In view of the security risks and centralized structure of traditional intelligent transportation system, we propose a novel scheme of secure data sharing and customized services based on the consortium blockchain (DSCSCB). The ciphertext-policy attribute-based proxy re-encryption algorithm has the function of keyword searching by dividing the key into an attribute key and a search key, which not only solves the problem that proxy re-encryption algorithm cannot retrieve data, but also realizes data sharing and data forwarding. Moreover, the algorithm effectively controls the access permission of data, and provides a secure communication environment for the vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET). Service sectors, such as insurance companies, the traffic police and maintenance suppliers, obtain the corresponding ciphertext and then apply the smart contract to provide customized services for the onboard unit after decryption. Security analysis and performance evaluation demonstrate that our scheme not only meets the requirements of data sharing in the security and confidentiality, but also has obvious advantages in the overhead of computing and communication.
J. A. García-García, N. Sánchez-Gómez, David Lizcano, María José Escalona · 5 authors
BlockChain Technology (BCT) has appeared with strength and promises an authentic revolution on business, management, and organizational strategies related to utilization of advanced software systems. In fact, BCT promotes a decentralized architecture to process management and the collaborative work between entities when these ones are working together in a business process. This paper aims to know what proposals exist to improve any stage of business process management using BCT because this technology could provide benefits in this management. For this purpose, this paper presents a systematic literature review in area of Collaborative Business Processes (CBP) in BCT domain to identify opportunities and gaps for further research. This paper concludes there is a rapid and growing interest of public bodies, scientific community and software industries to know opportunities that BCT offers to improve CBP management in a decentralized manner. However, although the topic is in early stages, there are very promising lines of research and relevant open issues, but there also is lack of scientific rigor in validation process into the different studies.
Resumo
A globalizacao financeira desenvolvida nas ultimas decadas e um fenomeno que, associado as relacoes politicas, construiu relacionamentos interdependentes entres paises no cenario internacional — a partir da metade do seculo XX. Formou-se, assim, um complexo sistema originado da interconexao financeira nacional dos Estados que possibilitou, entre outros aspectos, a construcao de um intenso fluxo de capitais. Esse sistema ultrapassou barreiras territoriais e, atualmente, realiza investimentos diretos em entes subnacionais. Dessa forma, surgiram intensas atividades internacionais destes governos, que transformaram a rotina diplomatica ao apresentar novas formas de fazer politica externa — que deu origem a atuacao paradiplomatica destes atores. No Brasil, o crescimento consideravel do ativismo internacional dos entes federados autonomos, ocorrido principalmente a partir da decada de 1980, exigiu um avanco do Estado. A Uniao precisou se adequar ao desafio de criar e desenvolver politicas publicas que coordenassem diretrizes aptas a concretizar a atuacao descentralizada de poder, na formacao de parcerias e captacao de recursos externos. Por isso, o presente estudo visa esclarecer, de forma geral, como este sistema tem funcionado. A analise foi amparada sob o olhar teorico das relacoes internacionais que explicam estes acontecimentos, as instituicoes financeiras integrantes e como o Estado brasileiro operacionaliza este processo — em especial, os entes subnacionais; ha, por exemplo, as experiencias exitosas dos municipios de Sao Paulo, Porto Alegre e Estado-membro do Rio de Janeiro, que se estruturaram para realizar a captacao de recursos junto aos organismos e instituicoes financeiras internacionais. Tais solucoes se mostraram alternativa importante para efetivacao de politicas publicas, com vistas a atender demandas sociais regionais e locais. Realizou-se uma revisao bibliografica de carater qualitativo e descritivo, atraves de livros, artigos e materiais congeneres publicados entre 1984 e 2019. Objetivou-se esclarecer a dinâmica de cooperacao e obtencao internacional de investimentos, alem de compreender como o corpo federativo subnacional incorpora, em suas estruturas, uma atuacao tecnica-qualificada, para realizar a obtencao de parcerias e recursos junto aos organismos internacionais de financiamento.
Palavras-chave: Globalizacao financeira. Construtivismo. Interdependencia complexa. Cooperacao internacional. Organizacoes financeiras internacionais. Entes subnacionais brasileiros. Instrumentalizacao paradiplomatica.
Abstract
The financial globalization developed in recent decades is a phenomenon that, associated with political relations, has built interdependent relationships between countries in the international scenario — from the mid-twentieth century. Thus, a complex system originated from the national financial interconnection of states was formed, which allowed, among other aspects, the formation of an intense flow of capital. This system has overcome territorial barriers and currently makes direct investments in subnational entities. Hence, these governments' intense international activities emerged, which transformed the diplomatic routine by presenting new ways of doing foreign policy — which gave rise to the paradiplomatic performance of these actors. In Brazil, the considerable growth of international activism of autonomous federated entities, which occurred mainly since the 1980s, required the State to advance. The Union had to adapt to the challenge of creating and developing public policies that would coordinate guidelines able to achieve decentralized action of power, in forming partnerships and raising external resources. Therefore, the present study aims to clarify, in a general way, how this system has worked. The analysis was based on the theoretical perspective of international relations that explain these events, the financial institutions, and how the Brazilian State operationalizes this process — primarily, the subnational entities; there are, for example, the successful experiences of the municipalities of Sao Paulo, Porto Alegre and the Member State of Rio de Janeiro, which were structured to raise funds with international financial organizations and institutions. Such solutions proved to be an essential alternative for implementing public policies to meet regional and local social demands. A qualitative and descriptive bibliographical review was carried out, through books, articles, and similar materials published between 1984 and 2019. The objective was to clarify the dynamics of international cooperation and obtaining of investments and understand how the subnational federative body incorporates, in its structures, a technique-qualified performance, to obtain partnerships and resources from international financial organizations.
Keywords: Financial globalization. Constructivism. Complex interdependence. International cooperation. International financial organizations. Brazilian subnational entities. Paradiplomatic instrumentalization.
Resumen
La globalizacion financiera desarrollada en las ultimas decadas es un fenomeno que, asociado a las relaciones politicas, construyo relaciones independientes entre paises en el escenario internacional — a partir de la mitad del siglo XX. Se ha formado, de esa manera, un complejo sistema originado en la interconexion financiera nacional de los Estados, que permitio, entre otros aspectos, la construccion de un intenso flujo de capitales. Ese sistema traspaso barreras territoriales y, actualmente, realiza inversiones directas en entidades subnacionales. De esa forma, han surgido intensas actividades internacionales de esos gobiernos, que transformaron la rutina diplomatica al presentar nuevas formas de hacer politica externa — que le dio inicio a la actuacion paradiplomatica de esos actores. En Brasil, el considerable crecimiento del activismo internacional de las entidades federales autonomas, principalmente a partir de la decada de 1980, exigio que el Estado avanzara. La Union necesito adecuarse al reto de crear y desarrollar politicas publicas que coordinaran lineas directrices aptas para poner en practica la actuacion descentralizada del poder, en la formacion de alianzas y captacion de recursos externos. Por ello, este estudio pretende aclarar, de forma general, como este sistema ha estado funcionando. El analisis se apoyo en la mirada teorica de las relaciones internacionales que explican esos eventos, las instituciones financieras y como el Estado brasileno pone en practica ese proceso — en especial, las entidades subnacionales; hay, por ejemplo, experiencias exitosas en los municipios de Sao Paulo, Porto Alegre y en el Estado-miembro de Rio de Janeiro, que se estructuraron para realizar la captacion de recursos junto a los organismos e instituciones financieras internacionales. Tales soluciones han demostrado ser alternativa importante para la concrecion de politicas publicas, destinadas a atender demandas sociales regionales y locales. Se realizo una revision bibliografica de caracter cualitativo y descriptivo, por medio de libros, articulos y materiales similares, publicados entre 1984 y 2019. El objetivo fue aclarar la dinamica de cooperacion y obtencion internacional de inversiones, ademas de entender como el cuerpo federativo subnacional incorpora, en sus estructuras, una actuacion tecnico-cualificada, para la obtencion de alianzas y recursos junto a los organismos internacionales de financiamiento.
Palabras-clave: Globalizacion financiera. Constructivismo. Interdependencia compleja. Cooperacion internacional. Organizaciones financieras internacionales. Entes subnacionales brasilenos. Instrumentacion paradiplomatica.
ABSTRACT For the last three decades, healthcare systems have been under pressure to adapt to a neoliberal world and incorporate market principles. The introduction of market-based instruments, increasing competition among health care providers, introducing publicly -funded private sector provisioning of healthcare through health insurance financing systems to replace public provisioning of health care, promoting individual responsibility for health and finally, the introduction of market relations through privatization, deregulation and decentralization of health care have been some common elements seen globally. These reforms, undertaken under the guise of increasing efficiency and quality through competition and choice, have in fact harmed the physical, emotional and mental health of communities around the world and also contributed to a significant rise in inequities in health and healthcare access. They have weakened the public healthcare systems of countries and led to commercialization of healthcare. This article presents three case studies of resistance, to the commercialization of health care, by the People’s Health Movement (PHM) and associated networks. It aims to contribute to the understanding of the way neoliberal reforms, including those imposed under structural adjustment programmes and some promoted under the Universal Health Coverage (UHC) paradigm, have impacted country-level health systems and access of people to health care, and bring out lessons from the resistance against these reforms.
The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the formation of financial resources of enterprises in the united territorial communities of Ukraine. The purpose of the research is to reveal the essence of financial resources of enterprises and analyze their formation. To achieve this goal, theoretical and practical aspects of the formation of financial resources of enterprises operating in united territorial communities were studied. The research used an empirical method (for a comprehensive assessment of the formation of financial resources of enterprises that belong to United territorial communities), an analysis method (identified the main problems of ensuring proper financing of enterprises from the budget of United territorial communities), and an abstract-logical method (theoretically generalized and provided conclusions on the integration of agricultural enterprises with United territorial communities). The reasoning of the conclusions was based on a systematic approach, which provided a generalization of the theoretical provisions of the concept of rural development and the basic principles of decentralization, as well as an assessment of the interim results of the formation of united territorial communities in Ukraine. The advantages and potential risks of the impact of decentralization on the development of production enterprises in the united territorial communities of Ukraine are presented, which can be used to justify proposals for making adjustments to national plans for the formation of united territorial communities in order to further minimize the risks to the development of production enterprises. It is proved that the competitiveness of the agricultural sector depends directly on the management of financial resources. In turn, the availability of financial resources is a necessary condition for ensuring a continuous production process. The problems of formation and use of financial resources of agricultural enterprises in modern conditions are clarified. The indicators of economic development and investment attractiveness of the united territorial communities of Zhytomyr region in 2019 were analyzed and it was found that the communities have become able to Finance the resources of enterprises. The conclusion is made about the lack of proper state support for enterprises in the region. The main provisions set out in the article contain certain methodological and practical recommendations for the decentralization of power and its impact on the functioning and development of agricultural enterprises. In further research, attention should be paid to foreign experience in managing rural territories, united territorial communities for the implementation of public projects based on partnership between local authorities and businesses.
There is a potential in the field of medicine and finance of doing collaborative machine learning. These areas gather data which can be used for developing machine learning models that could predict all from sickness in patients to acts of economical crime like fraud. The problem that exists is that the data collected is mostly of confidential nature and should be handled with precaution. This makes the standard way of doing machine learning - gather data at one centralized server - unwanted to achieve. The safety of the data have to be taken into account. In this project we will explore the Federated learning approach of ”bringing the code to the data, instead of data to the code”. It is a decentralized way of doing machine learning where models are trained on connected devices and data is never shared. Keeping the data privacypreserved.
This article deals with cryptocurrencies and its impact nowadays on the AML field at a European Union level. The article will be divided into an introduction, four chapters and a conclusion; it will define elementary information and defitions, will identify ways of practical use of cryptocurrencies, will introduce risks connected with the use of cryptocurrencies and will introduce legal regulation of cryptocurrencies by the V. AML Direction. In the conclusion the quality of communitary regulation will be evaluated and a few de lege ferenda tips will be devised to improve regulation for the future.
Bitcoin, Ethereum and Ripple are the three major cryptocurrencies with market capitalisation exceeding 70% of all the cryptos. The covid-19 threats since the beginning of the 2020 are disturbing the financial markets all around the world. This study is an enquiry to model the fluctuations among the three cryptocurrencies with the hypothesis that whether a combination of two coins could explain the changes in the other coin. The study found that Bitcoin and Ripple are better explaining the Ethereum returns in the short-run. The negative error correction coefficient found in the regression indicates that if the daily log returns of ETH is above that of the daily log return of BTC by one point, the daily log return of ETH fall by 1.11 point. On the other hand, the positive error correction coefficient indicates that if the daily log return of ETH is above that of the daily log return of XRP by one point, the daily log return of ETH increases by 0.14 point.
In order to solve the problem that most of the existing blockchain-based searchable encryption schemes only support exact keyword search and mutual distrust between the cloud server and the user, a searchable encryption scheme based on blockchain, that has functions such as file update dynamically, search results verification, fuzzy keyword search, and fair payment, is proposed. We use edit distance to generate the fuzzy keywords set. According to the un-modification characteristic of Ethereum blockchain and the security of the RSA accumulator, our scheme can verify the search results by the smart contract and realize the service-payment fairness between the user and the cloud server. The security analysis shows that the proposed scheme achieves non-adaptive semantic security. Performance analysis and experiment show that our scheme is efficient and meets the demand of search application in the cloud environment.
The purpose of the article is to explore the concept of Bitcoin and its economic nature and history, as well as current trends in implementation in Ukraine. Methodology of research. The tasks assigned to the article were solved by means of analysis, systematization, generalization and abstract-logical methods of research. Findings. Cryptocurrency is an interesting link for investment, and its popularity is growing today. Many economic processes take place with the help of digital bills, and their percentage increases significantly with each passing day. With Bitcoin, you can integrate new technologies into an existing financial system. Ukraine has enormous prospects for developing cryptocurrencies, and with the right approach, the country may have dividends from pursuing a rational policy on the circulation and use of Bitcoin, in particular from taxation in this area. Legalization of the cryptocurrency market in Ukraine can stimulate the economy and significantly accelerate GDP growth. The Ministry of Digital Transformation intends to launch an international PayPal payment system in Ukraine and determine the legal status of cryptocurrencies at the state level. PayPal is currently used by more than 230 million people in 190 countries. It is the intermediary between seller and buyer, ensuring the reliability of payment with VISA, MasterCard, American Express and other payment systems. Determining the legal status of cryptocurrencies will help legalize related activities, such as buying and selling cryptocurrencies, as well as extracting them, and will bring market players out of the shadow zone, which will stimulate additional tax revenue from the budget. The Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine plans to legalize cryptocurrency mining activities in 2019–2022. Practical value. The article deals with the concept of «cryptocurrency» and its most common currency – Bitcoin, and the prerequisites for its emergence and use in Ukraine. One of the main features that distinguishes cryptocurrency from other electronic funds is the private nature of the issue, as well as the technological features of their production and putting into circulation. All transactions made within these payment systems are publicly available. This preserves the anonymity of their members, because electronic cryptocurrency wallets used to transmit cryptocurrency do not allow users to be identified as they are not personalized. Keywords: Bitcoin, cryptocurrency, virtual money, digital currencies, mining, payment system. REFERENCES 1. A short history of Bitcoin and crypto currency everyone should read. www.forbes.com.Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/ 2017/12/06/a short history of bitcoin and crypto currency everyone should read/#6265a4953f27 (accessed 11 December 2019) [in English]. 2. Site of journal Bitcoin consultant. bitcoinist. com. Retrieved from https://bitcoinist.com/bitcoin down google searches bigger beyonce (accessed 11 December 2019) [in English]. 3. Bez dobra nema zhyttya. Ekonomist dav prohnoz shchodo rozvytku kryptovalyuty [Without good there is no life. Economist gave forecast on development of cryptocurrency]. obozrevatel.com. Retrieved from https://www.obozrevatel.com/eng/economics/without dollars nemae zhittya ekonomist dav forecast schodo rozvitku kriptovalyuta.htm (accessed 01 December 2019) [in Ukrainian]. 4. Vinya, P. & Casey, M. (2017). Epokha kriptovalyut. Kak bitkoin i blokcheyn menyayut mirovoy ekonomicheskiy poryadok [The era of cryptocurrencies. How bitcoin and blockchain are changing the global economic order]. Moscow : Publishing house Mann, Ivanov and Ferber [in Russian]. 5. Haber, S. & Stornetta, W. S. (1997). Secure names for bit strings. In Proceedings of the 4th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, 28–35 [in English]. 6. Liu, Y. & Tsyvinski, A. (2018). Risks and returns of cryptocurrency. National Bureau of Economic Research, 111 [in English]. 7. Proekt Zakonu Ukrayiny «Pro vnesennya zmin do Podatkovoho kodeksu Ukrayiny shchodo opodatkuvannya operatsiy z virtual’nymy aktyvamy v Ukrayini» № 9083 vid 14.09.2018 r. [Draft Law of Ukraine «On Amendments to the Tax Code of Ukraine on Taxation of Operations with Virtual Assets in Ukraine» from September 14, 2018, № 9083]. ligazakon.ua. Retrieved from http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/JH70B1AA.html (accessed 13 December 2019) [in Ukrainian]. 8. Rynok kryptovalyut potrebuye pravovoyi vyznachenosti vid rehulyatoriv [The cryptocurrency market needs legal certainty from regulators]. brdo.com.ua. Retrieved from http://brdo.com.ua/top/rynok cryptovalyut the necessary legal definition of sight regulyatoriv (accessed 04 December 2019) [in Ukrainian]. Published: 2020-07-17
Bitcoin is a virtual and decentralized cryptocurrency that operates in a peer-to-peer network providing a private payment mechanism. It is a multi-billion dollar cryptocurrency, and hundreds of other cryptocurrencies are created based on it. Bitcoin is based on Open-Source (OSS) software development, and OSS is a convenient way to qualitatively measure software development and growth. This thesis presents the first comprehensive study of the Bitcoin ecosystem in GitHub organized around 481 most popular and actively developed Bitcoin related projects over eight years (2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016)(2017)(2018).
The paper examines the existence of a causal relationship in Grangers' sense between the movement of Bitcoin prices and the price of gold at the global financial market, in order to answer the question whether it is possible to predict the movement of the Bitcoin price based on the movement of the price of gold in the world market, but also vice versa. The survey was conducted from January 1, 2019 to December 1, 2019. In the research was used the Granger causality test (1969). The research results show that historical data on the movement of gold prices in the world market cannot be used to predict the change in value and price movements of Bitcoin. On the other hand, the survey results indicate the possibility of a reliable application of the use of historical data on the movement of value and price of Bitcoin.
Martin Onyeka Okoye, Junyou Yang, Jia Cui, Zhenjiang Lei · 9 authors
In the power sector, microgrids play a supportive role in bridging the adequacy gap in the conventional electricity supply. Trading of the generated energy has recently been improved by blockchain technology which offers a new cheap, secure, and decentralized transaction approach. Its operation is however associated with an undesired inherent delay during energy transactions initiated by the prosumers, thus, failure to timely attend to incidences of urgent demand could end up in catastrophe at the consumer's side. This article thus proposes a cyber-enhanced transactive microgrid model using blockchain technology with optimized participants' permission protocol to ameliorate this challenge. It is demonstrated that the optimized blockchain participants' permission model leads to improved transaction speed and greater convenience. The transaction speed simulation is thereafter performed and it was also demonstrated that the node population has a greater effect than the transaction block size on the transaction speed improvement.
Financial control is a major part of the financial management system. Its increasing importance in the contemporary world is reflected in the Lima Declaration of Guidelines on Auditing Precepts, according to which financial control is an integral component of public finance management. The relevance of the topic is also associated with the strengthening of the role of financial control in developed countries and the search for ways to increase the effectiveness of its implementation. The article aims to identify the main development trends of state financial control in advanced countries and to analyze the standardization process. Despite the fact that the system of state financial control is based on different principles in different countries, depending on the prevailing historical, economic and regulatory traditions of a particular country, further directions for the development of this sphere are determined by general trends toward decentralization of control and the standardization of control activities. In addition, the current level of development of state financial control in the Russian Federation and the possibility of adapting international experience in our country in order to increase the effectiveness of financial control are described. In this article, the analysis of foreign experience has been carried out at three levels: general control over public finance; government and parliamentary control; and internal control and internal audit as special areas of financial control. In regards to standardization, the standards of external state control have been found to be formed and approved by the national control and accounting bodies of the country, taking into account the requirements of INTOSAI standards. At the same time, national standards include legally established features of the state financial control organization in a given country as well as the national practice of conducting state audit. Requirements for the organization and implementation of internal financial control can be set by supreme audit bodies or ministries of finance, whereas requirements to organize and carry out internal financial audit are often provided by law.