There is no uncertainty that the chroma currency is very popular for the transaction information stored in the block of blocks. To initiate the importance of blocking, there is only one distributed ledger in which data is stored, since many of the centers in the blockchain network limit enough records for these records. This document proposes a decision-making framework based on innovation to create a secure, unjustifiable, accurate and transparent framework for voter privacy. In addition, it is voted and declared in this context that the race has a short period of time, since it is automatically registered in the table. This framework also gives society confidence in its legislation when applying this technique. In this framework, an administrator can add a candidate and a voter to the block. In different hands, a voter can log into the framework and then decide in favor of a candidate that the details of the vote should be stored in the block. In addition, each square in the blockchain innovation that relates to the previous square contains the hash of the previous square, and each square contains explicit data based on the square footage. The hub is connected by a peer network in this framework, with all the hubs in the block site network that have a complete duplicate block.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Abstract Blockchain and blockchain‐based decentralised applications have been attracting increasing attention recently. In public blockchain systems, users usually connect to third‐party peers or run a peer to join the P2P blockchain network. However, connecting to unreliable blockchain peers will lead to resource waste and even loss of cryptocurrencies by repeated transactions. In order to select reliable blockchain peers, it is urgently needed to evaluate and predict their reliability of them. Faced with this problem, we propose hybrid blockchain reliability prediction (H‐BRP), a Hybrid Blockchain Reliability Prediction model, to extract the blockchain reliability factors and then make the personalised prediction for each user. Comprehensive experiments conducted on 100 blockchain requesters and 200 blockchain peers demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed H‐BRP model. Further, the implementation and dataset of 2,000,000 test cases are released.
Negli ultimi anni la tecnologia blockchain si sta diffondendo sempre più su larga scala in diversi settori di ricerca, inclusi i Beni Culturali. Esistono diverse tipologie di blockchain, che possono essere classificate sia in base al tipo di utenti che possono accedervi, sia in base alle funzionalità che offrono. Questo articolo descrive uno studio teorico in cui si confrontano due blockchain molto diverse tra di loro: Ethereum e Hyperledger, al fine di definire quale delle due è maggiormente indicata per la memorizzazione di beni culturali tangibili contenuti in archivi digitali. Dopo una breve descrizione delle due tecnologie, verrà descritto un possibile scenario di applicazione abbastanza generico per poter capire quale delle due tecnologie meglio soddisfa i requisiti. Verrà quindi effettuato il confronto tra le due blockchain sulla base di problematiche generali, requisiti architetturali e considerazioni varie. Come risultato del confronto, emergerà che Hyperledger Fabric è più adatta nel contesto degli archivi digitali.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Protecting sensitive medical data, including prescription and pill data, during its handling and storage is critical in the digital era. Data vaults that protect privacy provide a strong way to protect this information, guaranteeing that patient information is kept private but yet available for authorised uses. Focussing on the safe preservation of pharmaceutical data, this project investigates the creation of sophisticated algorithms for privacy-preserving data vaults. We start by contrasting the suggested innovative technique, which combines elements of Zero-Knowledge Proofs with Enhanced Homomorphic Encryption, with other known cryptographic and data masking algorithms, such as Differential Privacy, Secure Multi-Party Computation, and Homomorphic Encryption. Data integrity, computational efficiency, and resistance to different attack vectors are some of the characteristics used in the comparison.As the results show, the suggested method offers aimproved performance against confidentiality compromises, especially in real-time data retrieval scenarios, while existing techniques offer varied degrees of efficiency and security. But this comes with more implementation complexity and processing overhead. Improved security characteristics, like less data leakage and strong user authentication systems, are benefits of the suggested approach. Large-scale applications may experience latency problems and require more powerful hardware, which are drawbacks.The trade-offs between various data privacy strategies are highlighted in this study, and it also highlights the necessity for on-going innovation in privacy-preserving technology, which makes a contribution to the region.
The idea of the cryptocurrency was to decentralize the currency system by establishing transactions over distributed peer to peer network [1]. The technology of Blockchain was adopted to achieve this motive. The term blockchain comes from the idea of list of blocks, growing continuously over time wherein every block carries the data relating to the transactions and data regarding the cryptographical linkage using secure hash algorithms and the protocols [2]. Through this paper, we have shown the implementation of the blockchain technology so as to build the cryptocurrency. While building up the cryptocurrency, called the ‘SantCoin’, the idea about how this technology can revolutionize the traditional existing ledger systems can be upgraded so as to implement secure means of transactions over a distributed network. This implementation work suggests the use of technology in almost every governing body so that they can secure themselves and limit the dependency on human resource to do their central authoritative work [3].
Setiap orang yang telah menyelesaikan masa pendidikan formalnya tentu akan mendapatkan sebuah ijazah, ijazah tersebut sangat penting untuk melanjutkan ke jenjang pendidikan berikutnya ataupun untuk mencari pekerjaan. Namun, masih terdapat segelintir orang yang melakukan tindakan melawan hukum yaitu memalsukan sebuah ijazah untuk tujuan tertentu, sehingga akan menghasilkan pekerja yang tidak memiliki kualitas untuk menduduki suatu jabatan tertentu. Dimana ijazah memang sangat mudah dan murah untuk dipalsukan akan tetapi cukup mahal untuk dibuktikan keasliannya. Dengan menggunakan teknologi blockchain ini diharapkan dapat mengatasi permasalahan tersebut sehingga dapat mempersulit seseorang untuk melakukan pemalsuan ijazah dan dapat membantu perusahaan untuk membuktikan keaslian ijazah dari calon pegawainya hanya dalam hitungan menit dan tanpa harus mengeluarkan sejumlah biaya. Diharapkan dengan adanya teknologi blockchain ini dapat terus meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan di Indonesia.
The Polish version of the article was published in Roczniki Humanistyczne 61 (2013), issue 2.
 The political transformations in Spain that ended with the free parliamentary elections of 15th June 1977 were a powerful catalyst for the activity of the Spanish nation in all walks of life. Between 1975 and 1990 a real revolution took place in the Spanish mass media and in culture. It resulted in the setting up of modern periodicals (among others, El País, El Mundo, Navarra Hoy, Diario la Rioja and many others), over 2,600 radio stations and a network of modern television channels broadcasting programs devoted to the culture and languages of the autonomous communities. The Ministry of Culture established in 1977 supported initiatives promoting the multiculturalism of the Kingdom of Spain, which resulted in the opening of several dozen modern museums, institutes of modern art and the organization of numerous festivals.
 The decentralization of the country made it possible to emphasize the multiculturalism of the Spanish autonomous communities that today act as a magnet for 70 million tourists from all over the world.
Ph.D. Computer Science and Engineering Cyber Security Certified Information Systems Security, India., Alex. R. Mathew
Blockchain technology has seen adoption in many industries and most predominantly in finance through the use of cryptocurrencies. However, the technology is viable in cybersecurity. This paper looked at several use cases of Blockchain in the cybersecurity industry as envisioned by 30 researchers. It found that most researchers are concentrating on the adoption of Blockchain to protect IoT (Internet of Things) devices, networks, and data. The paper examined the ways highlighted by previous researchers through which Blockchain can afford security to the three problematic areas in IT. Lastly, the paper recommended that future researchers focus on a single Blockchain on which to develop cybersecurity applications to allow for integration and uniformity among solutions.
The rapid proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) networks has introduced significant security and privacy concerns due to the decentralized, resource-constrained, and heterogeneous nature of IoT devices. Traditional security solutions often struggle to provide robust protection against cyber threats, data breaches, and unauthorized access in IoT environments. Blockchain technology has emerged as a promising solution to enhance security, integrity, authentication, and trust in IoT communications by leveraging its decentralized, immutable, and tamper-resistant ledger system. This paper explores the integration of blockchain with IoT networks, addressing critical security challenges such as data integrity, identity management, secure communication, and access control. Various blockchain architectures, including public, private, and consortium blockchains, are examined alongside different consensus mechanisms, such as Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS), and lightweight consensus protocols optimized for IoT constraints. Additionally, the paper evaluates security enhancements provided by blockchain, including decentralized trust management, cryptographic techniques, and smart contract applications in IoT ecosystems. Furthermore, performance and scalability considerations are analyzed, highlighting the trade-offs between security, computational overhead, transaction speed, and energy efficiency. Case studies of blockchain-enabled IoT applications in industries such as smart homes, healthcare, supply chain management, and industrial automation are presented to demonstrate practical implementations and real-world benefits. Finally, the paper discusses potential future developments, emerging trends, and research directions for improving the scalability, interoperability, and efficiency of blockchain-based IoT networks. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of blockchain in securing IoT ecosystems, offering insights into its feasibility, challenges, and prospects for widespread adoption in next-generation connected environments.
Kazi Sadia, Md Masuduzzaman, Rajib Kumar Paul, Anik Islam
Voting is a very important issue which can be beneficial in term of choosing the right leader in an election. A good leader can bring prosperity to a country and also can lead the country in the right direction every time. However, elections are surrounds with ballot forgery, coercion and multiple voting issues. Moreover, while giving votes, a person has to wait in a long queue and it is a very time consuming process. Blockchain is a distributed database in which data are shared with the participant of the node and each participant holds the same copy of the data. Blockchain has properties like distributed, pseudonymous, data integrity etc. In the paper, a fully decentralized evoting system based on blockchain technology is proposed. This protocol utilizes smart contract into the evoting system to deal with security issues, accuracy and voters privacy during the vote. The protocol results in a transparent, non editable and independently verifiable procedure that discards all the intended fraudulent activities occurring during the election process by removing the least participation of the third party and enabling voters right during the election. Both transparency and coercion are obtained at the same time.
Open access
2 source records
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
In Bitcoin, if a miner is able to solve a computationally hard problem called proof of work, it will receive an amount of bitcoin as a reward which is the sum of the fees for the transactions included in a block plus an amount inversely proportional to the number of blocks discovered so far. At the moment of writing, the block reward is several orders of magnitude greater than the sum of transaction fees. Usually, miners try to collect the largest reward by including transactions associated with high fees. The main purpose of transaction fees is to prevent network spamming. However, they are also used to prioritize transactions. In order to use the minimum amount of fees, users usually have to find a compromise between fees and urgency of a transaction. In this paper, we develop a probabilistic logic model to experimentally analyze how fees affect confirmation time and miner’s revenue and to predict if an increase of average fees will generate a situation when the miner gets more reward by not following the protocol.
The Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is the existing routing protocol for Internet of Things (IoT). RPL is a proactive,lightweight, Distance Vector protocol which offers security against various forms of routing attacks. Still, there are various attacks(as rank, version attacks and many more ) which is possible in this network due to problem of unauthenticated or unencrypted control frames, centralized root controller, compromised or unauthenticated devices and many more ways. There are various solutions present in the literature but every solution has its pros and cons. There is no appropriate system framework till now which completely solves these all issues. So, we present an ultimate approach to mitigate these RPL attacks more efficiently and effectively. We use IDS based system for internal attacks and a mini-firewall for removing the external attacks. In IDS based approach, we use intrusion detection system at multiple locations for analyzing the behaviour of nodes. The final decision whether the node is attacker or not depends on mainly three things as: trust between the neighbouring nodes, local decision by multiple sink nodes and global decision by root node. We also use some blockchain features in this framework for better internal security. We use some threshold values and rules in mini-firewall for removing external attacks. In this paper, we provide the proposed approach and theoretical analysis of this approach which provide better protection from these attacks than any other method.
Abstract Hacks are one of the most damaging types of cryptocurrency related crime, accounting for billions of dollars in stolen funds since 2009. Professional investigators at Chainalysis have traced these stolen funds from the initial breach on an exchange to off-ramps, i.e. services where criminals are able to convert the stolen funds into fiat or other cryptocurrencies. We analyzed six hack subnetworks of bitcoin transactions known to belong to two prominent hacking groups. We analyze each hack according to eight network features, both static and temporal, and successfully classify each hack to its respective hacking group through our newly proposed method. We find that the static features, such as node balance, in degree, and out degree are not as useful in classifying the hacks into hacking groups as temporal features related to how quickly the criminals cash out. We validate our operating hypothesis that the key distinction between the two hacking groups is the acceleration with which the funds exit through terminal nodes in the subnetworks.
At present, there are many information security issues in the digitization of intangible cultural heritage (ICH). The digital information of ICH is vulnerable to malicious tampering, stealing or attacks. The blockchain technology has the characteristics of distribution, un-tamper and traceability, which enhances security in the process of protecting digital information. Therefore, this paper discusses the integrity protection and the encryption protection from the perspective of blockchain encryption technology and provides a reference for the network security research of the ICH digital resources.
We model the hardware and software architecture for generalized Internet of Things (IoT) by quantum cloud-computing and blockchain. To reduce the measurement error and increase the efficiency of quantum entanglement (i.e. the capability of fault tolerance) in the current quantum computers and communications, we design a quantum-computing chip by modelling it as a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) quantum channel and obtain its channel capacity via our recently derived mutual information formula. To capture the internal qubit data flow dynamics of the channel, we model it via a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) with generalized stochastic pooling in terms of resource-competition among different quantum eigenmodes or users. The pooling is corresponding to a resource allocation policy with two levels of competitions as in cognitive radio: the first one is on users’ selection in a ‘win–lose’ manner; the second one is on resourcesharing among selected users in a ‘win–win’ manner. To wit, our scheduling policy is the one by mixing a saddle point to a zero-sum game problem and a Pareto optimal Nash equilibrium point to a nonzero- sum game problem. The effectiveness of our policy is proved by diffusion modelling with theory and numerical examples.
This dissertation aimed to present and analyze the financing of social assistance policy in the Argentine and Brazilian federations from 2003 to 2015, highlighting the social assistance services and direct income transfers. It also sought to explore possible effects of different equity financing mechanisms on policy delivery. For this, the focus of the comparison between the two countries was fiscal centralism in the social assistance policy, captured from its two dimensions: jurisdictional and spending. The assumption adopted is that federative arrangements with greater fiscal centralism, that is, with greater Union participation in financing regulation and public policy spending, may favor its more equitable supply throughout the national territory. The methodological strategy was the technique of case studies involving the comparison of two South American federal democracies. For this, a bibliographic review, legislation analysis and secondary data were used, obtained through databases made available on governmental open access portals on the Internet. The main conclusion is that social assistance in Argentina and Brazil has a similar trajectory in terms of the positive evolution of spending between 2003 and 2015, with emphasis on non-contributory pensions and conditional cash transfer programs. However, they differ in spending, decentralization of competencies and jurisdictional centralization of social assistance services.
Banks as a group have traditionally been considered “special” in the sense of meriting the full set of provisions of the financial safety net. The specific motivations for that view have evolved over time, although it owes more to a specific combination of economic functions performed as opposed to any particular function. These functions include offering transaction accounts redeemable in cash on demand, providing liquidity, and serving as conduits for payments and monetary policy transmission. Recent developments suggest however that almost all of the individual economic functions performed by banks can in fact be provided in unbundled form by Fintech initiatives, in some cases more rapidly, at lower fees, and via more streamlined digital interfaces. One important exception remains monetary policy transmission. For the performance of this function, policy makers and central bankers have reserved a privileged role for banks. A radical departure from the current fractional reserve system would be required to unbundle that function and separate money from the banking system, and some private cryptocurrencies have been proposed with the explicit intent to change the nature of money. So far, the present article concludes such initiatives remain marginal, so that banks as a group remain “special”. This observation owes much to the fact that central banks rely on the capacity of the banking system to create money and provide the economy with adequate liquidity and, despite occasional financial crises, have concluded that the efficiency of the current system outweighs the associated costs.
Francis Berenger, Marcia Penna, Sandra Regina da Rocha-Pinto, Leonardo Lima
A transformação digital está redefinindo práticas organizacionais. Tecnologias emergentes vêm possibilitando novos desenhos de processos nas empresas. Novos arranjos organizacionais produzem fenômenos inéditos que necessitam ser explorados. O estudo da sociomaterialidade permite compreender essas novas configurações a partir dos artefatos tecnológicos criados por meio de interações sociais. Esse ensaio apresenta a análise do modelo DAO (Decentralized Autonomous Organization) sob o olhar da sociomaterialidade, analisando os elementos constituintes desta organização que tem o smart contract como o principal artefato tecnológico. A principal conclusão do estudo é a constatação de que novas tecnologias e, consequentemente, novos artefatos tecnológicos trazem aspectos inéditos e importantes no papel constitutivo da organização e das práticas organizacionais. Sugere-se o avanço de estudos sociomateriais na intenção de se obter uma maior compreensão sobre novos modelos organizacionais que empregam tecnologias digitais emergentes.
S. Ganesh Kumar, A. Murugan, B. Muruganantham, B. Sriman
Internet of Things (IoT) assumes a critical part in the advancement of different fields. The IoT data trusted exchange in recent year extend of uses influence an awesome request and increasing scale. In such a platform, exchange the data sets that they require and specialist organization can search. However, the enough trust as the third-party mediators for data exchange in centralized infrastructure cannot provide. This paper proposes a blockchain for IoT data trusted exchange based on decentralized solution. In particular, the fundamental standards of blockchain in verify manner, individuals can communicate with each other without a confided in mediator intermediary. Blockchain enable us to have a distributed, digital ledger. IoT (Internet of Things) sensor devices (zigbee) utilizing blockchain technology to assert public availability of temperature records, tracking location shipment, humidity, preventing damage, data immutability. The sensor devices looking the temperature, location, damage of each parcel during the shipment to completely guarantee directions. In blockchain all data is got moved from one position to another, where a smart contract assesses against the product attributes. Ethereum blockchain and smart contracts atlast it gets through knowledge a design to be copied and presents its decentralized distributed digital ledger, auditable, transparent, features visually.
We discuss the idea of a purely algorithmic universal world iCurrency set forth in [Kakushadze and Liew, 2014] (https://ssrn.com/abstract=2542541) and expanded in [Kakushadze and Liew, 2017] (https://ssrn.com/abstract=3059330) in light of recent developments, including Libra. Is Libra a contender to become iCurrency? Among other things, we analyze the Libra proposal, including the stability and volatility aspects, and discuss various issues that must be addressed. For instance, one cannot expect a cryptocurrency such as Libra to trade in a narrow band without a robust monetary policy. The presentation in the main text of the paper is intentionally nontechnical. It is followed by an extensive appendix with a mathematical description of the dynamics of (crypto)currency exchange rates in target zones, mechanisms for keeping the exchange rate from breaching the band, the role of volatility, etc.
Distance correlation has become an increasingly popular tool for detecting the nonlinear dependence between a pair of potentially high-dimensional random vectors. Most existing works have explored its asymptotic distributions under the null hypothesis of independence between the two random vectors when only the sample size or the dimensionality diverges. Yet its asymptotic null distribution for the more realistic setting when both sample size and dimensionality diverge in the full range remains largely underdeveloped. In this paper, we fill such a gap and develop central limit theorems and associated rates of convergence for a rescaled test statistic based on the bias-corrected distance correlation in high dimensions under some mild regularity conditions and the null hypothesis. Our new theoretical results reveal an interesting phenomenon of blessing of dimensionality for high-dimensional distance correlation inference in the sense that the accuracy of normal approximation can increase with dimensionality. Moreover, we provide a general theory on the power analysis under the alternative hypothesis of dependence, and further justify the capability of the rescaled distance correlation in capturing the pure nonlinear dependency under moderately high dimensionality for a certain type of alternative hypothesis. The theoretical results and finite-sample performance of the rescaled statistic are illustrated with several simulation examples and a blockchain application.