Tiago Guimarães, Hugo Silva, Hugo Peixoto, Manuel Filipe Santos
Blockchain has its focus around sharing, distribution and encryption. Particularly, the newer blockchain implementations revolve around the implementation of smart-contracts, second-layer systems and permissioned blockchains. This type of potential has generated a lot of attention towards blockchain, thus making it a great candidate technology within healthcare. In this paper, the role of permissioned and permissionless blockchain and its possible implementations will be discussed and compared as well as the process in which a blockchain network agrees whether a transaction is valid or not, maintaining consistency in ledger synchronization, or in other words, Consensus Algorithms. Several should be considered as viable and many can be used by both permissioned and permissionless blockchain frameworks. As chosen as part of this implementation Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (Pbft) is presented and described. This paper presents a solution, as part of the Intelligence Decision Support Systems for Intensive Medicine (ICDS4IM) project, which objective is to increase veracity and value to data from vital sensors and monitors by assuring its immutability and oversee; and also privacy and accountability for inadequate data management.
The vehicle information in used-car transactions is always asymmetric and disputes always happen in China. In order to reduce such disputes caused by the lack of transparency in a transaction, Blockchain technology is adopted to construct a trust mechanism for vehicle information storage and sharing in a transparent manner. In this work, a Blockchain-based vehicle history storing and tracking service, named BCVehis, is proposed. BCVehis allows vehicle owners, vehicle authority, mechanic workshops, insurance brokers and other related individuals/organizations to upload vehicle historical records via simple manners (i.e. mobile app or application programming interfaces). The system provides trustworthy vehicle history to used-car dealers, potential buyers, and other business-related parties. The design rationale and functional implementation of the BCVehis are introduced, and the increased deal volume in a local used-car dealer X is presented, which integrated BCVehis to its online dealing system.
To explore the automatic computer composition, investigate the copyright protection and management of digital music, and expand the application of deep learning and blockchain technologies in the generation of digital music works, piano composition was taken as a sample. First, through the elaboration of the neural network methods based on deep learning, the Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), Long-Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) networks were introduced, and the deep learning-based GRU-RNN automatic composition model was constructed. Second, the blockchain technology was analyzed and expressed, and the problems in the traditional copyright protection and management of digital music were analyzed. The three aspects, i.e., ownership, right of use, and right protection, were fully considered, and the blockchain technology was integrated into the copyright protection and management of digital music. Finally, the manual analysis evaluation and pause analysis were selected as the indicators to analyze and characterize the music composition quality of the GRU-RNN model, as well as analyzing the development of the digital music market integrated with blockchain technology. The results show that the GRU-RNN model shows satisfactory effects in manual analysis evaluation or in the pause analysis of the passage. The deep learning method has great potential for application in automatic computer composition of digital music; the integration of blockchain technology has played a promotive role in the expansion and popularization of the digital music market. However, in the meantime, it still faces some technical and policy challenges. The results have a positive effect on promoting the development and application of deep learning methods and blockchain technology in digital music.
With the advent and proliferation of the internet, the fourth industrial revolution is in full swing. As a result, different technologies have the potential to impact the course of human development. In other words, worldwide populations are moving towards growing urban centers and as a result, smart cities are emerging as the integration of human activities and technologies. These smart cities are built on top of different technologies such as blockchain and the Internet of Things (IoT). Consequently, the applications of these technologies in current and future smart cities will not only change the nature of human interaction and governance but also how business is conducted. This paper proposes an experimental study (qualitative and quantitative) that will determine the impact of blockchain and IoT technologies on the development of smart cities. It aims to derive insight from questions such as how current business models are preparing themselves for this disruption, the challenges they will face, and the potential contributions the two technologies will have on business development. The study’s outcomes will provide the rationale for why businesses should start paying attention to these technologies and start on an early adoption plan that will slowly transform their business models as smart cities mature.
Cryptocurrencies present a disruption to financial institutions, investments, and markets. Should governments therefore allow cryptocurrencies or ban them? How will they affect the flow of money? What form of economic justice should the cryptocurrency market adopt? Who should be involved in the determining of the economic justice? I claim that Michael Polanyi’s theories about employment, money, trade, and his overarching sociotechnical vision of society and the economy can help us understand the current labour market challenges and solutions in view of the digital economy.
The trifecta of globalization, urbanization and digitization have created new opportunities and challenges across our nation, cities, boroughs and urban centers. Cities are in a unique position at the center of commerce and technology becoming hubs for innovation and practical application of emerging technology. In this rapidly changing 24/7 digitized world, city governments worldwide are leveraging innovation and technology to become more effective, efficient, transparent and to be able to better plan for and anticipate the needs of its citizens, businesses and community organizations. This class will provide the framework for how cities and communities can become smarter and more accessible with technology and more connected.
Central bank digital currencies have been on the rise for the past few years, especially after the emergence of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple and others. Leading central banks like the People's Bank of China and Riksbanken (Swedish Central Bank), and some of the other central banks around the world have been looking to develop and test central bank digital currencies around the world. Nonetheless, the main question that we need to answer is if the cryptocurrencies or central bank digital currencies (CDBC) will become the main form of money in the future or will these currencies harmoniously co-exist within the economy paradigm? This paper applies monetary and political economy concepts to discuss how a potential central bank digital currency can be developed and how it would compete with cryptocurrencies. In conclusion, however, the introduction of a central bank digital currency will reduce the monetary policies issues rather than create new issues and this paper will explain how this can be achieved.
N. Shashidhar, Sourav Mahmood Sagar, Rachana Patil, Suraj Rk
To assess the Bitcoin cost absolutely considering divergent parameters that effect the Bitcoin esteem. In this work, we indicated grasp and recognize progressively changes in Bit Coin showcase while acquiring observation into most proper qualities encompassing Bitcoin cost. We anticipate the everyday value change with endorsing conceivable precision. The market finances of traded on an open market cryptographic forms of money at present above $230 billion. Bitcoin is most valuable cryptographic money, fills as an advanced store of significant worth, and its value consistency has been well-looked into. These attributes are appeared in the accompanying subdivision; the fundamental subtleties of Bitcoin
The rising price of the cryptocurrency Bitcoin has resulted in a surge in curiosity to understand the drivers of Bitcoin price. While Bitcoin prices are correlated with many measures, such as gold price and total number of Bitcoins in circulation, Bitcoin still remains a partially speculative asset. Cybercriminals favor cryptocurrencies as a form of payment. Research has shown relationships between criminal activity and Bitcoin interest, and separately Bitcoin interest and Bitcoin price. However, no previous work has shown the direct relationship between criminal activity and Bitcoin price. This research examines the relationship between Bitcoin price and criminal activity and whether the inclusion of criminal activity creates a more predictive model of Bitcoin price.<br>
Cryptocurrencies are getting massive momentum in the last few years. Cryptocurrencies depend upon a secure distributed ledger called blockchain which stores blocks in a secure and chronological order. Although a large cryptocurrencies wallet management scheme has been proposed but they suffer from weak security. Thus effective cryptocurrency key management has become a much needed requirement for modern cryptocurrencies. In this paper, we propose a more effective, usable and secure cryptocurrency key management system named rashi that provides security enhanced storage, no password authentication. The performance analysis shows that our proposed system requires minimal additional overhead and has low time delays, enhanced security and efficient real -world deployment.
The thesis’s objective was to describe ways on how to develop traditional factoring through private and consortium blockchains in Finnish factoring companies located in Finland. The research was carried out using a qualitative research method with an explorative outlook on the topic. The research was executed as an inductive case study. The research was constructed using a semi-structured interview method with a predetermined interview question set based on the topic’s title. Four professionals were interviewed from the finance and IT fields. Data-based content analysis and thematic design were used as the methods of data analysis. The systematic academic literature and use case review results were analyzed by using thematic design. According to the research results, consortiums and smart contracts are good solutions to develop traditional factoring. Consortiums could be executed as larger-scale solutions as large invoice financing marketplaces or as smaller-scale solutions between banks and their customers. The invoice marketplace could be executed through blockchain technology or by using more simple technologies. Smart contracts could be used to automate factoring agreements by using tokens to represent invoices’ value, but more research is needed on the contracts’ technical execution. Blockchain solutions are still partly underdeveloped and do not yet meet all the requirements of traditional factoring. Blockchain has some issues that need to be taken into consideration. Especially, security and privacy issues and capacity and block size limitations still need to be solved. It still needs to be examined whether suitable solutions for factoring companies’ needs to connect Distributed Ledger Technology systems to legacy systems to make payouts directly to customers’ bank accounts from smart contracts. Factoring companies need to examine Distributed Ledger Technology to understand its capabilities and consider the correct technology to integrate into their factoring solutions.
Abstract
Blockchain, sometimes referred to as Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), makes the history of any digital
asset unalterable and transparent using decentralization and cryptographic hashing. A simple analogy for
understanding blockchain technology is a Google Doc. When we create a document and share it with a group
of people, the document is distributed instead of copied or transferred. This creates a
decentralizeddistributionchainthatgiveseveryoneaccesstothedocumentatthesametime.Nooneislocked out
awaiting changes from another party, while all modifications to the doc are being recorded in real-time,
making changes completely transparent. Blockchains are decentralized in nature meaning that no single person
or group holds the authority of the overall network. DoS attacks referring to distributed denial of service.
These attacks are very destructive in nature. In this, the hackers use many algorithms to send the request and
increase the traffic on the site till the point it is not able to receive further requests and the site
crashes.TheDDoSattackisanalogoustoagroupofpeoplecrowdingtheentrydoorofashop,makingithard
forlegitimatecustomerstoenter,thusdisruptingtrade.Theincomingtrafficoriginatesfromdifferentsources so that it
makes it challenging for the management to stop the request by simply blocking the IP address of a
singleperson.
The Solid (Social Linked Data) project focuses on data sharing and privacy security and aims to build a decentralized ecosystem that radically changes the way web applications work today. Our goal is to introduce a “trust access authentication system” to achieve secure authentication and fine-grained access control, thereby promoting the implementation of Solid. Blockchain, equipped with multiple security properties and authentication functions, is a crucial technology. In this paper, we present a blockchain-assisted system for secure authentication in Solid and for implementation of fine-grained access control policies. Specifically, we explore to integrate threshold RSA signatures in a permissioned blockchain system to enable a fault-tolerant distributed signature scheme, thereby enhancing the resilience and robustness of authentication system. Moreover, we utilize smart contract to control transaction flows and manage access control policies automatically. Experimental results show that our proposed trust access authentication system enhances security, scales well, and is efficient and economically feasible.
We study how financial frictions amplify labor supply shocks in a macroeconomic model with occasionally binding financing constraints. Workers supply labor to entrepreneurs who borrow to purchase factors of production. Borrowing capacity is restricted by the value of capital, generating a pecuniary externality when financing constraints bind. Additionally, there is a distributive externality operating through wages. The planner's allocation can be decentralized with two instruments: a credit tax/subsidy and a labor tax/subsidy. Labor shocks, such as the COVID-19 shock, amplify the policy responses, which critically depend on whether financing constraints bind or not.
Crises frequently weaken subnational governments but in some cases they lead to greater decentralization. Does this decentralization, however, support the search for optimal crisis response strategies? Generally speaking there are several arguments, which suggest that decentralized systems will manage crises better than centralized ones. This article, however, considers two scenarios (decentralization of weakness and decentralization of responsibility) where the apparently increasing autonomy of subnational governments leads to important problems. Decentralization of weakness emerges when the central government for certain reasons refuses to actively implement an anti-crisis policy. Under these conditions, regional measures, while to some extent compensating the inactivity of the central government, create a number of other problems -that of external effects, possible ideologization of politics and insufficient use of expert knowledge. Decentralization of responsibility emerges when regions accept responsibility for implementing anti-crisis measures, but the center keeps control over resources -thus, regions have to focus on competing for central financing. For the modern Russia, the risks of these two scenarios are substantial.
The popularity and emergence of digital currency can be attributed to social media as it has a large user base for online discussion. The crypto market is highly dependent on socially constructed opinions as investors rely on online sources to acquire related information. A headline is considered as a summary of an article in a single sentence as it is the first that can gain a reader’s attention. The objective of this paper is to analyze the trend of cryptocurrency headlines in terms of positive and negative sentiment. The dataset is obtained from the Kaggle webpage containing news headlines from five online platforms. The paper will be using a lexicon-based sentiment approach to identify the binary sentiment. Support Vector Machine algorithm will be used to evaluate and optimize the sentiment results. This paper contributes to the gap in the literature by providing an empirical analysis of overview changes of the cryptocurrencies with multiple news platforms and longer periods. The findings of the paper resulting in negative sentiment for the trend of headlines, but it showed a different view in terms of positive polarity. Furthermore, the TD-IDF model outperformed the sentiment model in SVM modeling. Keywords: Cryptocurrency, Sentiment analysis, Lexicon sentiment, Natural Language Processing (NLP), Support Vector Machine (SVM).
The purpose of this paper is to study the Almgren and Chriss model on the optimal execution of large block orders both on the NYSE and in cryptocurrency exchanges. Their model minimizes execution costs, which include linear temporary and permanent price impacts. We focus on how the stock market microstructure differs from a cryptocurrency exchange microstructure and what that means for how the model functions. Once the model and microstructures are explained, we examine how the Almgren-Chriss model functions with stocks from the NYSE, looking at specifically selling a large number of shares. We then investigate how a large "wholesale" exchange like Binance has very different execution costs when compared to a "retail" exchange like Coinbase's consumer exchange, and what this means for a trader trying to make a large block order optimally. We examine how traders should place large orders on Bitcoin exchanges, and quantify the importance of choosing the right exchange.
Київський національний економічний університет імені Вадима Гетьмана, Михайло ОРЄХОВ, Т.В. Орєхова, Донецький національний університет імені Василя Стуса
The paper analyzes the role of digital currencies in the global financial system, the peculiarities of their use. The paper pays attention to the characteristics of the historical preconditions for the emergence of electronic payments and, as a consequence, digital currencies. The paper analyzes the features of the emergence and functioning of major global cryptocurrencies - Bitcoin, Ripple and Ethereum. The advantages of cryptocurrencies, the authors of the study include unlimited opportunities for transactions, no borders, transaction speed. Among the disadvantages of cryptocurrencies is the lack of a proper level of knowledge, which leads to the spread of fraud. The paper presents the volume and share of bitcoin trade in different markets during the period from January 2013 to January 2018. The results of the study allow us to conclude that the modern cryptocurrency market, despite the fact that the evolution of electronic money is in its infancy, and cash is still the most important form of payment for retail transactions, is highly competitive and fragmented.
Jan 1, 2020·Proceedings of the ... Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences/Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
Daniel Miehle, Andreas Pfurtscheller, Bernd Bruegge
Current Vehicle-to-Vehicle solutions cannot ensure the authenticity of safety-critical vehicle and traffic data. Moreover, they do not allow malicious vehicles to be detected and eliminated. However, this is becoming mandatory, as more and more vehicles are on the road and communicating with each other. We propose a system called Starling, which focuses on trusted coordinated obstacle mapping using blockchain technology and a distributed database. Starling enables vehicles to share detected obstacles with other vehicles in a secure and verifiable manner, thus improving road safety. It ensures that data was not manipulated, changed, or deleted and is based on an open protocol so that vehicles can exchange data regardless of their manufacturer. In a case study, we demonstrate how a consensus is reached among vehicles and conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the Starling system using Ethereum and the InterPlanetary File System.