Nihar Ranjan Pradhan, Akhilendra Pratap Singh, S. Sudha, K. Hemanth Kumar Reddy · 5 authors
With the electric power grid experiencing a rapid shift to the smart grid paradigm over a deregulated energy market, Internet of Things (IoT)-based solutions are gaining prominence, and innovative peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading at a micro level is being deployed. Such advancement, however, leaves traditional security models vulnerable and paves the path for blockchain, a distributed ledger technology (DLT), with its decentralized, open, and transparency characteristics as a viable alternative. However, due to deregulation in energy trading markets, most of the prototype resilience regarding cybersecurity attack, performance and scalability of transaction broadcasting, and its direct impact on overall performances and attacks are required to be supported, which becomes a performance bottleneck with existing blockchain solutions such as Hyperledger, Ethereum, and so on. In this paper, we design a novel permissioned Corda framework for P2P energy trading peers that not only mitigates a new class of cyberattacks, i.e., delay trading (or discard), but also disseminates the transactions in a optimized propagation time, resulting in a fair transaction distribution. Sharing transactions in a permissioned R3 Corda blockchain framework is handled by the Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) and transport layer security (TLS). The unique contribution of this paper lies in the use of an optimized CPU and JVM heap memory scenario analysis with P2P metric in addition to a far more realistic multihosted testbed for the performance analysis. The average latencies measured are 22 ms and 51 ms for sending and receiving messages. We compare the throughput by varying different types of flow such as energy request, request + pay, transfer, multiple notary, sender, receiver, and single notary. In the proposed framework, request is an energy asset that is based on payment state and contract in the P2P energy trading module, so in request flow, only one node with no notary appears on the vault of the node.Energy request + pay flow interaction deals with two nodes, such as producer and consumer, to deal with request and transfer of asset ownership with the help of a notary. Request + repeated pay flow request, on node A and repeatedly transfers a fraction of energy asset state to another node, B, through a notary.
Usually whenever we take a subscription from any OTT platform we often use it only for 5-10% of time we subscribe for, but we end up paying for the whole lot of time. Also, often users keep sharing their subscriptions with their friends and a single screen subscription ends up running on multiple devices. It causes losses to service providers. So, a more smooth and efficient subscription system is needed and it would benefit both the parties - Customers and Service Providers. Since Ethereum has been an open source development platform, the industry has taken advantage of decentralized application or DApp where by the application is based on Smart Contract, a set of programming written code becomes the law of in agreement.
Mirza Jabbar Aziz Baig, M. Tariq Iqbal, Mohsin Jamil, Jahangir Khan
Renewable energy resources have been gaining ground in recent years and we are on the verge of a decentralized energy market with consumers becoming prosumers. Platforms that facilitate peer-to-peer (P2P) sale or purchase of energy are therefore essential. This paper presents a way to trade energy across P2P networks using blockchain technology. The main server is a Raspberry Pi 4 Model B (Pi4B), on which the user interface (UI) as well as the private Ethereum blockchain are configured. The blockchain also implements a smart contract. For the purpose of developing the UI that provides assistance in conducting trading activities, an open-source Angular framework is used. Also explored in the study is the development of an Internet of Things (IoT) server using the latest ESP32-S3 microcontroller. The field instrumentation devices (FIDs) are connected to the microcontroller for the purpose of data acquisition and for subsequent transmission to an IoT server. The blockchain network maintains a record of all transactions in an immutable manner. Assuring security is achieved through a local configuration of the system, hosted on a private network with restricted access. For the purposes of information security and data integrity, additional security measures are also considered, such as a secret recovery phrase, firewalls, login credentials and private key. Among the servers and clients, there is an implementation of a Hypertext Transfer Protocol. The P2P energy trading approach involving renewable energy designed for remote communities is explained and illustrated in this paper.
Mahmoud A. Shawky, Abdul Jabbar, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Ali Imran · 7 authors
This letter proposes a group key distribution scheme using smart contract-based blockchain technology. The smart contract’s functions allow for securely distributing the group session key, following the initial legitimacy detection using public key infrastructure-based authentication. For message authentication, we propose a lightweight symmetric key cryptography-based group signature method, supporting the security and privacy requirements of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Our discussion examined the scheme’s robustness against typical adversarial attacks. To evaluate the gas costs associated with smart contracts functions, we implemented it on the Ethereum main network. Finally, comprehensive analyses of computation and communication costs demonstrate the scheme’s effectiveness.
Mingxing Guo, Ke Zhang, Su Wang, Jinlei Xia · 7 authors
Traditional centralized transactions require a control center for user demand matching, settlement and other processes. However, with the increase in the penetration rate of distributed energy in the community, the explosive increase in the number of transactions leads to a decrease in efficiency and it is difficult to guarantee user privacy and information security. The smart contract technology based on blockchain technology has the characteristics of decentralization, traceability and tamper resistance, and these key factors show unique advantages in distributed energy transactions. This paper explores Ethereum and smart contract technology, designs a peer-to-peer energy sharing mechanism with reward and punishment incentives and establishes a smart contract trading platform for smart community-based virtual power plant (CVPP). This paper verifies the functionality and effectiveness of smart contract. The results show that when the supply and demand ratio changes, the user can conduct energy transactions according to the contract without a third-party organization, which solves the problem of trust between the two parties and achieves the expected effect and runs successfully. In addition, the simulation results show that the peer-to-peer transaction based on smart contracts reduces the energy cost per household and increases the total benefit of CVPP.
The non-fungible token (NFT) is an emergent type of cryptocurrency that has garnered extensive attention since its inception. The uniqueness, indivisibility and humanistic value of NFTs are the key characteristics that distinguish them from traditional tokens. The market capitalization of NFT reached 21.5 billion USD in 2021, almost 200 times of all previous transactions. However, the subsequent rapid decline in NFT market fever in the second quarter of 2022 casts doubts on the ostensible boom in the NFT market. To date, there has been no comprehensive and systematic study of the NFT trade market or of the NFT bubble and hype phenomenon. To fill this gap, we conduct an in-depth investigation of the whole Ethereum ERC721 and ERC1155 NFT ecosystem via graph analysis and apply several metrics to measure the characteristics of NFTs. By collecting data from the whole blockchain, we construct three graphs, namely NFT create graph, NFT transfer graph, and NFT hold graph, to characterize the NFT traders, analyze the characteristics of NFTs, and discover many observations and insights. Moreover, we propose new indicators to quantify the activeness and value of NFT and propose an algorithm that combines indicators and graph analyses to find bubble NFTs. Real-world cases demonstrate that our indicators and approach can be used to discern bubble NFTs effectively.
Land is an asset and the transfer of ownership of a piece of land from one party to another is an important as well as tedious task. Not only it involves hectic paperwork but also several middlemen and multiple verifications at various levels of the process. This makes the whole process less reliable and increases the chances of forgery multifold. Also, it’s difficult to find out the previous transfers. This problem can be easily taken care of by using blockchain for the land registration system. This will decrease corruption in the process by removing middlemen from the process. Also, it will increase the speed, and create trust in the system without even the involvement of any central agency. Blockchain is a decentralized, immutable ledger that keeps track of every legitimate transaction. It uses cryptographic techniques, consensus mechanisms, and hashing algorithms to maintain the chain of transactions. This keeps the whole system transparent and immutable. The aim of this work is to develop a user-friendly, blockchain-based land registration system to ease the process while maintaining security and trust. In places like India where lacs of transfers are done on a regular basis, the quantity of paper used to maintain the records is also very high. Not only will this system bring common people closer to technology, but it will also help protect the environment by removing manual paperwork.
Recently, the Ethereum smart contracts have seen a surge in interest from the scientific community and new commercial uses. However, as online trade expands, other fraudulent practices—including phishing, bribery, and money laundering—emerge as significant challenges to trade security. This study is useful for reliably detecting fraudulent transactions; this work developed a deep learning model using a unique metaheuristic optimization strategy. The new optimization method to overcome the challenges, Optimized Genetic Algorithm-Cuckoo Search (GA-CS), is combined with deep learning. In this research, a Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used in the phase of exploration in the Cuckoo Search (CS) technique to address a deficiency in CS. A comprehensive experiment was conducted to appraise the efficiency and performance of the suggested strategies compared with those of various popular techniques, such as k-nearest neighbors (KNN), logistic regression (LR), multi-layer perceptron (MLP), XGBoost, light gradient boosting machine (LGBM), random forest (RF), and support vector classification (SVC), in terms of restricted features and we compared their performance and efficiency metrics to the suggested approach in detecting fraudulent behavior on Ethereum. The suggested technique and SVC models outperform the rest of the models, with the highest accuracy, while deep learning with the proposed optimization strategy outperforms the RF model, with slightly higher performance of 99.71% versus 98.33%.
Open access
2 source records
Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
ÖZET Çalışmanın temel amacı, her geçen gün artan işlem hacimleri nedeniyle kripto varlıklar konusunun ele alınarak; kripto varlık kavramı, doğuş amacı, düzenlenmesinin gerekliliği, kripto varlıkların gelecek beklentileri üzerinde durularak, Türkiye ve bazı ülkelerin özellikle Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinin kripto varlıklar hakkındaki görüşlerine yer verilmesidir. Çalışma üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümün teorik bir yapı olması amacıyla, birinci bölümde; geçmişten günümüze gelene kadar paranın uğramış olduğu değişikliklere yer verilerek, paranın tarihi, işlevleri ve sınıflandırılması üzerinde durulmuştur. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde; kripto para kavramı, tarihsel gelişimi, genel özellikleri ile birlikte kripto paraların altında yatan blok zincir teknolojisine yer verilerek, Türkiye ve diğer bazı ülkelerin kripto varlıklara olan bakış açıları incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın son bölümü olan üçüncü bölümde, kripto paralara karşı Avrupa Birliği’nin yaklaşımı üzerinde durulmuş olup, kripto paraların AB’ndeki gelişim süreci ve bazı AB üye devletlerinin kripto varlıklara yönelik bakış açıları anlatılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonuç bölümde ise, elde etmiş olduğum bilgiler doğrultusunda kripto varlıklar hakkında değerlendirme yapılmış ve önerilerde bulunulmuştur. <strong>Anahtar Kelimeler: </strong>Para, Kripto Para, Bitcoin, Ethereum, Blok zincir Teknolojisi, Kripto Para Borsaları, Kripto Para Madenciliği, Avrupa Birliği.
У даній кваліфікаційній роботі було проведено дослідження технології блокчейн,проведено аналіз атак та інцидентів на розумні контракти засновані на блокчейні Ethereum, розроблено модель загроз для блокчейн додатків та розроблено рекомендації з підвищення рівня захисту розумних контрактів . У роботі було досліджено атаки та інциденти пов`язані з розумними контрактами на платформі Ethereum. Було розглянуто такі атаки, як атака повторного входу,атака відтворення, атака на цілочисельне переповнення та інші.За результатами аналізу інцидентів було виділено 2 основні загрози які були використані на практиці для проведення атак на блокчейн дотатки-це атака повторного входу і фішинг. Була створена комплексна модель загроз які виникають при використанні додатків заснованих на технології блокчейн в мережі Ethereum. На основі проаналізованих інцидентів та грунтуючись на моделі загроз були сформовані рекомендації з підвищення рівня захищеності додатків заснованих на розумних контрактах Ключові слова: розумні контракти, атака, Ethereum, EVM, методи захисту.
У даній роботі розроблено вебзастосунок на блокчейні Ethereum, який надає можливість користувачам обмінювати криптовалюти, відображає статистику актуальних цін для криптовалюти та має інтеграцію функціоналу відстеження поточного газу в мережі Ethereum для проведення транзакцій. Для досягнення цієї мети були поставлені відповідні завдання, які були успішно виконані. В процесі розробки проведено дослідження наявних систем та технологій, що дозволяють обмінювати криптовалюти, для отримання глибшого розуміння їх принципів та функціоналу. Досліджено та обрано для впровадження алгоритм проведення обміну криптовалют, який забезпечує безпечну передачу активів між користувачами. Також реалізовано використання смарт-контракту, який відповідає алгоритму обміну криптовалют та забезпечує автоматизовану обробку транзакцій. Розроблено інтерфейс вебзастосунку, який дозволяє користувачам обмінювати криптовалюти. Також реалізовані необхідні операції для взаємодії з мережею Ethereum, зокрема для роботи з DEX, забезпечуючи можливість виконання транзакцій, доступ до контрактів та отримання актуальної інформації про токени на блокчейні Ethereum. Ключові слова : криптовалюта, обмін криптовалюти, вебзастосунок, API, ETHEREUM, смарт-контракт, блокчейн.
Open access
Cybersecurity and Information Systems
Information Systems and Technology Applications
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Smart contracts have become a crucial element for developing decentralized applications on blockchain, resulting in numerous innovative projects on blockchain networks. Ethereum has played a significant role in this space by providing a high-performance Ethereum virtual machine, enabling the creation of several high- level programming languages that can run on the Ethereum blockchain. Despite its usefulness, the Ethereum Virtual Machine has been prone to security vulnerabilities that can result in developers succumbing to common pitfalls which are otherwise safeguarded by modern virtual machines used in programming languages. The project aims to introduce a new interpreted scripting programming language that closely resembles the Scheme programming language. This language is designed to run natively on Spartan Gold, which is an experimental blockchain platform that facilitates easy experimentation in a blockchain environment. To demonstrate the usefulness of SpartanScript, the project includes the imple- mentation of various smart contracts, such as time-sensitive smart contracts and an implementation of the ERC-20 standard. The ERC-20 standard is a crucial component of the blockchain ecosystem because it provides a standardized set of rules for creating and managing tokens on the Ethereum blockchain, enabling interoperability and easy implementation of new tokens to represent a wide range of assets, such as currencies, commodities, or even other cryptocurrencies
Nakamoto’s Bitcoin is the first decentralized digital cash system that utilizes a blockchain to manage transactions in its peer-to-peer network. The newer generation of blockchain systems, including Ethereum, extend their capabilities to support deployment of smart contracts within their peer-to-peer networks. However, smart contracts cannot acquire data from sources outside the blockchain since the blockchain network is isolated from the outside world. To obtain data from external sources, smart contracts must rely on Oracles, which are agents that bring data from the outside world to a blockchain network. However, guaranteeing that the oracle’s off-chain nodes are trustworthy remains a challenge. A centralized oracle that relies on a single off-chain node creates a single point of failure. Therefore, a decentralized mechanism is necessary. One possible design for a decentralized oracle is to use a game mechanism that utilizes the Schelling-point theory to identify the correct data point among various data points reported by the oracle’s off-chain nodes. In this paper, we introduce Spartan Price Oracle (SPO), a decentralized oracle designed to provide accurate price data. SPO utilizes the Schelling-point theory in its game mechanism to ensure the accuracy of the price data it provides. The mechanism design of SPO is based on SchellingCoin but with two significant improvements. Firstly, SPO uses Kernel Density Estimation to estimate the probability density function of data points that are reported by multiple off-chain nodes. This enables SPO to identify the accurate data by determining the mode of the probability density function. Secondly, SPO utilizes a redistributive economic incentive model that incorporates an appeal mechanism to increases the maximum reward for its off-chain nodes. This model has been proven to raises the budget required for compromising off-chain nodes and helps in preventing potential attacks on the oracle.
In a permissionless system like Ethereum, participation may fluctuate dynamically as some participants unpredictably go offline and some others come back online. In such an environment, traditional Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus algorithms may stall - even in the absence of failures - because they rely on the availability of fixed-sized quorums. The sleepy model formally captures the main requirements for solving consensus under dynamic participation, and several algorithms solve consensus with probabilistic safety in this model assuming that, at any time, more than half of the online participants are well behaved. However, whether safety can be ensured deterministically under these assumptions, especially with constant latency, remained an open question. Assuming a constant adversary, we answer in the positive by presenting a consensus algorithm that achieves deterministic safety and constant latency in expectation. In the full version of this paper, we also present a second algorithm which obtains both deterministic safety and liveness, but is likely only of theoretical interest because of its high round and message complexity. Both algorithms are striking in their simplicity.
The traditional currency cross-border circulation model has many problems in terms of efficiency, cost, and security.The private digital currencies represented by Bitcoin and Ethereum are flourishing and occupying an increasingly important position in cross-border payments.However, digital currencies themselves face great uncertainty and affect the stable operation of the global monetary system.In response, countries have started to develop CBDCs to enhance their financial inclusion and international competitiveness of their currencies with the advantages of digital currencies.However, the birth of new technologies often creates new problems, and CBDCs face a trade-off between privacy and transparency in their design, which can directly affect the supervision of CBDC funds and lead to CBDCs becoming a tool for financial crimes.This paper introduces the background and dynamics of CBDC development and the challenges it faces and combines existing relevant research and literature to propose countermeasures against CBDC financial crimes from several aspects: big data, artificial intelligence, and new regulation.Finally, future research directions in this field are proposed.
E-voting reduced the cost of election and provided convenience to some extent as compared to the traditional approach of pen and paper but it was considered to be unreliable as anyone having access to the machine physically can obstruct the machine and alter the votes. Also, in order to control the entire procedure from electronic voting to electoral results and tracking the outcomes, a central system is required. Voters are not completely secure as vote can be targeted easily. It also possesses a great threat to the right to vote and transparency. For long, different e-voting systems have been provided with the goal of increasing security and minimizing cost. With the launch of Ethereum, a decentralized platform which runs decentralized applications on it, a secured voting system now seems possible. Making a project successful requires hard work and study. For study purposes, some previous works have been studied and gathered a lot of information which makes the project possible. The job portal-based application and some other things have been learned from the study. The methodology is a very important process for a project. Without this process, a project can’t build up properly. It is a blueprint of a project. This project has used a static waterfall methodology which has a feedback path from one phase to its existing phase. It will allow accounts connected to the network to vote in the election and all votes come in the real time. Application's logical code will deploy in smart contract to a local Ethereum blockchain. It will have a test-driven development (TDD) part, means tests against the smart contract to ensure that the code is bug free. It will also have a client-side application that will allow users connected to the network to interact with the smart contract and vote in the election. User-Interface will develop using HTML, CSS, Java Script. This paper provides a solution for removing inconveniences from conventional elections using blockchain that has emerged as an exciting technology for various application due to its unique characteristics that outperform other technologies. The goal of this research is to establish a system for e-voting that is decentralized rather than centralized by using blockchain technology that guarantees protection to electorate’s identity, data transfer privacy and variability by an open and transparent voting process.
A general problem with graph data is that it cannot be fed to classical machine learning methods in a straightforward way. Algorithms like logistic regression or decision trees only work well with tabular data. Due to the irregular size of node neighborhoods, raw network data cannot be considered tabular. Recently, several static node embedding models were proposed to learn a vector space representation of network nodes for downstream machine learning tasks. Unfortunately, static graph mining models do not perform well in data-intensive tasks where interactions between network participants are constantly arriving over time. Fitting batch algorithms for large graph snapshots could cause a significant time-delay in the prediction. That is why online graph learning techniques are much preferred in these scenarios. In this thesis, I analyze user interactions in social and cryptocurrency networks with user-related metadata that can be used as ground truth for most of the addressed graph mining tasks. Specifically, we intend to answer the following questions: (1) What are the main advantages of online graph mining techniques over batch models for large-scale social networks and how to best compare their performance? In our research, we focus on graph centrality and node embedding techniques and we propose three online algorithms for these domains. (2) How to mine cryptocurrency networks with novel network science tools to answer open questions in the domain of cryptoeconomics and privacy? By collecting various new Twitter and cryptocurrency network data sets, we were among the first to deploy and analyze node embedding models in several network applications such as vaccine skepticism detection or Ethereum address deanonymization.
With the emergence of Ethereum smart contracts, the number of blockchain platforms and decentralized applications has increased rapidly. However, most of the existing blockchain networks operate in an isolated environment, which brings about the scalability and connectivity issues of the blockchain platform and limits its development. Blockchain cross-chain technology has attracted much attention since the birth of Bitcoin. Its purpose is to realize the interconnection between chains and increase the interoperability of blockchains. It is the essential capability of the future blockchain interconnection network. This article systematically analyzes and summarizes the implementation schemes and projects of cross-chain technology. Firstly, it introduces the background and development history of blockchain cross-chain technology and explains the basic scheme of the cross-chain mechanism. Next, it elaborates on the implementation of three cross-chain applications. In the summary section, the advantages and disadvantages of the cross-chain mechanism and multiple cross-chain applications are summarized. Finally, several future research directions of cross-chain technology are listed.