Kadim Lahcen Nadime, Jamal Benhra, Rajaa Benabbou, Salma Mouatassim
The rapid growth of e-commerce has placed considerable strain on traditional logistics systems, prompting a need for innovative solutions to optimize delivery processes and enhance customer satisfaction. This research paper presents a decentralized crowdsourced delivery application that leverages blockchain technology and smart contracts to address the challenges faced by centralized logistics models. The proposed system allows e-commerce companies to outsource product deliveries to carriers from a diverse pool, offering greater flexibility and cost-effectiveness while also enhancing transparency and trust among all parties involved. Built on the Ethereum blockchain, the application manages both the delivery and return processes, generating verifiable proofs of delivery (PoD) and proofs of return (PoR) for each transaction. The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the system architecture and the implementation of the application using smart contracts. Furthermore, it explores the potential impact of the proposed system on e-commerce companies, carriers, and customers, and identifies challenges and future directions for research and development in this field. The findings of this study contribute to the ongoing discourse on the transformative potential of blockchain technology and crowdsourcing in the e-commerce logistics industry, offering valuable insights into the design and real-world application of a decentralized delivery system.
<abstract> <p>This research attempts to fit a polynomial auto regression (PAR) model to intraday price data of four major cryptocurrencies and convert the model into a real-time profitable automated trading system. A PAR model was constructed to fit cryptocurrencies' behavior and to attempt to predict their short-term trends and trade them profitably. We used machine learning (ML) procedures enabling our system to train using minutes' data for six months and perform actual trading and reporting for the next six months. Results have shown that our system has dramatically outperformed the naive buy and hold (B &amp; H) strategy for all four examined cryptocurrencies. Results show that our system's best performances were achieved trading Ethereum and Bitcoin and worse trading Cardano. The highest net profit (NP) for Bitcoin trades was 15.58%, achieved by using 67 minutes bars to form the prediction model, compared to −44.8% for the B &amp; H strategy. Trading Ethereum, the system generated 16.98% NP, compared to −33.6% for the B &amp; H strategy, 61 minutes bars. Moreover, the highest NPs achieved trading Binance Coin (BNB) and Cardano were 9.33% and 4.26%, compared to 0.28% and −41.8% for the B &amp; H strategy, respectively. Furthermore, the system better predicted Ethereum and Cardano uptrends than downtrends while it better predicted Bitcoin and BNB downtrends than uptrends.</p> </abstract>
In agri-food supply chains (ASC), consumers purchase agri-food goods from farmers. During this process, customers emphasize the need for agri-food safety, while producers hope to enhance their revenues. Due to the dynamism and complexity of the Bangladesh ASC, the traceability and control of agri-food goods encounter formidable obstacles. Due to their reliance on intermediaries, legal financial hurdles, Ethereum-based financial solutions, etc., however, most existing solutions cannot adequately meet the traceability and management needs of Bangladesh ASC. To solve these issues, the authors proposed an integrated Agri-food supply chain (IASC) model. In this study, a systematic review of the literature was conducted using a thematic analysis method. In a portion of the model, the authors depicted a linear physical flow to illustrate the relationship and function of intermediaries and to explain Bangladesh ASC’s dependence on intermediaries. The approach incorporates Blockchain technology and IoT to promote transparency, minimize mistake, prevent product delays, remove unethical and illegal actions, improve supply chain (SC) management, track the whereabouts of the goods, and eventually increase consumer and supplier trust. The article also mentions that crypto currency-based financial transactions between stakeholders in the supply chain are now unlawful in Bangladesh. For blockchain API, a mobile banking and digital payment-based solution has been proposed. Finally, the blockchain-based Hyperledger Sawtooth API has been suggested so that clients can trace the entire history of a product by scanning the QR code on the packaging. Since Bangladesh’s economy is primarily based on agriculture, this research can assist in boosting Bangladesh’s economy. The paper would also contribute to the reduction of corruption and the improvement of firmer/grower and consumer satisfaction. The findings also pave the way for future studies to implement blockchain technology in ASC without relying on Ethereum-based financial flow solutions.
Motivated by the need for a credibly neutral trust mechanism on the blockchain, we study Pagerank and other properties of two Ethereum addresses, considering one address as trustworthy and the other as problematic. We show that an unmodified Pagerank algorithm does not distinguish these cases, while asserting that Pagerank is nonetheless an important starting point for such a mechanism. We give several directions for extending or modifying the mechanism to cover such cases.
Muhammad Izhar, Syed Asad Ali Naqvi, Adeel Ahmed, Saima Abdullah · 6 authors
This paper presents an innovative framework that leverages cutting-edge technologies to revolutionize healthcare systems, focusing on data security, privacy, and efficient medical diagnosis. Our approach integrates distributed ledger technology (DLT), artificial intelligence (AI), and edge computing to create a robust and dependable medical ecosystem. In our proposed system, patients’ health data is securely managed using a combination of elliptic curve cryptography-based identity-based cryptosystems and edge nodes, ensuring both privacy and integrity. These edge nodes, designed for low-power and short-range communication, play a pivotal role in in-vivo data collection and monitoring within the human body. The DLT model at the core of our framework utilizes peer-to-peer networks, enabling seamless information exchange while eliminating the need for centralized servers. We emphasize public edge DLTs, such as Ethereum, to ensure accessibility and data ownership for all stakeholders. Furthermore, our system incorporates a hybrid machine learning model for early detection and prediction of security threats, enhancing overall system efficiency. Our findings demonstrate a remarkable 99.7% accuracy in classification using this approach. In conclusion, this framework’s multidisciplinary approach bridges the gap between healthcare, edge computing, and DLT, promising real-time data processing, enhanced security, and privacy preservation. With the rise of the Internet of Things, this innovation holds the potential to transform the future of healthcare technology.
Abstract Digital design and modelling for construction assets was an important step towards improving the construction process overall by improving its efficiency and productivity, reducing the time needed for design editing and rework. However, digital forms of designs are prone to cyber threats and misuse by unauthorised authors. This is a common problem in different industries wherein digital asset management is inefficient due to its centralisation and depends on humans following a certain procedure. Blockchain is an emerging technology capable of transferring digitally produced information into a transferable digital value by storing the information or an identifying signature for the information on a blockchain ledger. Information on the blockchain ledger is immutable and stored in a decentralised system, making it a permanent record. This article investigates the possibility of protecting the intellectual property of built environment designs using blockchain technology. The article presents a solution for generating a double-fingerprint identity for the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), a common format for built environment design exchange, followed by deployment of a smart contract on the Ethereum public blockchain to store the design fingerprint along with design meta-data, such as information about the the owner and version, as a non-fungible token, a unique asset format stored on a blockchain ledger.
As time progresses, the need for more secure applications grows exponentially. The different types of sensitive information that is being transferred virtually has sparked a rise in systems that leverage blockchain. Different sectors are beginning to use this disruptive technology to evaluate the risks and benefits. Sectors like finance, medicine, higher education, and wireless communication have research regarding blockchain. Futhermore, the need for security standards in this area of research is pivotal. In recent past, several attacks on blockchain infrastructures have resulted in hundreds of millions dollars lost and sensitive information compromised. Some of these attacks include DAO attacks, bZx attacks, and Parity Multisignature Wallet Double Attacks which targeted vulnerabilities within smart contracts on the Ethereum network. These attacks exposed the weaknesses of current smart contract development practices which has led to the increase in distrust and adoption of systems that leverage blockchain for its functionality. In this paper, I identify common software vulnerabilities and attacks on blockchain infrastructures, thoroughly detail the smart contract development process and propose a model for ensuring a stronger security standard for future systems leveraging smart contracts. The purpose for proposing a model is to promote trust among end users in the system which is a foundational element for blockchain adoption in the future.
Blockchain technology and smart contracts have huge potential which has not been exploited fully yet. The main objective of this paper is to showcase the powerful attributes of blockchain technology and smart contracts, showcasing our unique and powerful use case of document verification in the field of higher education using the Ethereum protocol. Our smart contract use case will take advantage of the main attributes of blockchain technology to solve the problem of document forgery. These amazing attributes are immutability, censorship resistance, extreme robusticity, transparency, and neutrality, in addition to near-perfect availability and decentralization. Ethereum enables developers to create decentralized applications without having to invest in expensive infrastructure. Document forgery has a very long track record in the education sector and academia. In this digital age, it has become frighteningly simple and inexpensive to acquire fake university diplomas, certificates, and many other types of credentials. This has a long-term negative effect on higher-level education because it damages the healthy competitive environment of students and the reputation and credibility of institutions. The most problematic version of the diploma which is the most susceptible to forgery is physical diplomas. Even with relatively expensive and difficult-to-replicate security elements, such as holograms and special security markings, these are not efficient enough to keep bad actors away from trying to forge them and replicate them. The more complex methods we use for preventing physical document forgery, the more knowledge and experience does the verifier needs beforehand due to the complexity and the unique nature of anti-forgery methods and materials one has to look for during examination. The verification process of continually evolving and changing physical forgery prevention stamps, materials, holograms and others are expensive to automate the verification procedure and introduces additional human labor cost (training staff, hiring new employees, hiring trainers and forgery specialists). Therefore the best prevention method for replication is to build a system that makes it infeasible to even try to commit forgery. Usually, when an employer asks for the diploma, the student sends an electronic photocopy of the document to them or scans it. This completely nullifies the effect of holograms, watermarks, special UV active materials, and all other physical security elements. Even with the use of centralized electronic document verification systems, data manipulation is still possible, in addition, such a system introduces the concept of having to trust a third party for verification and single point of failure, in addition to lack of transparency, immutability, and data availability. An ideal solution would be one that is trustless, transparent, immutable, and always accessible. Blockchain technology offers the optimal solution to document forgery. In this article, we will showcase our Ethereum smart contract solution and all of the crucial aspects of document integrity.
Phuc N. T, Khanh H. V, Khoa T. D, Khiem H. G · 13 authors
The global transportation of goods has evolved in response to varied economic demands. The rapid progression of modern scientific and technological innovations offers a shift from traditional shipping paradigms. Current systems, whether domestic like Cash-on-Delivery (CoD) or international such as Letter-of-Credit, necessitate trust-building through an intermediary—be it a carrier or a financial institution. While these conventional systems provide certain benefits, they inherently present several challenges and potential vulnerabilities, affecting both sellers and buyers. The introduction of blockchain technology and smart contracts has been explored as a viable alternative to bypass these intermediaries. However, simply removing the shipping intermediary presents its own set of issues, particularly when disputes arise. Notably, the shipper remains unaffected in situations of contention. Consequently, some models are now incorporating the shipper’s role, either as a singular entity or in collaboration with others. Yet, a considerable number of these models still depend on an external trusted party for conflict resolution. Our study introduces a unique framework, blending the robustness of blockchain, the enforceability of smart contracts, and the authenticity assurance of NFTs. This system creates a streamlined CoD operation encompassing the seller, shipper, and buyer, using NFTs to produce digital receipts, guaranteeing both proof-of-purchase and a security deposit. Furthermore, our system provides an inherent mechanism for dispute resolution. Key contributions of our work including i) The design of a novel CoD system anchored on blockchain and smart contract capabilities; ii) The incorporation of Ethereum-based NFT (specifically, ERC721) for securely logging package information; iii) The development of smart contracts that facilitate NFT generation and transfer between transactional entities; and iv) Performance evaluation and deployment of these contracts across multiple EVM-compatible platforms such as BNB Smartchain, Fantom, Celo, and Polygon, establishing the optimal environment for our innovative system.
With the increasing popularity of Ethereum, smart contracts have become a prime target for fraudulent activities such as Ponzi, honeypot, gambling, and phishing schemes. While some researchers have studied intelligent fraud detection, most research has focused on identifying Ponzi contracts, with little attention given to detecting and preventing gambling or phishing contracts. There are three main issues with current research. Firstly, there exists a severe data imbalance between fraudulent and non-fraudulent contracts. Secondly, the existing detection methods rely on diverse raw features that may not generalize well in identifying various classes of fraudulent contracts. Lastly, most prior studies have used contract source code as raw features, but many smart contracts only exist in bytecode. To address these issues, we propose a fraud detection method that utilizes Efficient Channel Attention EfficientNet (ECA-EfficientNet) and data enhancement. Our method begins by converting bytecode into Red Green Blue (RGB) three-channel images and then applying channel exchange data enhancement. We then use the enhanced ECA-EfficientNet approach to classify fraudulent smart contract RGB images. Our proposed method achieves high F1-score and Recall on both publicly available Ponzi datasets and self-built multi-classification datasets that include Ponzi, honeypot, gambling, and phishing smart contracts. The results of the experiments demonstrate that our model outperforms current methods and their variants in Ponzi contract detection. Our research addresses a significant problem in smart contract security and offers an effective and efficient solution for detecting fraudulent contracts.
Motivated by the need for a credibly neutral reputation mechanism on the blockchain, we study Pagerank and other properties of two Ethereum addresses, considering one address as trustworthy and the other as problematic. We show that an unmodified Pagerank algorithm does not distinguish these cases, while asserting that Pagerank is nonetheless an important starting point for such a mechanism. We give several directions for extending or modifying the mechanism to cover such cases.
A smart contract is a type of digital agreement between several parties without intermediaries. In many areas of life, the smart contract is a breakthrough technology because it can change the perception of deals. At first sight, creating a smart contract may seem like a simple thing, but to create it, should to know and use a large number of technologies. This article discusses method of creating smart contracts based on Ethereum using technologies such as the Ethereum network, the Solidity programming language, the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), which takes the main role in creating and executing smart contracts and supporting instruments Ganache and Truffle. A smart contract has been implemented based on the sale of movie tickets using the previously mentioned technologies. It took 0.65 seconds to complete a transaction for the sale of 10 tickets between wallets. Once this transaction made, the smart contract cannot change, which makes it unique compared to other technologies. In general, creating smart contracts with Solidity requires a good understanding of object-oriented programming languages, but most of the functions available in the Solidity packages perform the same functionality. Ethereum's uniqueness allows blockchain-based applications to run autonomously, but this also has its drawbacks. Also presented and investigated in the article an analysis of the time trends of the Ethereum smart contract out using the R programming language and the R-Studio development environment. Data of Ethereum smart contract for analysis taken from an open source Kaggle. The dataset contains 1599 rows of data and 8 unique columns of Ethereum smart contract values. The best days and months in relation to the ROI indicator investigated. Using this methodology and tools of creating smart contract can be used for further studies. Keywords: smart contract, blockchain, Solidity, bitcoin, Ethereum, cryptocurrency.
Managing and storing data are crucial tasks for any industry, since they require accurate and secure record-keeping. Using blockchain technology has significantly increased recently due to its capability to address some of the challenges that come with traditional data storage and management systems. In this paper, we will explore the use of Ethereum smart contracts powered by the Solidity programming language using AES-CMAC.
Khiem H. G, Khanh H. V, Huong H. L, Quy T. L · 12 authors
The management and disposal of various types of waste (including industrial, domestic, and medical waste) are worldwide issues, which are particularly critical in developing nations such as Vietnam. Given the extensive population and inadequate waste treatment facilities, addressing this challenge is of utmost importance. Predominantly, the majority of such waste is not processed for composting but is instead subjected to elimination, thereby posing severe threats to public health and environmental safety. Furthermore, insufficient standards in existing waste treatment plants contribute to the rising volume of environmental waste. Emphasizing the process of waste recycling instead of total elimination is an alternate strategy that needs to be considered seriously. However, the implementation of waste segregation in Vietnam is still not sufficiently prioritized by individuals or organizations. This study presents a unique model for waste segregation and treatment, leveraging the capacities of blockchain technology and smart contracts. We also scrutinize the adherence or non-compliance to waste segregation mandates as a mechanism to incentivize or penalize individuals and organizations, respectively. To address this, we employ Non-Fungible Token (NFT) technology for the storage of compliance proofs and associated metadata. The paper’s primary contributions can be delineated into four components: i) presentation of a waste segregation and treatment model in Vietnam, utilizing Blockchain technology and Smart Contracts; ii) application of NFTs for storage of compliance-related content and its metadata; iii) offering a proof-of-concept implementation rooted in the Ethereum platform; and iv) executing the proposed model on four EVM and ERC721 compliant platforms, namely BNB Smart Chain, Fantom, Polygon, and Celo, to identify the most suitable platform for our proposition.
Bitcoin Request for Comment 20 (BRC-20) token mania was a key storyline in the middle of 2023. Setting it apart from conventional Ethereum request for comments (ERC)-20 token standards on Ethereum, BRC-20 introduces nonfungibility to Bitcoin through an editable field in each satoshi (0.00000001 Bitcoin, the smallest unit), making them unique. In this article, we pioneer the exploration of this concept, covering its intricate mechanisms, features, and state-of-the-art applications. By analyzing the multidimensional data spanning over months with factual investigations, we conservatively comment that while BRC-20 expands Bitcoin’s functionality and applicability, it may still not match Ethereum’s abundance of decentralized applications and similar ecosystems.
M Vivaswanth Kashyap, Vaidya Saideepa, Kallem Shivadar Reddy, Mrs.T.Ratnamala
Blockchain is a ground-breaking technology that will soon have a significant positive impact on our commercial environment. Non-Fungible Token is referred to as NFT. A digital representation of a real-world item, such as music, art, in-game items, or films, can be referred to as an NFT. They are typically exchanged online using various cryptocurrencies. Different from fungible tokens that are bought or sold on numerous centralised or decentralised exchanges, non-fungible tokens transacted on an NFT marketplace. NFTs are unique. Every NFT has a digital signature that prevents them from being altered for another NFT. Each has a unique value based on a number of variables, including metadata, creator,features, etc. The NFT marketplace, which gives users a platform to create and exchange Non-Fungible Tokens, is meant to be at the centre of all the fantastic use cases for NFTs. The software will be compared to other well-known systems like Opensea, etc., whose major transaction volume is on the Ethereum blockchain network. In this endeavour, we will focus on establishing an NFT Marketplace using the Internet computer. We would interact with the internet computer using Motoko, and the front end of the application would be made with Reactjs.
Anthony Anthony, Michael Christian Lee, Rafaelle Richel Pearl, Ivan Sebastian Edbert · 5 authors
Blockchain is an up-and-coming technology designed to ease the process of verifying legitimate products without the need of a centralized system. An example of a well-known technology using Blockchain is Bitcoin and Ethereum cryptocurrency. Blockchain technology will ensure that data residing within each block cannot be tampered with by anyone other than the owner. This paper uses Blockchain technology to develop a system where customers can validate a product legitimacy without the need of a corresponding merchant. This system will be able to be used by manufacturers and companies to ensure that their products will be harder to counterfeit, therefore they will gain more trust from customers. The Ethereum blockchain is used to build the proposed model that is capable of tracing every item's creation and transactions, ensuring the credibility of an item's genuineness. Our simulation results in an effective model and a cost analysis that shows that the model uses an average gas amount of 715,046.3 gwei.
Ahmed Muhi Shantaf, Ahmed Shamil Mustafa, Mustafa Maad Hamdi, Mohammed Basil Abdulkareem · 6 authors
Cryptocurrency is a cryptographic commodity designed to function as an exchanging medium, with cryptography used to encrypt transfers, monitor unit creation, and validate asset transfer. Each cryptocurrency is defined as either a digital currency or an alternative currency. In order not to run without central authorities or banks, Blockchain employs peer-to-peer technology; it jointly manages transfers and issues bitcoins via the web. Bitcoin is an open source; it has a public architecture; nobody holds or manages Bitcoin. Bitcoin unlocks exciting uses with many of its specific features that no prior payment mechanism could protect. In this paper, two cryptocurrencies are chosen and compared. The Tether and Ethereum given the recent technical advances in Tether and Ethereum blockchains, we have been examining scientific literature and relevant technology to see what technological developments can be created. Then we highlight the most interesting area based on the combination of these two technologies.
Abba Garba, David Khoury, Patrick Balian, Samir Haddad · 10 authors
These in recent days, the proliferation of the internet of things (IoT) within the emergence of five-generation (5G) networks has received a huge attention in both industrial and academic domains. A 5G network is a cornerstone of realizing the full potential of the IoT, which interconnects billions of devices wirelessly. However, wireless communication in IoT devices reveals tremendous security risks in different dimensions and precisely in the distribution of the user certificates. The existing X.509 PKI, or the proposed decentralized PKI based on blockchain solutions have lacked practicality, and continue to have security flaws, or have not yet gained widespread acceptance owing to complexity and deployment issues. We present a lightweight certificate in size (LightCert4IoTs) that is not issued by Certification Authorities (CAs) due to the cost and complexity of the assignment of a signed certificate. In LightCert4IoTs first, an end-user (i.e., mobile and IoT devices) issues a self-signed certificate and lets Local Registration Authorities (LRAs)/EDGE nodes to verify and validate the binding identity-self signed certificate of the users through the Ethereum blockchain where The Ethereum network is used as the global notary for the IoT light certificates by saving them in the blockchain immutable ledger. The LightCert4IoTs leverages the advantages of blockchain technology and smart contracts to address the existing challenges of PKI certificates in IoT devices, which neatly achieve certificate issuance, update, and revocation more securely and efficiently. Finally, the LightCert4IoTs experimental results show that LightCert, as compared to relevant solutions/baselines, achieves reasonable overheads and is suitable for use in low- constrained IoT devices where the memory and processor power are optimized.
A nearly real-time, immutable blockchain audit trail is widely thought to deter market abuse, yet systematic evidence is scarce. Analyzing 7.4 million transactions from 561 NFT collections, which represent unique digital assets on public blockchains, I show that wash trading activity has a negligible impact on market outcomes. Rather than boosting the value of their own NFT collections, wash traders appear motivated by token reward programs offered by trading platforms. In contrast, purchases by apparent insiders predict positive returns for the associated collections. Transparent ledgers thus both neutralize obvious trade-based manipulation and give market participants enough information to detect insider activity.