With the development of sensor devices, wireless sensor networks have been widely used, and Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are relatively common application scenarios in wireless sensor networks. The wearable device is used to collect physiological data of the human body, and the server device is adopted to store physiological data of the human body. The openness of the network environment and network devices’ dynamic nature make WBANs vulnerable to security threats from attackers. The centralized two-hop architecture contains only one hub node, and the data stored in the hub node may be tampered with by attackers. Once attackers occupy the node, the entire network will be paralyzed. To tackle such an issue, it is proposed in this article a model in WBANs architecture based on Blockchain technology, where the authentication protocol and blind signature protocol between nodes are designed in the new WBANs model, making the Blockchain data transmission system in a wireless network environment secure and reliable. Experimental results show that the proposed method is promising and shows higher levels of safety and stability than other methods.
This paper discusses the implications of smart contracts in energy trading for the protection of consumer and individual rights. It examines the legal risks and regulatory solutions for a peer-to-peer energy trading platform (P2P-ETP) in creating a sustainable energy ecosystem. Part I discusses the conceptual framework of P2PETP, which enables consumers to become energy ‘producers' and traders. Smart technologies—smart contracts, smart meters, and distributed ledger technology (DLT) platforms, are the main components of this platform. The study examines the legal basis for these components. Part II analyzes the legal uncertainty of the smart contract, such as its enforceability, and the inadequate protection for consumers and their individual rights through price manipulation, violation of rights to privacy, and data breaches. Part III discusses the potential policy implementations and the principles behind a legal and regulatory framework for establishing a trusted peer-to peer energy trading platform.
The article is aimed at defining the process of settlements in cryptocurrencies between enterprises and its accounting display. During the research, it was found that all participants using cryptocurrencies distribute risks among themselves. Due to the non-recognition of the cryptocurrency as payment means, the NBU as a regulator has fully abnegated its powers as to this issue. The strengths and weaknesses of the use of digital assets are considered and listed; the main risks are characterized. It is proposed to use a synthetic account of the second order of 128 «Digital Assets» for account of any crypto assets, in the context of which it is possible to open analytical accounts appropriate for account of specific cryptocurrencies. For example, one may use of 128.1 to account the cryptocurrency bitcoin cache; 128.2 – to account the bitcoin cryptocurrency; 128.3 – to account the ether cryptocurrency etc. In addition, to account for cryptocurrencies stored on crypto-wallets, such as Coinomi, it is proposed to use a synthetic account of the second order of 336 «Digital wallet». The reflection in the accounts of payments with cryptocurrency for goods is considered. It is determined that modern «accounting science» allows identifying and making certain corrections to the existing account plan for the accounting display of certain objects, such as digital money, cryptocurrencies. Therefore, the information function of accountance allows to conduct a continuous, uninterrupted and inter-relational reflection of economic activity. The results of the research show that it is not necessary to neglect such a digital asset as cryptocurrency. It can be stored on digital wallets and used as payment means on the Internet for the proposed goods, works or services.
This chapter studies the challenges a cryptocurrency faces to become a common means of exchange. In particular, the paper discusses the scalability constraint that limits the number of transactions a cryptocurrency may be able to verify per unit of time, the network effect in goods that function as money that increases the cost of new currencies to gain market share, and the implications of the fixed monetary rule present in most cryptocurrencies that departs from an elastic optimal monetary policy. Potential solutions for each case are also discussed.
Abstract Blockchain technology has rapidly emerged as a decentralized trusted network to replace the traditional centralized intermediator. Especially, the smart contracts that are based on blockchain allow users to define the agreed behaviour among them, the execution of which will be enforced by the smart contracts. Based on this, we propose a decentralized booking system that uses the blockchain as the intermediator between hoteliers and travellers. The system enjoys the trustworthiness of blockchain, improves efficiency and reduces the cost of the traditional booking agencies. The design of the system has been formally modelled using the CSP# language and verified using the model checker Process Analysis Toolkit. We have implemented a prototype decentralized booking system based on the Ethereum ecosystem.
Blockchain has become the new hype term in the business world for the last decade. Due to the new technology’s characteristics and innovative applications, it is being adopted globally in a wide number of industries including the banking industry, yet no adoption model is provided to guide this process. This research aims to contribute to facilitating the successful adoption and implementation of the blockchain new technology in the banking industry. Building on the assumption that the blockchain’s adoption in banking will be directed by the regulations and best practices guidelines of the global banking regulatory bodies and practitioner, this research asks: What is the blockchain adoption model for the banking industry? The currently available official documents of the regulatory bodies, practitioners, and research bodies were collected, text mined and analysed, based on the adoption factors identified in the literature review and investigating the adoption factors’ importance. This research was able to find three categories of adoption factors: supporting, hindering and circumstantial, identify a new adoption factor and establish the factors’ importance. As a result, an adoption model for blockchain technology in the banking industry from an institutional perspective is proposed. Based on this, it is recommended to carry further research on applying the proposed model at banks adopting the new technology to study its fitness.
Security, data privacy and decentralization are significant challenges in the Internet of Things (IoT) domain. These challenges are inherited attribute of another emerging technology, Blockchain. This enforced convergence of IoT and Blockchain, attracting researchers to study on the effective use of Blockchain's strength to solve the challenges of IoT. Rapid IoT adoption requires standardization and mature solution on security, data protection for compliance and performance for commercialization. These demands made a surge in variant blockchain flavours and combinations catering to different problems, and one such is Lightweight Scalable Blockchain (LSB). LSB had considerable caveats that require improvement for better adoption in the IoT domain. This paper focuses on encrypting transaction transmission, improving transaction flow, block validation, hash quality, hash rate and storage cost to improvise security and performance. The experimental evaluation is demonstrated on data from the temperature sensor to showcase superior applicability of the proposed work in the IoT domain. Implementation and result comparison with conventional LSB proves, the following achievements 1) An additional layer of transaction encryption using hybrid Elliptic Curve ElGamal (EC-ElGamal) method increases the security of the transmitted transaction for security enhancement. 2) Obtained 20% reduction in transaction processing time, 22% reduction on block validation processing time, 53% improvement on the hash operation and quality with an overall 7% saving on the storage cost thereby increased the overall performance.
Mahmoud El-Gayyar, Hany F. ElYamany, Katarina Grolinger, Miriam A. M. Capretz · 5 authors
A federated identity is a single identity that enables users to access multiple services across a network of business parties. Such identities are subject to various threats and attacks and face diverse challenges including identity leaks, centralised management, auditing limitations, and long breach investigation processes. This paper proposes a framework aimed at automating and decentralising the generation and auditing of a robust and secured blockchain-based federated identity in a marketplace. Business parties participating in the marketplace form the nodes of a distributed blockchain network and participate in the creation of federated identities. Users of this network can access services provided by any one of the participating parties using a single federated identity. All transactions are fully audited in the blockchain, meaning that participating parties can monitor access to their service and users can trace the use of their identities. The proposed framework has been evaluated using two blockchain technologies (Ethereum and Hyperledger Fabric) to measure its performance in public and permissioned blockchain environments.
When teaching English for economics, the connection between content, general vocabulary and specialized terminology is obvious. Therefore, finding interesting texts concerning the latest information in this field, meeting the challenging and changing needs and expectations of the learners, using eclectic teaching methods and techniques adapted to the students’ learning strategies can lead to successful English classes. This paper aims at showing ways of teaching the vocabulary related to cryptocurrency and bitcoin. It presents methods of teaching terminology through individual, pair and group work, highlighting several issues in which students may be interested, such as: definitions of cryptocurrency and bitcoin, frequent questions concerning these terms, discussions (e.g. Are they “bubbles”?, Security issues), words and collocations (“risky”, “unregulated”, “digital”, “private”, “decentralized control”, “exposure risk”, etc.), acronyms.
Mallikarjun Kappi, Chaman Sab, B. S. Biradar, Vitthal T. Bagalkoti
Since 2009, there has been creating enthusiasm for bitcoin scientific research from different fields, which incorporate software engineering and designing, financial matters, trade and money, law, and regulatory. The reason for this paper is to evaluate bitcoin writing dependent on the structures and systems of science, as an essential advance inside the investigations of this new marvel. Dissecting the developing logical writing on bitcoin distributed somewhere in the range of 2009 and 2019, we outfitted useful insights on academic research on this subject concerning publication year, type and category, Highly prolific authors, major journals and citations. Scopus database was used for the gathering 3188 documents. Our study provides a knowledge area map that identifies and evaluates the links between author's and countries’ distribution, the conceptual structure of the sphere, the structure, and connections of most cited papers and journals. Resuming our findings, we note a concentration of the interest in some keywords (bitcoin, cryptocurrency, blockchain) and on a few influential authors.
This article is based on the multi-dimensional humanized teaching ideas of the Internet, using the distributed ledger of blockchain technology, decentralization, tamper resistance, traceability, fault tolerance, constructed a block chain technology-based vocational logistics school-enterprise cooperation education service platform system structure model, the system is mainly composed of three subsystems: teaching management system, information management system, certification management system, and carried out on the three subsystems Analytical modeling.