Blockchain Papers

Xue Zhai, Shanchen Pang, Min Wang, Sibo Qiao · 5 authors

Abstract To realize the encryption of document information, authority authentication, and traceability of historical records, we propose a trusted verification scheme (TVS) for office documents to ensure security. Specifically, the scheme is realized by timestamps, smart contracts (or chaincode), and other blockchain technologies. It is based on the features of blockchain, such as security, credibility, immutability, and traceability of network behavior. And the TVS stores users and documents information through blockchain; it can monitor the state changes of office documents in real time by setting the trigger conditions of smart contracts. The experiment indicates that we have realized the real-time monitoring of data and the traceability of historical records. Moreover, we have achieved the purpose of document encryption and authority authentication, ensuring the authenticity and objectivity of data, avoiding the illegal tampering of malicious users to realize the trusted verification for documents.

A S M Touhidul Hasan, Shabnam Sabah, Rakib Ul Haque, Apubra Daria · 6 authors

Supply chain management (SCM) is essential for a company’s faster, efficient, and effective product life cycle. However, the current SCM systems are insufficient to provide product legitimacy, transaction privacy, and security. Therefore, this research proposes a secure SCM system for the authenticity of the products based on the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technology. The IoT-enabled Quick Response (QR) scanner and the blockchain-integrated distributed system will allow all the SCM stakeholders to begin secure and private transactions for their products or services. Resulting, the consumer will receive an authentic and genuine product from the original producer. A lightweight asymmetric key encryption technique, i.e., elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) and Hyperledger Fabric-based blockchain technology with on-chain smart contracts are applied for distributed IoT devices to make the authentication process faster and lighter. Each SCM stakeholder is registered by the service provider and receives corresponding public and private keys, which will be used for the authentication process of the participants and IoT devices. The authenticated QR scanner records all transactions on the blockchain. Consequently, there will be no human intervention for the SCM transactions. The security and scalability analysis demonstrates that the proposed system is more secure and robust than other state-of-the-art techniques.

Chen Peng, Zhikun Liu, Fang Wen, Jong-Yoon Lee · 5 authors

With the everyday use of big data technology, using big data resources effectively has become a key area of research. Media consumption creates enormous amounts of data in people’s digital lives. This data is not only very valuable to the company, but it also presents a number of concerns, including privacy breaches and data exploitation. Along with the continuous improvement of blockchain technology, the rational use of big data resources has become possible. Blockchain technology has expanded from the initial Bitcoin to the financial field and has become more widely used in the legal and media industries. This study catches the actual cases of blockchain technology in the media industry through Qingbo Big Data, analyzes the current global blockchain and media industry’s overall development status and the existing problems, and puts forward corresponding countermeasures to accelerate the integration and development of blockchain and media industry in the context of big data. The results show that the technical features of blockchain can solve the painful problems of copyright risk, algorithmic black box, and weak trust mechanism in the media industry, and the combination of the two can form a new burst of media productivity. The article discusses the broad application prospects of blockchain in the media industry, which is essential for big data and blockchain research. This paper composes the pioneering literature on the blockchain, catches the information on blockchain by keywords, analyzes the application prospect of blockchain in the media industry, and promotes the research and application of blockchain technology.

R. Bhaskaran, R. Karuppathal, M. Karthick, J. Vijayalakshmi · 6 authors

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and Industry 4.0/5.0 offer several interconnections between machinery, equipment, processes, and personnel in diverse application areas namely logistics, supply chain, manufacturing, transportation, and healthcare. The conventional security-based solutions in IIoT environment get degraded due to the third parties. Therefore, the recent blockchain technology (BCT) can be employed to resolve trust issues and eliminate the need for third parties. Therefore, this paper presents a novel blockchain enabled secure optimal lightweight cryptography based image encryption (BC-LWCIE) technique for industry 4.0 environment. In addition, the BC-LWCIE technique involves the design of an optimal LWC based hash function with optimal key generation using chicken swarm optimization (CSO) algorithm. Moreover, the CSO algorithm derives a fitness function with the maximization of peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR). The BC-LWCIE technique stores the cryptographic pixel values of the encrypted image in the BCT to ensure secrecy in the IIoT environment. In order to highlight the enhanced security performance of the BC-LWCIE technique, a series of simulations were carried out and the results demonstrated the betterment of the BC-LWCIE technique over the recent techniques.

Jingya Dong, Chunhe Song, Tao Zhang, Yuanjian Li · 5 authors

Intelligent computing provides efficient, real‐time, and secure data analysis services for the Internet of Things (IoT). As the number of IoT devices increases, IoT generates massive, diverse, and multisourcing datasets that can be used to improve IoT services further. Models trained by intelligent computing from a single system or sensor are often not global, and sending all data directly to the computing platform wastes network bandwidth and may cause network congestion and even privacy leakage. To ensure IoT applications’ quality of service and privacy, we propose a framework that integrates edge computing and blockchain to provide lightweight data fusion and secure data analysis for IoT. We propose a lightweight data fusion method that can reduce the amount of data at the node level and prevent network congestion and bandwidth waste. Furthermore, we propose a hierarchical fuzzy hashing method to check and locate anomalies of IoT machine learning models to ensure the validity of IoT intelligent computing and the security of sensitive data. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper through experiments.

Bangyao Du, Debiao He, Min Luo, Cong Peng · 5 authors

Covert communication is designed for hiding the subliminal communication which takes place between both of the speakers and their relationship. The traditional covert communication utilizes the centralized channel and the third‐party central node or authority to distribute messages which leads to a lack of undetectability, antitraceability, and robustness. In recent years, there have been attempts to apply the blockchain to covert communication solutions, for the characteristics of blockchain such as decentralization, openness, and trustworthiness. In this paper, based on the analysis of the literature and the classification according to the hiding position, we identify four kinds of covert communication: Address Channel, Value Channel, DSA (Digital Signature Algorithm) Channel, and Script Channel, which will help inform future research agenda.

D.R.Denslin Brabin, Christo Ananth, Sriramulu Bojjagani

No abstract is available for this record.

Ruiguang Li, Jiawei Zhu, Jiaqi Gao, Wu Fu-dong · 6 authors

Abstract Nowadays, the cyberspace search engines have showed great power to find entities and services in the network, which provide new ideas and methods to detect the Bitcoin nodes. This paper introduces the Bitcoin’s P2P network and nodes including the reachable nodes and the unreachable nodes. Then, the results of detecting reachable nodes by the cyberspace search engines are showed. Next, the author proposes a new approach to find and verify the unreachable nodes by the cyberspace search engines. Finally, this paper illustrates the de-anonymization of some Bitcoin nodes by the cyberspace search engines, which map some node’s IP addresses to real Bitcoin entities, such as Zeblockchain (a browser website), Microwallet (a wallet website) and Laurentia Pool (a non-profit pool website).

S. Shireen Siddique, N. Sabiyath Fatima

Creating digital content and distributing them has become much easier and convenient nowadays, where the digital content creator can create the content and also distribute their work to others from anywhere with the help of internet. This also has the risk as the content is distributed using internet, the risk being copyright infringement and illegal distribution of the content. To avoid these types of risks the content creators are opting towards the help of digital rights management. The digital rights management team provides help and support to the content creators in cases where their work is illegally copied or distributed. To get the digital content copyrighted is also not an easy task as it consumes time and money. The proposed model overcomes these issues by integrating digital signature, structure similarity index measurement (SSIM) and blockchain technology in the digital rights management life cycle. The digital signature is used to uniquely identify the user and the related information can be traced back to the user using digital signature, and the copyright is provided using the SSIM method. The SSIM value can be in the range of -1 to 1 where 1 denotes that both the media files are identical and the system updates this information so that all the participant can view this information. If the SSIM value after comparing both the media files is -1 then the both images are unique and authentic, then the copyright is provided for the media file and this information is updated in the system as well as Ethereum blockchain. This makes the system more secure, robust and transparent.

Xun Yi, Xuechao Yang, Andrei Kelarev, Kwok‐Yan Lam · 5 authors

Blockchain technology was once exclusively associated with cryptocurrencies, but now it has become a powerful force that can reshape industries outside of finance. The concept of decentralized networks is transforming how we manage identity, value, ownership, and even governance. As seen previously, blockchain applications extend into sectors like healthcare, supply chains, social media, finance, and even national infrastructure projects.

Xingyu Zeng, Zhang Hua, Chaosong Yan, Zhao Liu · 5 authors

Blockchain technology is known as a decentralized, distributed ledger that records digital asset. It has been applied in numbers of aspects of society, including finance, judiciary and commerce. Ethereum is referred to as the next generation decentralized application platform. It is one of the most popular blockchain platforms that supports smart contracts. Smart contract is a set of codes that sored on blockchain and can be called and created as turing-complete programs running on the blockchain. Developers use smart contracts to build decentralized applications (Dapp) which has widely used cryptocurrency related project. As smart contracts become more popular and more valuable, they are faced with more risk of being hacked. As a result that smart contracts cannot be modified once deployed on the blockchain, it is a great challenge to fix and update deployed vulnerable contract which can lead to a huge loss of cryptocurrency and financial disorder. In this paper, we focus on Integer Bugs in Ethereum Smart Contracts and present ISmart, which protects deployed smart contracts against attacks caused by Integer Bugs. We implemented ISmart based on go-ethereum, a Ethereum client written in Go, by adding a simplified taint analysis component. In our preliminary, ISmart can prevent attacks accurately with little runtime overhead.

Mohammad Alamgeer, Saud S. Alotaibi, Shaha Al‐Otaibi, Nazik Alturki · 8 authors

Latest developments in computing and communication technologies are enabled the design of connected healthcare system which are mainly based on IoT and Edge technologies. Blockchain, data encryption, and deep learning (DL) models can be utilized to design efficient security solutions for IoT healthcare applications. In this aspect, this article introduces a Blockchain with privacy preserving image encryption and optimal deep learning (BPPIE-ODL) technique for IoT healthcare applications. The proposed BPPIE-ODL technique intends to securely transmit the encrypted medical images captured by IoT devices and performs classification process at the cloud server. The proposed BPPIE-ODL technique encompasses the design of dragonfly algorithm (DFA) with signcryption technique to encrypt the medical images captured by the IoT devices. Besides, blockchain (BC) can be utilized as a distributed data saving approach for generating a ledger, which permits access to the users and prevents third party’s access to encrypted data. In addition, the classification process includes SqueezeNet based feature extraction, softmax classifier (SMC), and Nadam based hyperparameter optimizer. The usage of Nadam model helps to optimally regulate the hyperparameters of the SqueezeNet architecture. For examining the enhanced encryption as well as classification performance of the BPPIE-ODL technique, a comprehensive experimental analysis is carried out. The simulation outcomes demonstrate the significant performance of the BPPIE-ODL technique on the other techniques with increased precision and accuracy of 0.9551 and 0.9813 respectively.

Alex Biryukov, Gleb Naumenko, Sergei Tikhomirov

No abstract is available for this record.

A. Baseera, Abeer Abdullah Alsadhan

In the development of technology in various fields like big data analysis, data mining, big data, cloud computing, and blockchain technology, security become more constrained. Blockchain is used in providing security by encrypting the sharing of information. Blockchain is applied in the peer-to-peer (P2P) network and it has a decentralized ledger. Providing security against unauthorized breaches in the distributed network is required. To detect unauthorized breaches, there are numerous techniques were developed and those techniques are inefficient and have poor data integrity. Hence, a novel technique needs to be implemented to tackle the new breaches in the distributed network. This paper, proposed a hybrid technique of two fish with a ripple consensus algorithm (TF-RC). To improve the detection time and security, this paper uses efficient transmission of data in the distributed network. The experimental analysis of TF-RC by using the metric measures of performance in terms of latency, throughput, energy efficiency and it produced better performance.

William Navas, Víctor Garofalo, Roger Campoverde, Dennis Zambrano · 7 authors

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Liutao Zhao, Jiawan Zhang, Hairong Jing, Jianping Wu · 5 authors

We constructed a cryptographic interaction method museum art exchange protocol (MAXP) for museum digital collections on the basis of blockchain technology. Using our method, we build a digital collection exchange system on Ethereum to realize the digital collection’s online exchange between two museums. Compared with the traditional centralized collection digital resource database method, MAXP can avoid the security risks caused by subjective factors and force majeure factors in the exchange process of digital collections, such as hackers and network viruses. In our exchange system we have built, the expression of content covered by digital collections is more convenient, and copyright disputes can be quickly resolved. Concurrently, given the decentralization and anonymity of the blockchain, a regulatory mechanism has been added to MAXP to avoid fraud, illegal fundraising, money laundering and smuggling. The regulatory mechanism we constructed is a dual receiver public key encryption scheme based on the Diffie-Hellman algorithm and the SM2 elliptic curve public key encryption algorithm. The sender encrypts the collection data, and both receivers can decrypt the messages using their respective private keys. One of the receivers is the museum that obtained the collection information, and the other receiver is the regulator. These two receivers can decrypt simultaneously, and the regulator can regulate the information exchange on the blockchain. The Beijing Planetarium and the Beijing Museum of Natural History have completed the exchange of collections through the system we have built. The analysis results show that the regulatory scheme based on the exchange blockchain system of the museum’s digital collections proves to be feasible, with security and expansibility. Our new encrypted exchange management method of digital collections in museums can effectively promote the exchange of collections between museums, and is of great significance to the promotion of cultural heritage and the dissemination of scientific knowledge.

R. Durga, E. Poovammal, Kadiyala Ramana, Rutvij H. Jhaveri · 6 authors

With the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT), smart devices have now changed their dimensions to provide applications in different domains such as medical, agriculture, and Industry 4.0. Although IoT provides more diversified applications, enhancing the security in IoT remains on the darker side of the research. Traditional IoT systems involve a third party to secure sensitive data during transmission in an IoT environment which can lead to complex and serious problems. To overcome security issues and eradicate third-party involvement, Blockchain technology is the modern-day solution in an IoT environment. In the context of a Secured IoT system, we proposed a novel chaotic encryption-based blockchain-IoT architecture to clinch the security and privacy of data. Since smart sensors and image sensors are used widely in an IoT environment, the proposed scheme was tested with different image sets to evaluate performance metrics such as Number of Pixel Change Rate (NPCR), Unified Averaged Changed Intensity (UACI), Correlation Coefficients, and entropy under different attack scenarios. We obtained an NPCR of 99.65%, a UACI of 34%, and an entropy value close to 8. These values incite that the novel chaotic encryption-based blockchain-IoT architecture will be safe from IoT attacks. Results showed that integrating chaotic encrypted blockchain architecture with IoT could be more effective in defending attacks.

Xihua Zhang, S. B. Goyal, Miretab Tesfayohanis, Chaman Verma

The collection of amounts of useful data from various IoT devices through machine learning (ML) techniques has been extensively applied in lots of areas of the smart city. To improve the efficiency of machine learning, people realize efficient data classification by supporting the ML model, namely, the support vector machine (SVM) model, which is used in the realization of linear classification. However, data security and data protection are not addressed in SVM classifier training from multiple entity‐labeled IoT data. In the existing solution, they depend on the implicit hypothesis that learning data can be dependable collected from complex data providers, which is often not the reality. To solve the question between the above problems, in this article, we put forward a secure support vector machine—a secure SECURE SVM training scheme for protecting the privacy on encrypted IoT data based on blockchain. Firstly, a secure and dependable data encryption sharing platform is established among complex data providers by using blockchain technology, which is recorded in a distributed ledger. Secondly, the homomorphic cryptosystem is used to design secure components, and the secure polynomial multiplication is improved to design a secure SVM training algorithm, which only needs two interactions in one iteration and does not need a trusted third party. Finally, the experimental results display that the plan ensures the confidentiality of sensitive data of each data provider and the confidentiality and validity of SVM model parameters of data analysts.

Bertalan Zoltán Péter, Imre Kocsis

Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) systems are being developed around the world and production solutions can be expected in the near future. Should a central bank allow handling of CBDC on a ledger that is not under its supervision (via platform bridging), it may wish to specify certain conformance requirements regarding the transactions. We propose a novel audit scheme based on Zero-Knowledge Proofs, which allows the operator of the bridged ledger to prove its compliance to such requirements, without revealing details about the transactions (such as the exact participants, the direction of the transfer, or the transferred value). This scheme aims to resolve the conflict between banks having to audit how CBDC is used on the bridged blockchain and consortia trying to keep sensitive data private.

Léo Robert, Daiki Miyahara, Pascal Lafourcade, Takaaki Mizuki

No abstract is available for this record.

Mayank Raikwar, Danilo Gligoroski

Denial of Service (DoS) attacks are a growing threat in network services. The frequency and intensity of DoS attacks are rapidly increasing day by day. The immense financial potential of the Cryptocurrency market is a prevalent target of the DoS attack. The DoS attack events are kept on happening in cryptocurrencies and the blockchain ecosystem. To the best of our knowledge, there has not been any study on the DoS attack on the blockchain ecosystem. In this paper, we identify ten entities in the blockchain ecosystem and we scrutinize the DoS attacks on them. We also present the DoS mitigation techniques applicable to the blockchain services. Additionally, we propose a DoS mitigation technique by the use of verifiable delay function (VDF).

Tripti Rathi

No abstract is available for this record.

Shereen M. Mahgoub, I. I. Ibrahim, Fatty M. Salem

Bitcoin is a decentralized cryptocurrency where all the transactions are saved in a ledger. Blockchains have good features to be used in different finance applications by using smart contract. Also, blockchains are attractive platform for many industrial domains, including the logistics and supply chain industries. Supply chain technology contributes to record every single asset through its flow, tracking orders, receipts, and payments. There are several relay protocols proposed in previous research; these relay protocols are used to connect different types of blockchains. In this paper, we present a Secure Organizational Transactions Framework (SOTF) based on bridge chain to connect private chain or consortium with public chain which reduces interaction with public blockchain and saves the organization details privately in private chain or consortium. The proposed framework makes it possible for smart contract services to acquire means of payment in the consortium and private chain. Moreover, the proposed framework automates the process of updating the payment non-interactively. In this paper, we validate the communication between organizations blockchain and bitcoin, and find out the development cost of the proposed framework which ensures the efficiency and feasibility of the proposed framework. The code of framework implementation is publicly available at GitHub.

Awais Abdul Khaliq, Adeel Anjum, Abdul Basit Ajmal, Julian Webber · 6 authors

The privacy preservation has received considerable attention from organizations as the growing population is apprehensive regarding personal data being preserved.There are several privacy and security issues in existing systems, such as identity and location disclosure, availability, and authenticity. Smart parking systems utilize third-party parking recommender systems to offer customized parking space recommendations to its users based on user’s past parking experience. However, indiscriminately sharing a user’s data with a third party recommendation system may violate their personal information because their activity and node mobility can be deduced from their previous paring experience. Another problem with existing solutions is that most distributed systems need a third party to anonymize user data to preserve the user’s privacy. Therefore, this article provides three solutions that address the problems mentioned above; at first, based on elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), we proposed the mutual authentication mechanism using HMAC to provide anonymity and integrity during communication; secondly, given the risks to security and privacy posed by untrustworthy third parties, we used local differential privacy, which uses the Laplace distribution technique to add noise randomly and eliminates any necessity for a third party for data perturbation. And thirdly, in addition to LDP , we utilize the IOTA distributed ledger technology to provide a new level of security that ensures immutability, scalability, and quantum secrecy and decentralized the system. Our experiments demonstrate that, in addition to preserving the driver’s privacy and security, our proposed model has low storage overheads, computation, and communication costs.