Jan 1, 2020·Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Statistics and Analytics, ICSA 2019, 2-3 August 2019, Bogor, Indonesia
The purpose of these studies are to obtain bitcoin price predictions using three different approach in forecasting methods : ARIMA model, α-sutte indicator and LSTM algorithm, and to find out the accuracy level of the three methods in forecasting bitcoin’s price as well. Bitcoin closing’s price each
T Diana Cristina Bueno, Julio Cesar de (Org.) Aguiar
The purpouse of this paper is analyse if the called bitcoin can be defined as currency.Therefore, first is analysed the bitcoin tecnology, specially its structuring from the encryption development by blockchain. The main characteristics of this technological structure are studied, wich allowed its fast diffusion, with the sufficient confidence and security in the transactions, at low cost, without the intervention of third parties, be it the State or the banking system.Later, the study turns to the concept of money, from the economic point of view, under the focus of the main theories developed. At this point, a special analysis is made from the studies of the Austrian school of economics, especially by Luwig von Mises and his regression theorem, developed to explain the origin of the currency. Once these parameters have been established, bitcoin attributes are analyzed, having this paper concluded that its volatility and lack of liquidity prevent, for the moment, its characterization as currency. It should be noted that this paper serves as a starting point for future work on the legal effects of bitcoin, in particular in criminal law. However, it is necessary to define the nature of bitcoin.
Samer Ajour El Zein et al. Samer Ajour El Zein et al., TJPRC
A sea of doubt surrounds the technology that promises to completely change the economic paradigm, Bitcoin. A 365degree turn to the monetary system that promises an intangible currency, with a peer to peer (P2P) trust system, without intermediaries and based in a revolutionary technology, Blockchain.
Bitcoin is arguably the most prominent invention in fintech of the late 2000s. Originally designed as a digital currency for peer to peer exchange, it has grown into an investment tool due to its large gains and losses and a high degree of volatility. Although there are thousands of digital currencies Bitcoin controls the cryptocurrency market with its high unit price and a dominant market share. This paper looks at Bitcoin as an alternative class of investment and shows that it has remarkably low correlation with stocks, bonds, oil, gold, private equity, real estate and top traded hard currency pairs. Extensive tests prove that Bitcoin has a nonnormal distribution of returns which is a peculiar property of alternative investments. Returns are predictable to a certain extent, but only through using lagged variable of the same. Although dark side of the coin is not ignorable, but an increased interest from institutional as well as individual investing has given a considerable exposure to this new line of investing and a lucrative risk-adjusted return offered by it can be a fine addition to a portfolio.
An edge server acts as a data gateway in an IoT network between IoT devices and backend servers. If the edge server is under the ransomware attack, the server’s operation would be interfered by locking its critical files, leading to a single point of failure in the IoT network. This paper proposes a blockchain solution, called Blockchain-enabled Recovery Service (BRS), to tackle the malware injection attack in edge servers. In BRS, edge servers are implemented by nodes in a blockchain network which allows IoT data distributed in edge servers over multiple data connections. It ensures data availability and consistency while improving the network throughput. A simulation test has been conducted to evaluate the performance of edge servers in the blockchain network. The result showed that the size of data record in a ledger is crucial when maximizing the efficiency of a ledger and minimizing data loss in ransomware attack are considered. Moreover, even though the blockchain network is under the attack, data availability and data recovery can be achieved.
Should political elections be implemented on the blockchain? Blockchain evangelists have argued that they should. This article sheds light on the potential of blockchain voting procedures and the legal constraints they need to accommodate. In a first step, I discuss potential “democracy benefits” of distributed ledger technology and the legal framework ordering the use of electronic voting systems in general. Comparing U.S. and German constitutional law, I then distill specific normative principles guiding the use of blockchain voting systems. In a second step, I analyze the technical, economic, and normative limitations of blockchain voting procedures. I show that major limitations result from the rules and incentives set by different consensus mechanisms. Moreover, it is not clear whether blockchain technology provides sufficient safeguards to ensure identity verification, the secrecy of ballots, and the verification that ballots are cast as intended, recorded as cast, and counted as recorded. Building on principles from constitutional law, I contend that blockchain technology does not provide sufficient safeguards to satisfy the requirements of democratic voting procedures – at least not in the near future.
In an integrated energy distribution system (IEDS), an energy hub has been introduced and deemed to be a suitable tool for managing and integrating multi-party energy forms. Due to different energies having diverse characteristics and being coupled with each other, it is difficult for an energy hub to implement the optimal scheduling of multiple energy sources. Therefore, an energy optimization management model is proposed based on the Stackelberg game, which considers the exergy conversion of multi-party energy sources in different operation modes. The problem is solved by the two-layer distributed optimization algorithm, in which the energy hub acts as the leader and is followed by the users. Furthermore, in order to alleviate the deception, malicious tampering, subpeption, and other secure risks in energy trading, blockchain is introduced into the energy hub and the concept of exergy coin (EC) is proposed. A credit-based blockchain framework and concurrent block building consensus process is explored to reduce the calculation cost and promote the exergy trading efficiency. Finally, the case study shows how the proposed method can effectively optimize energy scheduling and configure a more reasonable energy solution.
Since the 1980s, ongoing reforms in China’s hukou system have drawn increasing attention from various parties, and a consensus generated during the reform period refers to decentralization practices. This research, with reference to new class and social class theories, investigates how social policies alongside decentralization of administration within the hukou system in Beijing and Shenzhen impact on educational opportunities for migrant students. Based on a total of 29 in-depth interviews conducted in these two cities, this research details the differentiation of decentralization practices and influences from two perspectives: 1) financing in private education; and 2) regulation in public education. In terms of financing, the paucity of subsidy policies and additional sponsorship expenses worsen the educational context and prospect for migrant students in Beijing. Comparatively, the Shenzhen government has made and implemented a set of welcomed subsidy policies for migrant students who receive private education, which financially dismantles separation between public and private education and equalizes educational opportunities for migrant students in the megacity. In terms of regulation, accessing public education through hukou conversion is more practicable for migrant students in Shenzhen than Beijing. Nonetheless, homeownership has emerged as an increasingly overweight reference metric in public education access in Shenzhen, which undermines egalitarian policy intentions and effects in hukou conversion practices. With reference to the analysis of the interview transcripts, this research concludes that migrant students are confronted with different inequality of educational opportunities in these two cities, despite the fact that both subnational governments have fully carried through hukou decentralization that has been deemed as an effectively administrative approach to equalize public services delivery, such as basic education.
Jan 1, 2020·Proceedings of the 2nd International Scientific and Practical Conference “Modern Management Trends and the Digital Economy: from Regional Development to Global Economic Growth” (MTDE 2020)
Larisa Yuzvovich, Oksana A. Boytush, L.M. Pustovalova
The Russian economy is gradually evolving towards the Western model of financing of growth. The availability of sources of financing of investments is currently one of the main problems in investment activity. In many countries of the world, the number of sources of financing exceeds the number of sources of financing in Russia. With the transition of Russia to market relations, there is a heavy deficit of sources of financing. The system of financing of investments consists of an organic unity of sources of financing of investment activity and investment methods. Financing of investment projects can be carried out from either one or several sources. In general, all sources of financing are divided into: centralized (budgetary) and decentralized (extra-budgetary). Centralized sources usually include federal funds, funds from the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets. All the rest are decentralized. Extrabudgetary funds include own funds of enterprises and organizations, borrowed, external funds, funds of extrabudgetary funds, private developers, foreign investments.
Die längst überfällige Neugestaltung des europäischen Stromnetzes erfordert eine Aufteilung der Hauptenergiepools in kleinere und regionale Energieerzeuger. Die Vor-Ort-Produktion von erneubaren Energie kann einen positiven Beitrag zur Entlastung der Stromnetze leisten und damit die Netzstabilität erhöhen und die Kosten senken. Darüber hinaus ermutigen blockchainbasierte Smart Contracts Prosumer dazu, sich über das Peer-to-Peer-Netzwerk am direkten Handel zu beteiligen. Die dadurch geschaffene Transparenz eliminiert Intermediäre, erhöht die Entscheidungsfreiheit der User und verringert die Marktmacht der Hauptanbieter. Mit den passenden regulatorischen Maßnahmen kann diese Transformation beschleunigt und vorangetrieben werden. All dies kann eine breitere Beteiligung an der Ökostromerzeugung erleichtern und zu einem nachhaltigeren Stromnetz beitragen.
Central banks are flocking to government-backed cryptocurrency, taking full advantage of the media attention brought to Bitcoin and other digital currency. However, while government-backed cryptocurrency avoids some pitfalls presented by private cryptocurrencies, other problems are less easily sidestepped. And government-backed cryptocurrencies, if widely adopted, could present issues to the stability of the international monetary system. These problems must be addressed, and not only as they arise. Unfortunately, national and international governments have shown no real ability to deal with troubles arising from private cryptocurrency. The government-backing of such digital currency changes the calculus, permitting a new entity to deal with these problems. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is the best organization to deal with the issues. This Note submits that the IMF should act quickly to take pre-emptive measures and develop a system of best practices for dealing with government-backed cryptocurrency in pursuance of ensuring a stable international monetary system.
The emergence of e-commerce has changed the way people trade. However, merchants are charged high fees for their use of the platform and for payment services. These costs are passed on to customers in the form of higher prices. Blockchain technology can provide lower transaction fees with high security and privacy level but is incapable of delivering the number of transactions per second demanded by real e-commerce. Establishing a layer above the blockchain to manage transactions which we called Blockchain Layer2 technology, has the potential to solve these issues. In this article, we focus on the effect that layer2 technology can provide in reducing fee costs and improving transaction volumes. We introduce the problems that the e-commerce industry is facing currently and how blockchain layer2 technology can help to address these issues. We list and describe the main layer2 mechanisms based on the Bitcoin and Ethereum blockchains. We discuss issues that arise when applying layer 2 technology to e-commerce. We analyse the costs associated with difference e-commerce payment network topologies and investigate the funds-capacity needed to support high levels of value transfer.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
The vulnerabilities in today's banking system are increasing day by day, where security is the major issue. Today's banking system is totally built on centralised databases. Vulnerabilities can be reduced by rebuilding banking system with blockchain, which is a decentralised distributed ledger which will remove the centralised database architecture and decentralise the data over the blockchain. The transactions in blockchain are verified by each and every node of the chain, so that it will make the transactions faster and secure. This research paper is focused on the vulnerabilities, security and privacy issues and the impact of blockchain technology on Indian banking sector. The data was collected from both primary and secondary sources. Likert scale was employed for designing the questionnaire. Samples of 250 employees from public sector banks were collected. Various factors were identified for the analysis, which employed factor analysis, descriptive statistics, correlation, regression and hypothesis. It was found that adoption of blockchain technology reduces the vulnerabilities in the Indian banking sector.
The blockchain is a technology that was initially designed as an alternative to the banking system aimed to decentralize money circulation. It has become apparent that the invention has a vast potential to improve various industries and fields of human activities. The blockchain industry generated a variety of ideas of how to use this technology: to crowdfund business with Initial Coin Offerings (ICO), to tokenize and manage assets online, to improve public administration and state-owned registries, or even to use it for electronic voting. Multiple applications of this technology became possible since the industry started experimenting with overlay technologies on blockchains, for example, Colored Coins, known as tokens on Bitcoin; Namecoin, a blockchain as a decentralized infrastructure for Top-Level Domain “.bit,” but the significant step forward happened when Ethereum proposed their concept of smart contracts on blockchain. There are several platforms that offer users the ability to design their own private and public distributed ledgers (Hyperledger, Azure). It is not easy to mention all of the projects in the field of blockchain industry; however, at this stage, it has become clear that the technology (along with some other innovations, like Artificial Intelligence) is penetrating spheres that are traditionally highly regulated and centralized with a high level of human participation: securities and exchanges, public registries (notary, real estate, business entities and other registries), public finances, elections, etc. This discussion is devoted to the issues of regulations for the activities that arise from the blockchain.
Aisha Zahid Junejo, Manzoor Ahmed, Abdullah Abdulrehman
Blockchain decentralization not only ensures transparency of transactions to eliminate need of trusting third party, but also makes the transactions of the network to be publicly accessible to all the participating peers in the network. As a result, data anonymity and confidentiality are compromised making several business enterprises and industrialists hesitant to adopt the technology. Although research community has proposed various privacy-preserving solutions for blockchain, however, they still lack in efficiency resulting in distrust of industries in opting for the technology. This study is conducted for contributing to the existing body of knowledge corresponding to privacy in blockchains. The fundamental goal of this study is to delve into privacy vulnerabilities of the blockchain network in a permissionless setting by identifying non-trivial roots of factors causing privacy breach in blockchain and presenting limitation of existing privacy preserving mechanisms. Studies with superficial comparison of privacy preserving techniques are available in literature but a detailed and in-depth analysis of their limitations and causes of privacy breach in blockchain is yet not done. Therefore, in this paper we first present comprehensive analysis of various privacy breaching factors of the blockchain networks. Next, we discuss existing cryptographic and non-cryptographic solutions in literature. We found out that these existing privacy preserving mechanisms have their own set of limitations and hence are inefficient at current point of time. The existing privacy preserving mechanisms need further consideration of the research community before they’re widely adopted and benchmarked. Therefore, in the end, we identified some future directions that need to be addressed to model an efficient privacy preserving mechanism for wider adoption of the blockchain technology.
Alexander Mikroyannidis, Allan Third, John Domingue
Blockchain technology provides a decentralised peer-to-peer infrastructure, supporting openness, transparency, accountability, identity management and trust. As such, the Blockchain has the potential to revolutionise education in a number of ways. Blockchain technology offers opportunities to thoroughly rethink how we find educational content and training services online, how we register and pay for them, as well as how we get accredited for what we have learned and how this accreditation affects our career trajectory. This paper explores a case study on the decentralisation of lifelong learning using Blockchain technology. In particular, we investigate the different scenarios and requirements for making online education and lifelong learning more open and decentralised, while placing lifelong learners in control of their learning process and its associated data. Additionally, we discuss various approaches to the Semantic Blockchain and the applications of these approaches on education.
Although the launch of Internet Protocol version six (IPv6) addressed the issue of IPv4's address depletion, but also mandated the use of Internet Control Message Protocol version six (ICMPv6) messages in newly introduced features such as the Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP). This has exacerbated existing network attacks including ICMPv6-based Denial of Service (DoS) attacks and its variant form Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) aimed at tackling security issues raised by ICMPv6-based DoS and DDoS attacks have been reviewed by researchers and a general classification of existing IDSs was proposed as anomaly-based and signature-based. However, it is incredibly hard to see the overall picture of IDSs based on Machine Learning (ML) techniques with such a classification, as there is a lack of a more detailed view of the ML approach, classifiers, feature selection techniques, datasets, and different evaluation metrics. Nevertheless, recent developments in this relatively new field have not been covered such as ML-based IDSs using flow-based traffic representation. Therefore, this article specifically reviews and classifies IDSs based on ML techniques to detect ICMPv6-based DoS and DDoS attacks as single and hybrid classifiers. In addition, blockchain applicability in Collaborative IDS (CIDS) architecture based on the ensemble framework has been proposed as a solution to one of the open challenges for ICMPv6-based DoS and DDoS attacks detection problem. Moreover, this review also provides a classification of ICMPv6 vulnerabilities to DoS and DDoS attacks which would provide a reference resource for future researchers in this domain. To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first review paper specifically focusing on IDSs based on ML techniques in this domain, as well as blockchain applicability as a possible research direction has been proposed to attract researcher's focus on building ensemble learning-based IDS models.