To make good use of valuable Internet of Things (IoT) data assets, this paper proposes a trust-aware IoT data economic system (TIDES) with complete IoT data pricing, trading and protection functions. To ensure reliable and automatic data trading, the entire trading process is automatically performed by smart contracts on a hierarchical blockchain. Moreover, we develop several sophisticated methods to ensure the efficiency and service quality of TIDES. First, a complete evaluation model that takes the data trading profile and reputation into consideration is proposed for both suppliers and demanders to assess the trustworthiness of their trading partners. Second, a client-centric data value evaluation model and a game-theory-based pricing model are used to promote win-win transactions in which the demanders obtain higher quality data at an acceptable price and the suppliers receive higher profits. Third, a dispute arbitration model is invoked to detect suspicious trading and refund these payments automatically. TIDES further utilizes a multi-access edge computing (MEC) architecture to alleviate the huge burdens of IoT devices from blockchain operations, reduce the trading latency, and help mobile devices to trade IoT data. The simulation results have shown the advantages of TIDES in terms of trading time, storage overhead, data trading profit, quality data trading, pricing efficiency, and reliability on data asset management and trading.
The food supply chain faces unprecedented challenges concerning human health, food security and safety, climate change, animal welfare. In addressing these challenges, ensuring transparency and traceability in the food supply chain is becoming increasingly important issue for reducing food loss and waste and ensuring food safety. In particular, digitalization and new information technologies that are rapidly developing with Industry 4.0 and their applications to the supply chain lead to significant improvements in traceability systems. One of these new technologies is blockchain. The rise of blockchain-based initiatives find use in providing traceability in bringing more transparency and efficiency to the agricultural and food supply chain. Typical outcomes of the chapter are; (i) To list the triple bottom line food supply chain challenges. (ii) To narrate the feasible tracking and tracing solutions with the support of blockchain technology.
Peng Zhao, Hongbing Cheng, Yicheng Fang, Xiaoqing Wang
The exponential growth of storage space in blockchain network has become a serious problem to hinder the distribution of blockchain and the expansion of blockchain nodes. In this paper. We propose a security strategy for distributed storage blockchains, which can delete part of blockchains so that nodes only store part of a blockchain. We design a kind of semi-full node between full node and light node according to the requirement of the strategy, besides describe the process of deleting block and synchronizing block, and the running logic of the semi-full node. Finally, we perform comprehensive experiments of the truncated MCMC random algorithm. The results show that in the case of multi-node, the truncated block will not affect the block chain network. Compared with the traditional block design, our storage strategies can reduce storage requirements under most of situation, thus enable blockchains to be deployed on mobile or smaller storage computers.
Increasing list of records is with blockchain where each record is linked with the help of cryptography. Every block in the chain contains timestamp, transaction details and hash of a previous block, hash is cryptographic hash. This is a secured system, which we plan to replace the current online payment system. A current online payment gateway is prone to hackers where the attacker can tamper into the network, thus creating money loss. And not only this but also the transaction has to go through multiple payment systems which consumes time, also creating a risk of transaction getting failed. So, our system would be using blockchain that allows online transactions which would allow online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution and in a secured way. This system allows online transactions between two parties based on cryptographic proof without relying and trusting for a third party. To record transactions, we use proof of work algorithm which makes computationally impractical for an attacker to change. Digital signatures provide part of the solution for ensuring the security and integrity of the data that is recorded onto a blockchain.
The paper presents the results of comparative studies of the transport management application blockchain technology. The accuracy of the use Quick Road System (QRS) in intelligent transport systems (ITS) may be the service of getting free passage is shown. This service is aimed at creation of decentralized network of road lane sharing in real time. Based on model studies it was found that, depending If a driver is in a hurry or wants to get priority in using the speed lane, then, having established a special status, he shares his place in the lane with other vehicles moving along the same route by exchanging incentives through the blockchain with other private car owners. The paper estimates the probability of with the development of Internet of Things (IoT) technology, the number of connected devices in ITS is growing extremely fast. Therefore, the optimal use of large arrays of collected data is the main focus of research and the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is one of the most targeted branches of integration of the existing IoT technologies with the growing transport needs in order to solve the problem of intellectual traffic.
In the digital era, electronic medical record (EMR) has been a major way for hospitals to store patients’ medical data. The traditional centralized medical system and semi-trusted cloud storage are difficult to achieve dynamic balance between privacy protection and data sharing. The storage capacity of blockchain is limited and single blockchain schemes have poor scalability and low throughput. To address these issues, we propose a secure and efficient medical data storage and sharing scheme based on double blockchain. In our scheme, we encrypt the original EMR and store it in the cloud. The storage blockchain stores the index of the complete EMR, and the shared blockchain stores the index of the shared part of the EMR. Users with different attributes can make requests to different blockchains to share different parts according to their own permissions. Through experiments, it was found that cloud storage combined with blockchain not only solved the problem of limited storage capacity of blockchain, but also greatly reduced the risk of leakage of the original EMR. Content Extraction Signature (CES) combined with the double blockchain technology realized the separation of the privacy part and the shared part of the original EMR. The symmetric encryption technology combined with Ciphertext-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption (CP–ABE) not only ensures the safe storage of data in the cloud, but also achieves the consistency and convenience of data update, avoiding redundant backup of data. Safety analysis and performance analysis verified the feasibility and effectiveness of our scheme.
Bin Qu, Li-e Wang, Peng Liu, Zhenkui Shi · 5 authors
To achieve the tamper-proof, reliability and traceability of transactions in a trustless environment, the blockchain requires each peer node to store the whole global ledger. However, as transactions keep increasing over time, the storage cost of each node increases. In addition, many schemes have been proposed to boost rapid transactions which will even lead transactions to grow explosively. The problem of storage is becoming one challenge of blockchain since the storage overhead of each node increase rapidly. Reducing the storage overhead of each participant is very urgent and worthy. In this paper, we present GCBlock: a grouping overlay network storage scheme for the blockchain which can reduce the storage overhead of nodes and cut the whole storage cost of the blockchain greatly while keeping the underlying protocols. In our scheme, we try to group the nodes according to their physical fuzzy distance to reduce the overall delay when tracing. We set rules of autonomous check to deal with evil behavior within the group. To further enhance the stability of our scheme, we propose the transcript fractional repetition code which is newly constructed based on the fractional repetition code to encode data. Finally, we make a comprehensive evaluation of GCBlock and the results show that it is workable and reasonable.
Blockchain, a type of a decentralized network system that allows mutually distrustful parties to transact securely without involving third parties, has recently been attracting increasing attention. Hence, there must be a consensus mechanism to ensure a distributed consensus among all participants. Such a consensus mechanism may also be used to guarantee fairness, correctness and security of such decentralized systems. Thus, in this paper we propose a novel consensus mechanism named GSCS that is an improved version of PoW. Compared with existing consensus mechanisms (such as PoW, PoS and so on), GSCS provides strong resistance to resource centralization, the quantum attack and other malicious attacks. In this work, we first present the serial mining puzzle to resist collusive mining and the quantum attack. It guarantees that participants can only obtain a negligible advantage by solving the relevant problem in parallel. Second, GSCS considers the influence of participant credibility. The credibility is reflected by the mining behavior of each participant and directly influence to the mining difficulty of participant. Thus, credible participants enjoy a higher probability of winning the mining competition than do participants who are not credible. Finally, performance of GSCS is analyzed in terms of the common prefix, chain quality, chain growth, and power cost. The results indicate that GSCS is security- and incentive-compatible with suitable security parameter settings. In brief, GSCS has the potential to ensure a more secure and robust environment for decentralized blockchain systems.
An online review system is an important part of almost every e-commerce platform, especially a tourism e-commerce. However, various problems exist in the current online review systems. The review content is stored in a centralized database of each individual platform. Each platform differs in review management methods. In some cases, the review score of the same product disagrees across different platforms. Moreover, a centralized system has low transparency because it is difficult to trace individual actions within the system. As a result, some users are skeptical of the reliability of online reviews in centralized systems. This work proposes a global travel review framework based-on the blockchain technology. The incorporation of blockchain helps improve an online review system. The best practices for online review management from popular platforms, and the guidelines from trusted sources are used to develop the new system. The use of blockchain improves an online review system through its unique features of high transparency, security, and reliability. Additionally, the proposed framework relies on a community-driven environment. The accessibility level of users is controlled by using the smart contract. There is no single authoritative owner of the system. All participants in the system can exert controls on the system equally. This work illustrates the details of a blockchain-based global travel review framework. The advantages and disadvantages of such a system are discussed. The proposed framework can be easily integrated with any existing platforms since it can be accessed publicly.
Research aims : This study aims to provide a perspective on the professional ethics of a millennial accountant in applying blockchain technology to improve his professionalism, and discusses the issue of blockchain ethical challenges for an accountant's profession Design/Methodology/Approach : A research approach is a qualitative approach with interviews with the millennial accountants, namely millennial corporate accountants, millennial research accountants, and millennial internal auditors. Research findings : The study results indicated that a millennial accountant in the 4.0 revolution era is required to adapt to technology. The blockchain technology extends the ethical approach to utilitarianism to a broader social level with decentralization in serving stakeholders’ information needs. Blockchain changes the task of millennial accountants who previously produced information into information evaluators. Millennial accountants must change their mindset to absorb the essence of the accountant's code of ethics and harmonize ethical values. It is the basis for acting ethically to avoid the moral dilemma of technological adaptation. Theoretical contribution/Originality : The contribution of this research for accountants is to build a moral-ethical perspective in adopting blockchain technology that prevents potential impacts on business and society and to describe the challenges that the accounting profession will face in adopting blockchain in the industrial revolution 4.0. Practitioner/Policy implication : The implications of this study illustrate that the blockchain can change perspectives in real-time accounting to reduce practitioners' mistakes from the accounting profession by considering the ethical and moral aspects of a millennial accountant. Research limitation/Implication : The limitation of this study is the first; it has not yet deepened the three challenges faced by millennial accountants in the revolutionary 4.0 era. Secondly, millennial educator accountants have not yet to be involved as interviewees.
This paper studies the dynamic construction of a blockchain by competitive miners. In contrast to the literature, we assume a finite time horizon. Moreover, miners are rewarded for blocks that eventually become part of the longest chain. It is shown that popular mining strategies such as adherence to conservative mining or to the longest-chain rule constitute pure-strategy Nash equilibria. However, these equilibria are not subgame perfect.
A variety of heterogeneous information is produced after the application of various emerging technologies in education, which is of great research value as educational assets. The traditional educational asset management system has emerged. In view of the disadvantages of traditional system centralization process, people begin to use decentralized blockchain technology for innovation. This paper proposes an educational digital asset management system architecture based on blockchain 3.0 technology system, which forms various data formed by students in and out of class learning process, courseware and experience data generated by teachers in the process of teaching into educational digital assets, and carries out the right confirmation and storage on the blockchain. The system can use a variety of heterogeneous data in digital assets to analyze the development status of school users, achieve the teaching purpose of teaching students according to their aptitude and different people.
Jan 1, 2020·Proceedings of the 2nd International Scientific and Practical Conference “Modern Management Trends and the Digital Economy: from Regional Development to Global Economic Growth” (MTDE 2020)
Natalya N. Kovalyova, N.A. Zhirnova, М В Филимонова
The main attention is paid to the review of prospects in the field of legal regulation of such new financial instruments as cryptocurrencies as a type of electronic money. A number of bills and laws governing the public relations in question are analyzed. The problems that the Russian legislator is required to solve in order to ensure adequate legal regulation of new public relations are highlighted. The experience of some foreign countries in the field of legal regulation of cryptocurrencies is analyzed. It is concluded that today the development of the legal regime of new financial instruments, cryptocurrencies, is an urgent need. The lack of state regulation in the Russian Federation of electronic payments made in payment systems that use cryptocurrency as a means of transactions introduces confusion into society making the use of digital financial assets in the Russian Federation doubtful, which seems like a denial of world technology. Ultimately, the development of the Russian state depends on the fastest solution to this problem.
In this dissertation we study a variety of continuous-time Markov chains (CTMCs) and present new formulas that can be used to find the stationary distribution and the Laplace transforms of the transition functions. Our first set of results involve a level-dependent Quasi-Birth-Death (QBD) processes. We study the distribution of the state and the associated running maximum level at a fixed time t. We present new expressions for the Laplace transforms of the transition functions containing this information. This work involves making use of a collection of R-matrices often found in matrix analytic literature. We also show how our methods can be used to study the joint distribution of the running minimum level and state of a level-dependent Markov process of M/G/1-type. Our next set of results are based on a homogeneous QBD proccess. These results involve first computing a new class of R and G-matrices that can be used to find the Laplace transforms of the transition functions associated with a homogeneous QBD process with finitely many levels. Our final set of results are based on two CTMCs studied in G\"obel et al. \cite{GobelKeelerKrzesinskiTaylor}, which were created to model the interactions between a small pool of miners and a larger collection of miners within the Bitcoin network. We use the random-product technique, introduced by Buckingham and Fralix \cite{BuckinghamFralix2015}, to find the stationary distribution of this model when all miners are honest and when the small pool of miners implement the Selfish Mining strategy introduced by Eyal and Sirer in \cite{EyalSirer}. We also study the Laplace transforms of the transition functions associated with these CTMCs and other performance measures such as the expected time it takes for a "fork" in the blockchain to be resolved.
Emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and distributed ledger technology, are increasingly being adopted by financial institutions, promising functional efficiency and cost reduction to stakeholders and users. However, the structural and functional changes associated with the technological transformation of software platforms pose significant operational risks. While some aspects of these risks are well known and studied (such as AI trustworthiness, data privacy and consistency, platform availability and information security), others are underestimated. The extreme complexity and nondeterministic nature of existing technology infrastructures still need to be addressed, as they will soon be inherited by the platforms built with new technologies. The only way to mitigate these risks is extensive endto- end professional testing. This paper discusses the software-testing challenges of traditional central counterparties as well as the risks, biases and problems related to new technologies. It also outlines a set of requirements for an end-to-end validation and verification solution aimed at the new generation of clearing platforms.;Focusing on one of the most common use cases in the capital markets industry, this paper considers the challenges posed by the introduction of blockchain and AI into the post-trade area.
This paper proposes a functional safety and information security protection mechanism based on blockchain technology. The design of the basic level and integration level blockchain structure of CPS distributed architecture and related functional safety and information security measures are introduced. An effective communication judgment mechanism based on functional safety error threshold is proposed, which is stored and judged by smart contract. And a refund transaction with a clock is proposed to ensure the effective execution of the functional safety error threshold mechanism. The article takes cyber physical machine tool system as an example to describe the SIL judgment method of CPS physical equipment and functional safety loop and combines SIL with fault diagnosis and risk protection. Finally, the rationality of our proposed mechanism is proved by information security, functional security, real-time and maintainability.
Manuel Díáz, Enrique Soler, Luis Llopis, Joaquín Trillo
Safety-Critical Systems (SCSs) often manage sensible data that must be trustworthy, especially in many cases in which different actors participate whose interests may not coincide. Blockchain is a disruptive technology that has emerged to ensure the trustfulness of data. The nuclear industry incorporates many SCSs where blockchain can be applied. This paper focuses on the use of blockchain for the inspection of steam generators of a nuclear power plant. This is a critical process where different actors participate: plant property, external companies in charge of the inspection itself and different administrations. It typically consists of a number of processes that explore the state of different components of the plant in order to find any kind of failure or defect and it generates a great amount of data that must be verifiable and trustworthy. A distributed blockchain-based system is presented where all the nodes share the information and it cannot be altered. As a novelty, automatic inspection algorithms are stored in the blockchain itself by means of smart contracts. The benefits of blockchain are studied for the nuclear industry in general and for the inspection process in particular. In order to explore the possible drawbacks of a blockchain-based system for data management, a simulator has been implemented to recreate the scenario of an inspection. The results obtained show that blockchain architectures are a good alternative to traditional information repositories for nuclear power plant inspections.