Management of public finance and economic development is the art by which a nation improves the economic, political and social well-being of its people. The research paper starts from the reality that finance plays an important role in each economy. Nowadays, finance has to manage and adapt to Digital Era. The purpose of this paper is an attempt to identify and encourage managing financial statements through artificial intelligence using XBRL and Blockchain. In many countries, financial and tax authorities encourage the adoption of eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) and Blockchain. XBRL enable business to generate their required reporting information directly from their financial data. Blockchain technology continues to grow and it is being used in more and more business sectors. Finance, accounting and auditing has been identified as areas that could greatly benefit the distributed registry and other features of Blockchain. The main benefits generated by these innovative tools include reducing the risk of error (especially human error); low risk of fraud; system automation, big data analysis, huge cost savings (by increasing the efficiency and decreasing in errors), increased reliability in financial reports, and reduced workflow. The research paper comes to present how artificial intelligence combine financial information with tech capabilities, accelerate digital transformation of finance and accounting, and may create a more safety business and economic environment, reducing human error. We have to manage our work and time differently. We are living in a digital and intelligent era, where machines take over repetitive, time-consuming and redundant tasks, giving finance professionals more time to approach higher level and more lucrative analysis and research.
Ethereum Smart contracts use blockchain to transfer values among peers on networks without central agency. These programs are deployed on decentralized applications running on top of the blockchain consensus protocol to enable people to make agreements in a transparent and conflict-free environment. The security vulnerabilities within those smart contracts are a potential threat to the applications and have caused huge financial losses to their users. In this paper, we present a framework that combines static and dynamic analysis to detect Reentrancy vulnerabilities in Ethereum smart contracts. This framework generates an attacker contract based on the ABI specifications of smart contracts under test and analyzes the contract interaction to precisely report Reentrancy vulnerability. We conducted a preliminary evaluation of our proposed framework on 5 modified smart contracts from Etherscan and our framework was able to detect the Reentrancy vulnerability in all our modified contracts. Our framework analyzes smart contracts statically to identify potentially vulnerable functions and then uses dynamic analysis to precisely confirm Reentrancy vulnerability, thus achieving increased performance and reduced false positives.
Blockchain technology is an emerging technology that allows new forms of decentralized architectures, designed to generate trust among users, without the intervention of mediators or knowledge between the parties. Since 2015, thanks to the introduction of Smart Contracts by Ethereum, it is possible to run programs on the blockchain, greatly extending the potential of this technology. The programming of Smart Contract, through the Solidity language is different from the traditional one. First of all, any action that requires to modify the blockchain costs gas, which corresponds to a fraction of the currency used by that given blockchain, and therefore to real money. Gas optimization is a unique challenge in this context and has obvious implications. This document aims to provide a set of design patterns and tips to help gas saving in developing Smart Contracts on Ethereum. The provided patterns are presented divided into five main categories, based on their features.
Lăcrămioara Aştefanoaei, Pierre Chambart, Antonella Del Pozzo, Thibault Rieutord · 6 authors
First-generation blockchains provide probabilistic finality: a block can be revoked, albeit the probability decreases as the block sinks deeper into the chain. Recent proposals revisited committee-based BFT consensus to provide deterministic finality: as soon as a block is validated, it is never revoked. A distinguishing characteristic of these second-generation blockchains over classical BFT protocols is that committees change over time as the participation and the blockchain state evolve. In this paper, we push forward in this direction by proposing a formalization of the Dynamic Repeated Consensus problem and by providing generic procedures to solve it in the context of blockchains. Our approach is modular in that one can plug in different synchronizers and single-shot consensus instances. To offer a complete solution, we provide a concrete instantiation, called Tenderbake, and present a blockchain synchronizer and a single-shot consensus algorithm, working in a Byzantine and partially synchronous system model with eventually synchronous clocks. In contrast to recent proposals, our methodology is driven by the need to bound the message buffers. This is essential in preventing spamming and run-time memory errors. Moreover, Tenderbake processes can synchronize with each other without exchanging messages, leveraging instead the information stored in the blockchain.
The Smart Grid (SG) concept presented an unprecedented opportunity to move the energy sector to more availability, reliability, and efficiency to improve our economic and environmental conditions. Renewable energy sources (Solar & Wind) are such technologies that are used in the smart grid to figure out the environmental and economic issues and challenges. Smart grids provide energy in different crowded sectors with the efficient and timely transmission of electricity. But the traditional power grids follow a centralized approach for energy transactions with a large number of growing connections and become more challenging to handle power disturbance in the grid. Blockchain as a decentralized and distributed technology provides promising applications in the smart grid infrastructure with its excellent and salient features. In this paper, we provide a concise review of blockchain architecture, concepts, and applications in smart grids. Different potential opportunities for blockchain technology with smart grids are also discussed. Some future directions concluded the paper.
Aims: The purpose of this research paper is the study of the applicability of Blockchain technology and Smart Contracts to manage, control and secure an industrial Internet of Things network (IoT) for pooled warehouses with multiple actors and activities (not only restricted to transport and storage as currently developed in enterprises). Problem: IoT technology enables things to connect and exchange data, resulting in efficiency improvements, economic benefits, reduced human intervention and enabled interactions (information exchange and analysis) between human/machine to machine. However, the main difficulties lie in the definition of a robust global mechanism to secure the IoT, the awareness of resources diversity (heterogeneity of devices), and physical management of IoT. This article will attempt to answer these questionings. Results: To respond to these questions, we propose a hybrid architecture based on blockchains and multi-agents system to secure an industrial IoT corresponding to a pooled warehouse system. The proposed hybrid architecture completely represents our system, with all actors and connected objects in the pooled warehouse strategy. It is composed by two parts: a centralized part based on the multi-agents system to represent dynamic evolutions of actors’ behavior and a decentralized part, which corresponds to our block chain and smart contracts network to dynamically connect actors’ agents to pooled resources. The multi-agent system is coupled with game theory (cooperative game) to have a good systemic representation of our pooled warehouse management problem.
Applying watermarking protocols can effectively support the copyright protection to identify illegal distributors over the World Wide Web. Several schemes have been developed for copyright protection of the web based digital contents distributed over the internet. However, these protocols are often needs more complex security actions to be performed by the web based content providers for preserving the integrity of their content. In this paper, we propose a new secure web-based watermarking scheme based on the combination of the security of the public key cryptosystem (PKI) and the watermarking based on threshold cryptography. The proposed watermarking protocol solve the collude problem for the trusted certificate authority (CA) and applies the idea of the zero knowledge proof for verification purposes. Implementation and analysis of the proposed scheme has been conducted.
Francisco López Herrera, División de Investigación, Facultad de Contaduría y Administración, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México., Luis Guadalupe Macías-Trejo, Oscar V. De la Torre-Torres
Este artículo muestra los resultados de un análisis del desempeño de ocho de los criptoactivos más importantes entre la gran variedad que actualmente existe en el mercado. Se estudia su riesgo de mercado con base en métricas ampliamente utilizadas para activos financieros. El análisis se complementa con la evaluación de su desempeño dentro de portafolios formados con criterios convencionales. Se encuentra un comportamiento bastante heterogéneo entre los activos estudiados, sugiriendo que tal comportamiento obedece a las características específicas de cada uno de ellos, más que a las características comunes como una clase específica de activos.
Software-Defined Networking (SDN) enables flexible deployment and innovation of new networking applications by decoupling and abstracting the control and data planes. It has radically changed the concept and way of building and managing networked systems, and reduced the barriers to entry for new players in the service markets. It is considered to be a promising solution providing the scale and versatility necessary for IoT. However, SDN may also face many challenges, i.e., the centralized control plane would be a single point of failure. With the advent of blockchain technology, blockchain-based SDN has become an emerging architecture for securing a distributed network environment. Motivated by this, in this work, we summarize the generic framework of blockchain-based SDN, discuss security challenges and relevant solutions, and provide insights on the future development in this field.
Blockchain technology is the distributed, decentralised ledger technology underlying Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. We apply Oliver Williamson’s transactions cost analysis to the blockchain consensus mechanism. Blockchains reduce the costs of opportunism but are not ‘trustless’. We show that blockchains are trust machines. Blockchains are platforms for three-sided bargaining that convert energy-intensive computation into economically-valuable trust.
最早技術/情報系の枠を超えてその重要性と可能性が一般にも浸透を始めたブロックチェーン・分散型台帳技術であるが,その始まりともいえるProof of Work(PoW)型暗号資産認証方式は理論的に攻撃の可能性として指摘されていながら現実的ではないとされてきたBlock Withholding Attackを含む攻撃等により,モナコイン(MONA),ヴァージ(XVG),ビットコインゴールド(BTG),イーサリアムクラシック(ETC)などそこそこ有名なPoW型暗号資産を中心に2018年5月頃から攻撃が続き,巻き戻しも大掛かりに起きている.しかし,その代替策として有力視されているProof of Stake(PoS)型暗号資産認証方式を初めとして,他の暗号資産の認証方式にもそれぞれ問題は存在する.そこで,本稿ではPoW長寿命化に向けた提言を行う.
Lăcrămioara Aştefănoaei, Pierre Chambart, Antonella Del Pozzo, Thibault Rieutord · 6 authors
First-generation blockchains provide probabilistic finality: a block can be revoked, albeit the probability decreases as the block "sinks" deeper into the chain. Recent proposals revisited committee-based BFT consensus to provide deterministic finality: as soon as a block is validated, it is never revoked. A distinguishing characteristic of these second-generation blockchains over classical BFT protocols is that committees change over time as the participation and the blockchain state evolve. In this paper, we push forward in this direction by proposing a formalization of the Dynamic Repeated Consensus problem and by providing generic procedures to solve it in the context of blockchains. Our approach is modular in that one can plug in different synchronizers and single-shot consensus. To offer a complete solution, we provide a concrete instantiation, called {{Tenderbake}}, and present a blockchain synchronizer and a single-shot consensus algorithm, working in a Byzantine and partially synchronous system model with eventually synchronous clocks. In contrast to recent proposals, our methodology is driven by the need to bound the message buffers. This is essential in preventing spamming and run-time memory errors. Moreover, {{Tenderbake}} processes can synchronize with each other without exchanging messages, leveraging instead the information stored in the blockchain.
Lăcrămioara Aştefănoaei, Pierre Chambart, Antonella Del Pozzo, Edward Tate · 6 authors
Our work has been originally motivated by Tezos, a public blockchain which focuses on software correctness and which enables formal reasoning and verification. To further strengthen the resilience of Tezos, which now depends on a consensus protocol delivering only probabilistic finality, we propose a consensus protocol that brings deterministic finality. Our solution is backward compatible with the current liquid proof-of-stake system underlying Tezos. The main contributions of this paper are the following: (i) a formal specification of the Dynamic Repeated Consensus (DRC) problem, an adaptation of the repeated consensus problem to dynamic committees, (ii) Tenderbake, a solution to the DRC problem in a Byzantine and partially synchronous system model. In contrast to recent proposals, Tenderbake works with bounded message buffers. This feature represents a countermeasure to spamming and prevents runtime memory errors. For these reasons we think that Tenderbake is suitable for blockchains aiming to guarantee deterministic finality in a public setting.
A disruptive technology often used in finance, Internet of Things (IoT) and healthcare, blockchain can reach consensus within a decentralised network-potentially composed of large amounts of unreliable nodes-and to permanently and irreversibly store data in a tamper-proof manner. In this paper, we present a reputation system for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). It considers the users interested in traffic information as the main actors of the architecture. They securely share their data which are collectively validated by other users. Users can choose to employ either such crowd-sourced validated data or data generated by the system to travel between two locations. The data saved is reliable, based on the providers' reputation and cannot be modified. We present results with a simulation for three cities: San Francisco, Rome and Beijing. We have demonstrated the impact of malicious attacks as the average speed decreased if erroneous information was stored in the blockchain as an implemented routing algorithm guides the honest cars on other free routes, and thus crowds other intersections.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Marta Cristina Pelucio Grecco, Jacinto Pedro dos Santos Neto, Diego Constancio
Abstract This essay presents recommendations in regard to accounting for operations that involve bitcoins, in compliance with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), and analyzes their main tax aspects. There is no specific pronouncement on the part of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) or from the Brazilian Accounting Pronouncements Committee (CPC) regarding the accounting treatment to be applied in operations that use these currencies. Bitcoin is of interest to economists as a virtual currency with the potential to disrupt existing payment systems and even monetary systems. This essay offers a contribution for standard-setters and the tax authority (fisco) by providing the basis for possible guidelines to be issued on the accounting treatment of bitcoin operations, as well as by defining the appropriate tax treatment; in addition, it makes a contribution for accounting professionals by suggesting the accounting policy to be adopted in these operations. Here, the analysis of the characteristics of bitcoins is compared with the guidelines and concepts of IFRS, in order to elaborate the recommendation for accounting treatment, and it suggests that the most adequate procedure would be that of foreign currency, which would go against the tax treatment adopted up until now by the Brazilian Internal Revenue Service (Receita Federal) or the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) of the United States of America (USA), which suggest treating virtual currencies as goods and not as currencies. It warrants mentioning that this contradiction may cause tax risks for taxpayers.
Before the invention of the various technologies, managing various activities and actions over the internet was achieved through a centralized server to guarantee valid data. With the expanding measure of accessible storage space and the quickening of data stream incited by the internet, a developing enthusiasm for data about the creation procedure and sources of information has developed. While this wide scope of use territories would profit by provenance data, the kind of provenance information, manipulation and querying facilities required vary from application to application. In this way, to discover the distinctions and similitudes between the different application and information model provenance needs and present a general plan for the arrangement of provenance. By characterizing this plan and applying it to existing work we plan to uncover open inquiries in the region of information provenance In this paper we survey the blockchain and provenance of the data in rice supplychain. We implement our proposed approach using smart contract which is to be deploy on ethereum blockchain network in rice supplychain to show the security and provenance of the data . We can track the progress of rice batch after each stage in blockchain and also discussed the need of provenance of assets in supplychain as it increase the trust of the customer
Nasrin Sohrabi, Xun Yi, Zahir Tari, Ibrahim Khalil
Controlling the access over the stored data in the cloud is one of the fundamental security requirements, especially with the wide usage of cloud storage servers for nearly most of the enterprise applications. Traditional cloud-based access control solutions are based on a centralized approach (i.e. a cloud server becomes the central authority to control accesses to the data), which makes it difficult to prevent malicious cloud servers from disclosing user’s data; and therefore compromising the privacy of the stored data. Additionally, the centralization of authority can cause a single point of failure. Furthermore, to provide confidentiality, which is one of the essential security requirements, user’s data is encrypted before it is stored on the cloud. Most of the cloud servers store the decryption keys, after they encrypt the data, in their premises. This compromises data privacy. In this paper we propose a new model that addresses the aforementioned issues. To address the centralization problem, we distributed the access control tasks to smart contracts over a decentralized network, i.e. blockchain. To address the latter, we used Shamir secret sharing scheme to manage the encryption keys. Then we introduced a new type of node, called master node, to our blockchain platform, to store the decryption key parts.
The subject of the study is the justification for the need for further decentralization processes in<br> Ukraine.<br> The aim of the study is to analyze the results of the reform of decentralization of power in Ukraine,<br> to identify the problems and risks that accompany the modern process of decentralization.<br> Research methods. In the work uses a set of scientific methods that reveal the essence of the<br> modern process of decentralization reform, including grouping and benchmarking techniques for<br> building tables; systemic, historical, logical methods that help to reveal the dynamics of decentralization<br> processes and ensure the effectiveness of research.<br> Results of work. Based on the study of the formation of united collectives over the 5 years, it can<br> be argued that the most successful are the territorial associations of cities of regional significance,<br> which have the highest development potential, are less dependent on subsidies, have the ability to form<br> resources from their own sources. For small territorial associations, it is necessary to consider issues<br> regarding their territorial expansion and corresponding increase in population.<br> The field of application of results. System of financial sciences for public administration,<br> economics and public finance management.<br> Conclusions. Decentralization processes in modern conditions of reforming the economy of Ukraine<br> are investigated; problems and risks regarding the further formation of united collectives are examined.
Shakkeera L, Hem Pransanth K C, Sabareesh, Sumaiya Begum · 5 authors
In today’s era, the cloud database security is one of the main concerns for any of the real time data accessing web/mobile applications. The cloud database protection involves accessibility and vulnerability of data, data protection, storage space, integrity and confidentiality on sensitive data. Building an electronic voting system that tries to completely fulfill the needs of the people has always been a challenge to achieve. The existing E-Voting System (E-VS) is not that much compatible with that of the current trends and does not assure to provide more security A lot of distributed ledger technologies which has been an exciting approach during existing election voting process. If we take a look on the ways of implying E-VS in a distribute ledger then Blockchain would be the right choice. As we all know that nowadays, Blockchain is one of the emerging technologies in the field of Information Technology. It normally stores information in batches called blocks which are linked together in a chronological way or method to form chain of blocks using cryptography techniques. During online voting process, many fraudulent activities happens which corrupt the entire election process. One of the major problems faced are fake voting which is obviously done by unauthorized people, inconvenient to reach to the respective places, average security level which may lead to the chances of an electoral fraud or any other malpractices.. Our proposed E-Voting System is mainly to protect the cloud database for real time data and to reduce the time consumption in voting and vote counting processes. Instead of standing in the queue for casting the vote, people can cast their votes from anywhere they want through online. The E-VS gives complete privacy and security for the online voting and makes it an ease for every individual to access it and cast their votes from anywhere possible with full pronounced security. In our proposed E-VS, Blockchain security concept called Consensus algorithm is implemented which makes it impossible for any unwanted activities to occur during election process. The E-VS system also achieves a higher level of security. Hence, the proposed system achieves data integrity, data confidentiality, eliminates storage overhead, and reduces time consumption for overall electronic voting system.
Стаття присвячена сутності та порядку відображення в бухгалтерському обліку операцій з криптоактивами суб’єктами господарювання в умовах розвитку світової економіки. Розглянуто криптовалюту як різновид цифрових грошей. Охарактеризовано найвідоміші види криптовалют та стан криптовалютного ринку протягом 2019 року. Розглянуто правове регулювання криптовалюти в різних країнах. Окрему увагу приділено питанню визнання та нормативно-правовому регулюванню обліку криптовалюти в Україні. Встановлено, що криптоактиви можуть бути оприбутковані на баланс суб’єкта господарювання шляхом придбання, отримання як засобу платежу за продукцію, товари, роботи та послуги, набуті внаслідок інвестицій на ринку криптовалют та одержані самостійно внаслідок криптовалютного майнінгу. В процесі дослідження доведено, що криптоактиви потребують методичного та теоретичного обґрунтування в умовах нестабільності діючого законодавства. Запропоновано здійснювати облік криптоактивів за допомогою міжнародних стандартів фінансової звітності. Описано принцип роботи блокчейну та наведено переваги використання цієї технології як самостійної системи для ведення бухгалтерського обліку криптовалюти.
In many typical application scenarios, it is necessary to revoke the incorrect account operations caused by user mis-operation, financial fraud, illegal hacking, etc. Unfortunately, users often blur the lines between the concept of "transaction state revocable" and "business status revocable", which result in revocable transaction not universally supported in blockchain systems at present. In this work, we propose GateChain , a blockchain that support revocable transaction model (RTM) on distributed ledger. Specifically, based on the state-of-the-art blockchain technologies, GateChain can safely withdraw the account status change operations by leveraging an improved account model and extra designed transaction types. On that basis, GateChain exploit the characteristics of functional completeness, easy to deployment and lower complexity.
Md. Selim Hossain, Sajjad Waheed, Ziaur Rahman, Sk. A. Shezan · 5 authors
Internet of Things (IoT) that has been developed owing toward the merging of various technologies such as instantaneous analytics, machine learning, artificial neural network, product sensors and implanted systems, etc. It also stages a significant part in multiple applications which are a smart city, smart home, agricultural, health monitoring, tourism, transportation, communication, business, education, etc. The security concern associating IoT has to be situated in the direction to attract the research community due to its immensely growing application in our daily life. Since it is light-weight nature, the security mechanism needs changes apart from comprehensive web security. PKI based certificate driven techniques, which in some instances seem not appropriate on the way toward encounter IoT challenges, e.g., as real-time effectiveness, costs, and performance from the security perspective. However, Blockchain has mind-blowing potentials to peer with the IoT aiming to build trust, transparency, and security. Its distinct properties, such as distributed behavior, immutability, and consensus mechanism, can stimulate and improve the rapidly growing IoT system through meaningful integration. We propose to address a practical smart home use case scenario using Ethereum Blockchain to improve IoT security. Public type and smart contract oriented Ethereum Blockchain are adaptable to enhance IoT security remains individual of the contributions that we claim throughout this research work.