consumption, latency, throughput, and the ever-increasing volume of daily transactions. The consensus technique relies on hash functions, which are important to highlight. Thus, such development is fundamental to blockchain advances in terms of structure. This study introduces a revolutionary change to the Proof-of-Stake (POS) consensus methods by suggesting the replacement of the commonly used SHA256 hash function with the extremely efficient Blake3. Many blockchain-based systems, including POS algorithms, still employ the widely used SHA256 algorithm for cryptographic hashing. Nevertheless, fresh research has shown that SHA256 has performance and security flaws. We show that the Blake3 hash function, is better than the SHA256 hash in many respects, including latency, throughput, and energy, via rigorous testing and functional analysis. Diverse parameters were utilized, including the quantity of blocks and validators. Seen cases are taken into account for performance evaluation. In the initial scenario, utilizing 500 blocks and 4 validators, our proposed methodology has surpassed the benchmark by achieving a 66% reduction in latency, over 50% in throughput, and a 55% decrease in energy consumption. The rate of enhancement is nearly uniform across all other instances, indicating that the implementation of Blake3 within the conventional POS consensus mechanism has demonstrated its advantages.

Mohammed A. Aleisa

This research introduced a new novel “Unified Quantum-Resilient Blockchain-Zero-Knowledge Proofs Privacy Authentication Framework (QBC-ZKPAF)” to upgrade the IoT environments with greater security. To enable privacy-preserving authentication, access control, and secure communication, the framework integrates blockchain technology with Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) and post-quantum cryptography. A hybrid Reinforcement-Lattice Blockchain KeyGen for quantum-resilient key generation, Deep Q-Network Multi-Factor Secure Key (DQN-MFSK) for dynamic selection of keys, and Zero-Knowledge Proof for privacy-preserving signatures are employed to achieve secure IoT settings. This architecture entails data privacy and confidentiality, auditability and traceability, and withstanding evolving threats, including potential threats in terms of quantum attacks. It then uses blockchain technology for recording unalterable data of identity and access management while Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKP) ensures authentication and verification without revealing sensitive information. By decentralizing identity management and enabling multi-factor authentication, QBC-ZKPAF provides robust security and privacy solutions for IoT networks. The experimental results demonstrate the model’s effectiveness with 98% privacy preservation, 700 TPS throughput, 0.7 J energy consumption, 0.98 quantum resilience, and 96% access control effectiveness, making it highly suitable for modern IoT and blockchain applications.

William Villegas-Ch, Rommel Gutierrez, Alexandra Maldonado Navarro, Aracely Mera-Navarrete

The Internet of Things (IoT) expansion has exposed connected devices to significant security vulnerabilities, particularly in terms of authentication and authorization. Traditional solutions, such as centralized servers or Proof of Work (PoW)–based blockchain, are unfeasible due to the resource limitations of IoT devices, such as their low processing capacity and dependence on batteries. This study proposes a lightweight blockchain system based on a simplified Proof of Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism designed to optimize energy consumption and improve resilience to attacks in IoT networks. The system implements a hierarchical network topology that improves data propagation and transmission times, significantly reducing latency compared to distributed topologies. In addition, it uses lightweight cryptographic algorithms such as ECDSA for authentication and AES-128 for authorization, ensuring transaction security without compromising the efficiency of IoT devices. The results show that the system reduces energy consumption by 54% compared to PoW solutions in high-load scenarios while maintaining an average latency below 30 ms. Furthermore, the system achieved a 92.5% attack detection rate under low malicious load, demonstrating its effectiveness in high-threat environments. This work offers a scalable and efficient solution that optimizes security and performance in IoT networks, opening new possibilities for its application in critical infrastructures and real-time sensor networks.

Farhana Javed, Josep Mangues‐Bafalluy

This paper presents a multi-contract blockchain framework for inter-provider agreements in 6G networks, emphasizing performance analysis under a realistic Proof-of-Stake (PoS) setting on Ethereum's Sepolia testnet. We begin by quantifying Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)-based gas usage for critical operations such as provider registration, service addition, and SLA penalty enforcement, observing that cold writes and deep data structures can each inflate gas consumption by up to 20\%. We then examine block-level dynamics when multiple transactions execute concurrently, revealing that moderate concurrency (e.g., 30--50 simultaneous transactions) can fill blocks to 80--90\% of their gas limit and nearly double finalization times from around 15~seconds to over 30~seconds. Finally, we synthesize these insights into a practical design guide, demonstrating that flattening nested mappings, consolidating storage writes, and selectively timing high-impact transactions can markedly reduce costs and latency spikes. Collectively, our findings underscore the importance of EVM-specific optimizations and transaction scheduling for large-scale decentralized applications in 6G telecom scenarios. The implementation is available online.

Tanuj Surve, Amit Kumar Tyagi, Bukola Fatimah Balogun

Blockchain’s use in smart finance is transforming financial technology. This detailed study examines blockchain’s role in decentralized governance and its potential to transform digital transactions. An enlightening introduction emphasizes blockchain’s importance in the ever-changing banking sector. Blockchain, originally connected with digital money, is now a versatile technology that has influenced banking. The literature review dominates, covering blockchain in finance studies on decentralized governance. Smart contracts and distributed ledger architecture are game-changers, promising transparency, security, and efficiency. Decentralized governance undermines centralized authority systems, creating a more inclusive and democratic financial landscape. The article highlights the adoption of blockchain by traditional banks and creative fintech startups as it explores blockchain’s impact on finance. Blockchain applications range from digital identity verification to supply chain financing on public, private, and group blockchains. The methodology section emphasizes the research methodologies’ robustness and completeness. A review of relevant studies and case studies as far as observed are capable of helping comprehend blockchain in smart finance. Blockchain architecture and decentralized governance in smart finance are explored in the article. A detailed review of blockchain systems and consensus processes illuminates their merits and cons. Decentralized finance (DeFi) and smart contracts show how blockchain technology might alter financial systems. Considering the changing regulatory landscape and the need for clear frameworks, challenges and prospects are examined. The paper suggests researching decentralized governance in financial services and its effects on existing banking models.

Burhan Ul Islam Khan, Khang Wen Goh, Abdul Raouf Khan, Megat F. Zuhairi · 5 authors

A typical Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) defines the usage of static sensors; however, the growing focus on smart cities has led to a rise in the adoption of mobile sensors to meet the varied demands of Internet of Things (IoT) applications. This results in significantly increasing dependencies towards secure storage and effective resource management. One way to address this issue is to harness the immutability property of the Ethereum blockchain. However, the existing challenges in IoT communication using blockchain are noted to eventually lead to symmetry issues in the network dynamics of Ethereum. The key issues related to this symmetry are scalability, resource disparities, and centralization risk, which offer sub-optimal opportunities for nodes to gain benefits, influence, or participate in the processes in the blockchain network. Therefore, this paper presents a novel blockchain-based computation model for optimizing resource utilization and offering secure data exchange during active communication among mobile sensors. An empirical method of trust computation was carried out to identify the degree of legitimacy of mobile sensor participation in the network. Finally, a novel cost model has been presented for cost estimation and to enhance the users’ quality of experience. With the aid of a simulation study, the benchmarked outcome of the study exhibited that the proposed scheme achieved a 40% reduced validation time, 28% reduced latency, 23% improved throughput, 38% minimized overhead, 27% reduced cost, and 38% reduced processing time, in contrast to the existing blockchain-based solutions reported in the literature. This outcome prominently exhibits fairer symmetry in the network dynamics of Ethereum presented in the proposed system.

Shanqin Wang, Gangxin Du, Shufan Dai, Mengjun Miao · 5 authors

The development of artificial intelligence (AI) based medical Internet of Things (IoT) technology plays a crucial role in making the collection and exchange of medical information more convenient. However, security, privacy, and efficiency issues during information exchange have become pressing challenges. While many scholars have proposed solutions based on AI and blockchain to address these issues, few have focused on the impact of the slow consensus algorithm of blockchain on the efficiency of information exchange. To improve the efficiency of information exchange, we propose an information exchange approach based on AI and DAG-enabled blockchain, providing a secure and efficient environment for information exchange in the medical IoT. Additionally, to enhance the efficiency of information exchange in the medical IoT, a novel tip selection algorithm is introduced to reduce the time delay in reaching consensus, thereby enabling faster acquisition of trusted information via blockchain. Simulation results demonstrate that compared to methods based on traditional DAG-enabled blockchain, the approach proposed in this paper improves the efficiency of information exchange.

Avni Garg, Himanshu Makhija, Vishal Biswas, Pooja Varma · 7 authors

Blockchain technology is transforming the safe sharing and patient data management in a healthcare setting becoming more and more digital. Blockchain's distributed ledger design is challenging conventional centralised systems, often typified by data silos and vulnerability to cyber-attacks. This study offers a complete architecture for blockchain-based health informatics systems guaranteeing data integrity, privacy, and interoperability across many healthcare systems. The suggested system provides a strong solution for automated permission management and safe data exchange by using smart contracts, consensus mechanisms, and cryptographic approaches as well as To effectively manage vast amounts of data while preserving strict security criteria, the architecture combines off-chain storage with on-chain transaction recording. By means of transparent, unchangeable records, and thus build confidence among healthcare professionals, insurance companies, and research organisations, extensive academic analysis and empirical assessments emphasise the potential of blockchain to empower patients. All important for real-time clinical applications, performance benchmarks from pilot tests show gains in transaction throughput, reduced data retrieval latency, and excellent network uptime. Furthermore, the threat modelling and regulatory compliance studies solve important issues around data protection and scalability thus making sure the system fits strict legal frameworks like HIPAA and GDPR. Although perfect integration with legacy systems still presents difficulties, this study highlights the transforming power of blockchain technology in building an interoperable, patient-centric, safe healthcare environment. Future research will concentrate on maximising scalability and improving the regulatory environment to fully exploit blockchain possibilities in health informatics.