Ministry of National Development Planning, Alen Ermanita
For more than a decade, Indonesia has been practicing decentralization. During this period, local governments still experience difficulties in generating local revenues to fund their development. Local government bonds (LGBs) are actually one of the finest sources for financing local development. However, until now there is no real practice in issuing local bonds in Indonesia though it is allowed in the existing regulation. There are still many considerations which hindered the realization of LGB issuance ranging from the rule of mechanism to the local governments’ readiness themselves. To gain more insights about the issue, learning from another country (in this case: Japan) on how they manage LGBs effectively and securely will be beneficial. Comparison model between the two countries is chosen to see the regulation and managerial aspects in LGB implementation including the main institution in central level, rules of the game, buyers and purposes. By having this comparison, it is expected that some crucial factors can be looked at, which may then provide us some information on why LGBs are yet to bloom in Indonesia. Moreover, the comparison is expected to provide some basics about the possibility to ease policy adoption for Indonesia in managing LGBs.
After the restoration of the democracy in Nepal, the demand for spending up decentralization process has been gained ground. As a result of increasingly assertive role of stakeholders, the enactment of local self-governance Act (LSGA), 1999 in line with 9th plan, objective had been achieved providing the base for further promotion of decentralization framework in the country. Municipal financing is new concept in Nepal. Municipal financing indicates the study of various sources of revenue (both internal and external) and their collection, allocation, mobilization and utilization of those resource in such a manner that ultimate municipal goal can be achieved through it. For sustainable development effort conducted by local government to realized revenue and evaluation such performance was done through field surveys and on the basis of existing available data and reports. Simple tabular presentation percentage tools is used to analyzed data and found PSMC is not success to collect sufficient tax revenue as its possibilities. Janapriya Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies Vol. 2, No.1 (December 2013), page: 51-60
The article is aimed at determining the major problems in the financing of education sphere in the current context of the reform of decentralization of power in Ukraine and developing directions for solving them. The main directions and results of educational reform have been analyzed, and the ranking of Ukraine according to the Global Competitiveness Index has been defined. The positive points of the decentralization of education have been noted. The expenditure of the budget of Ukraine have been analyzed and the proportion of expenditure on education has been determined as to the total budget expenditure. Along with this, the main circle of problems of the budget provision for the education sector has been outlined. It has been proposed: to increase the efficiency of allocation of budgetary means at all levels of the budget system; to enhance the possibilities of educational institutions to attract additional financial resources through educational innovation, and to expand the list of paid services provided by such institutions; to decentralize education, taking into account the characteristics of development of regions, their productive potential, the demographic situation, and the interests of the territorial communities.
Fiscal decentralization is seen as part of a reform agenda in developing countries to strengthen regional and local governments. It is believed that it improves the efficiency of public service delivery through preference matching and allocation efficiency. In light of this, this study was conducted to assess the practices of Woreda level fiscal decentralization in Addis Ababa City Government. In doing this study, explanatory mixed method research design was followed. Subjects of the study were government officials working in selected Woredas and sub-cities of Addis Ababa city. In the study, multi-stage sampling technique was used to select representative respondents. To this effect, one hundred ninety-two participants were selected using multi-stage sampling technique. Besides, sub-city and Woreda Finance and Economic Development Bureaus officials were purposely selected to conduct key informant interviews. The data gathering instruments were questionnaire, key informant interviews, and document analysis. The study followed statistical tests to test the research hypotheses. It applied Kruskal Wallis test of significance. The study involved strict respect for informed consent, voluntary participation, and confidentiality. The findings of the statistics tests indicates that respondents' responses concerning autonomy of Woredas in planning and budgeting, revenue generation and retention, expenditure assignments were significantly different. This implies that there is absence of uniformity in the practices of these aspects of fiscal decentralization in the city. On the contrary, the respondents' response concerning the functionalities of institutional and legal frameworks, inter-governmental fiscal relations, challenges, and constraints of fiscal decentralization, were not significantly different. In general, the practice of fiscal decentralization in the city was limited as existing institutional and legal frameworks were in short of clarity and uniformity. Respondents stated that Woreda administrations had weak revenue base, and need clear planning and budgeting, and expenditure assignment autonomy. Based on the findings of the study, the research hence recommended that existing institutional and legal frameworks should be structured in the way that it enables Woreda administrations to generate and utilize sufficient revenues, plan and budget their own activities, have clear autonomy of expenditure assignments. Inter-governmental fiscal relations should also be planned to reduce the vertical imbalances observed at Woreda Administration level.
Michal Plaček, František Ochrana, Milan Jan Půček, Milan Křápek
Abstract This study tests whether decentralized leadership influences the efficiency of running selected cultural institutions, specifically museums in the Czech Republic. For the analysis, data from 2015 from 187 museums spread around the whole Czech Republic are used. The method for the evaluation of efficiency is data envelope analysis, and for identifying the influence of decentralized leadership, a regression analysis is used. Museums established by municipalities reach higher efficiency than museums established by regions and central government. The causes may be found in the ability to better estimate the local demand as well as in the rational behavior of municipalities that prefer a cost-minimization strategy. The benefits of decentralization cannot be seen only in the field of finance but also in reinforcing local traditions, trust and the effects of social capital that is generated by a strong regional cultural identity.
Once focus on the field of Chinese Central-local relation and policy implementation in China, we may find it hard to induce a consistent pattern, but it doesn’t mean the features are chaotic as to cannot be observed. In this paper, we mainly choose the perspective of fiscal relations between central and local governments and personnel system existed in the bureaucratic hierarchy. Based on the analysis of institutional transition of finance and personnel system, we can understand the cause of selective implementations which have been promoted by local governments as an organization (institution) or by the cadres as individuals. After 1949, China became a unified and multiethnic socialist country. Since then, center and local governmental relations are lasting to play an important role in the development of the country. In the view of the governmental organizations, we can see the different and subjective interests of the two parts (center and local governments), which hold most of the county’s resources and authority of the financial distribution, using the macro directions and the micro policies to distribute the resource and generate benefits in the name of the whole value of the people who they should response to , and without showing their own purposes in different ways of interpreting policies. In the other view of the individuals who are working in the government, we can also see how the personnel system influences the behaviors of cadres in different levels of the governments and how they use power to make their own benefits in the name of the whole value of governance. Not only the governmental organizations, but the cadres themselves can influence the implementation of policies, and the selective implementation is a complex and interesting phenomenon to be understood in China.
Abstrak: Produktifkah Human Capital Investment oleh Pemerintah Daerah Provinsi dalam Era Desentralisasi? Efektivitas pengeluaran pemerintah khususnya human capital investment dalam meningkatkan produktivitas tenaga kerja juga tergantung dari pemilihan pemda dalam menentukan jenis pengeluaran tersebut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh pengeluaran belanja pemerintah secara umum maupun secara fungsional terhadap produktivitas tenaga kerja melalui pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode ekonometrika. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dari ringkasan APBD pemda seluruh Indonesia yang disediakan oleh Kemenkeu Dirjen Perimbangan Keuangan Daerah RI. Data yang digunakan adalah data tahun 2012 dengan unit analisis perekonomian level provinsi seluruh Indonesia. Pengeluaran pemerintah provinsi secara total tidak mempengaruhi produktivitas tenaga kerja regional. Pengeluaran pemerintah daerah provinsi dalam fungsi human capital investment tidak efektif meningkatkan produktivitas tenaga kerja meski demikian pengeluaran pemerintah dalam bidang fasilitas umum dan perumahan mempengaruhi secara positif produktivitas tenaga kerja regionalnya. Kata Kunci: pemerintah daerah, human capital investment, produktivitas tenaga kerja, desentralisasi fiskal, pengeluaran pemerintah Abstract: Is The Human Capital Investment of Provincial Governments Productive in Decentralization Era? The effectiveness of government spending, especially investment in human capital, increases labor productivity also depends on how the local government determines the type of expenditure. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of government spending in general and functionally to labor productivity. The approach used in this study is a quantitative approach, econometric method. This study uses secondary data from local government budgets across Indonesia summary provided by the Indonesian Ministry of Finance Directorate General of Regional Financial Balance. The data used is the provincial-level economic analysis units throughout Indonesia in 2012. This research shows that provincial government spending in human capital investment does not effectively increase labor productivity. Total provincial government spending does not affect the regional labor productivity. Government spending in the areas of public facilities and housing positively influence regional labor productivity. Keywords: local government, human capital investment, labor productivity, fiscal decentralization, public spending
Laura Monteiro de Castro Moreira, Felipe Ferré, Eli Iôla Gurgel Andrade
The Decrees 4279/10 and 7508/11 established norms to guide health politics, with impacts on funding of the Middle and High Complexity Hospital and Outpatient. To verify the effects on the consolidation of care networks in Minas Gerais, we performed an analytical-descriptive study of the National Health Fund from 2006 to 2014. We observed decentralization of responsibilities, accompanied of resources and innovative financing mechanisms, resulting expansion of the network care model. The federal government definitions suggest reduction of the autonomy and limitation of regional solutions.
The article analyses the directions of tax management in the context of budgetary decentralization. The paper aims to research tax management in the system of forming local budgets in the conditions of financial resources decentralization and analyze the current tools of tax management on the local level. In spite of a great number of researches, the issue of tax management in strengthening financial independence of local budgets is not enough studied; therefore, to reach financial independence of local communities it is necessary to adopt new normative and legal acts concerning decentralization of financial resources taking into account tax potential of each territorial community. The lack of financial resources causes the problem of optimal redistribution of power among central and local authorities. The author proposes the new mechanisms of solving the current problems on the example of local budget of the city of Uzgorod to contribute budgetary decentralization. The principal idea while conducting the reform of the budgetary process must be the adoption of certain changes in budgetary legislation which have to shift the mechanisms of budgetary financing and equating local budgets. The author concludes that the progressive vector of well-being increasing completely depends on the developed concept of regional economic policy. The article pays attention to the importance of taking into account the tax potential of a territory and characterizes the directions of strengthening financial independence of local government.
China economic development has entered a new normal. Consumption plays a more and more important role in promoting economy. Based on the empirical statistics, we adopted the VEC model to analyze the dynamic linkages and influences between public expenditure and consumption. The conclusion is there are different impacts between central and local public expenditure, and in the long run, only the latter has a strongly positive effect on consumption. So trying to coordinate the relationship between central and local finance is of vital importance under the background of economic transition.
Lakshmi Prasad. Chinthalapalli, Y. V. Lakshmana Rao
The sustainable development of State requires infrastructure and good governance system i.e. Infrastructure, decentralized administration, digitalization, technology based E-governance; infrastructure finance will help the government of Telangana to attain the new heights of economic growth and development. The development process of Telangana is a better design through T-hub, Policy initiatives and peoples participation.
It is undeniably that the fiscal autonomy of local government authorities constitutes a critical component of any financial decentralization in both developed and developing countries.It gives local government authorities freedom to impose taxes, generate revenue within their areas, allocate their financial and material resources, determine and authorize their annual budgets without external motivate.The fiscal component of local governments in Tanzania Mainland is mannered by the Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania, 1977 and The Local Government Finances Act, 1982.Despite such recognition, powers of local government authorities in relation to local government finance are still, limited by central government.These limitations do not only deny local governments requisite powers to adequately raise revenue from their own sources and borrowings but also inhibit their ability to determine and approve such annual budgets.
Fiscal decentralization demand the regions to improve their creativity in collecting funds for financing local expenditures according to their needs (self-financing). The objective of this paper is to identify problems and challenges in enhancing local own-revenues faced by the local governments. This research used the qualitative method by comparing two case studies on the enhancement of local own-revenues. Both the local governments of A and B face problems in optimizing local ownrevenues. the enhancement of local own-revenues is faced with two main challenges. For undeveloped regions, the challenge is the making of an urban-biased policy and for regions with urban characteristics the challenge is the emergence of urban problems due to high business opportunities in the urban regions. Another challenge faced by every local government is dependency on the sector of local taxes as the sector with large contribution to local own-revenues.
Income and property taxation are among the most prevalent policy instruments to finance local expenditure in countries with a high degree of decentralization. However, little is known about their relative efficiency and redistributive properties. This paper compares both tax instruments within the same framework and investigates their relative attractiveness to finance local expenditure. It further allows for inter-municipal spillovers and rivalry in the consumption of the publicly provided good. The analytical model identifies the different inefficiencies in both tax regimes which include intra- and inter-municipal free-riding. In a numerical illustration, the model is solved for the resulting equilibria. This allows to quantify the gross welfare loss from decentralization and also reveals a decomposition of the welfare loss into its components.
Fiscal decentralization has increased the Local Revenue but allegedly still many governments prefer to suspend the local expenditure financing at matching grant. This study purpose is to obtain empirical evidence the phenomenon of fiscal illusion with income approach (revenue enhancement), and also to obtain empirical evidence the effect of Fiscal Decentralization on Capital Expenditure, Economic Growth, and Human Development Index for district/cities in Bali Province. Multiple regression analysis with SPSS V.20 software was used to test the phenomenon of fiscal illusion and research hypotheses. The results showed that there is no fiscal illusion in expenditure financing for district/cities in Bali Province. Also found that: 1) Fiscal Decentralization has no effect on Capital Expenditure, Economic Growth, and Human Development Index, 2) Fiscal Decentralization affect on Capital Expenditure, Economic Growth, and Human Development Index for districts/cities with level of financial independence below the average in Bali Province, 3) Fiscal Decentralization affect on Capital Expenditure, Economic Growth, and Human Development Index for districts/cities with financial independence level above average in Bali Province. Keywords : fiscal illusion, local revenues, general allocation fund, local expenditure, capital expenditures, economic growth, human development index
Jan 1, 2017·Proceedings of the International Conference on Administrative Science, Policy and Governance Studies (ICAS-PGS 2017) and the International Conference on Business Administration and Policy (ICBAP 2017)
Whether fiscal decentralization is good for reducing communal conflict is still debatable. This study examines the linkage between fiscal decentralization and communal conflict in Indonesia, administrative decentralization, and political decentralization is examined as well. Data come from the Village National Census (Podes) 2008-2014 (N=234,717). Results of twolevel logit regression show that fiscal decentralization not significantly associated with reducing communal conflict. The findings suggest that decentralization work for reducing communal conflict through better capacity of local bureaucrats rather than through financing capacity in delivering public services and the enhanced opportunities for channeling citizen participation in direct political participation.
Local government and decentralization are the main challenges of the Albanian government reforms. Decentralization and urbanization are a greater pressure on local governments to finance public services and facilitate economic development. During the years, the local government responsibilities have been increased, while fiscal decentralization and transfer of funds have not progressed with the same speed, resulting in significant lack of funding. Local government budgets are generally small and cannot afford financing for major projects and infrastructure improvements. Funds from the state budget for infrastructure investments (mainly competitive grants/Regional Development Fund) have been increasing in recent years, their impact is still small compared to the needs. The main forms of financing of local government are: central government transfers and its own revenues. Vertical and horizontal transfer between different levels of governments (CG and LG) that takes place during the annual budget cycle is not based on clearly defined criteria and in a transparent way, or does not match the needs for expenditures at the local level. This creates a considerable level of instability (illogical movement) of revenues and expenses during the budget cycle units, as a result created a high degree of unpredictability of revenue and expenditure of local units.Currently, local government units funded from central government about 60 percent of local budget, which shows the low level of local autonomy. These and the other problems have made necessary by the territorial reorganization and together with the performance of a deep fiscal decentralization.This article through studding the local decentralization in the last years aims also to make a comparison to previous years and since 20016 is the first year of the complete implementation of the new Administrative and Territorial Reform and the transfer of certain new functions to the local government as well. Keywords : Local government, local finances, transfers conditional, unconditional transfers, their income, responsibility, decentralization, Administrative and Territorial Reform, funding sources etc.
Implementation of regional autonomy as the government's efforts for the welfare society in accordance with the characteristic of each region. Implementation of the fiscal decentralization recurring phenomenon is the phenomenon of flypaper effect. Flypaper effect occurs when the local government responded to the regional expenditure larger than the central government transfer revenue. The purpose of research is to prove the phenomenon of flypaper in East Java Province period 2011-2015. This research uses quantitative analysis with a population of 29 districts and 9 cities in East Java province. Data were analyzed using panel data regression analysis with Eviews statistical test equipment. The result showed that regional revenue positively affects regional expenditure, general allocation fund positively affects regional expenditure, financing budget surplus positively affects regional expenditure, regional revenue positively effect on growth, positive effect on the regional expenditure growth at district/city in East Java Province. The result of the comparison coefficient general allocation of funds and region revenue indicate there has been a flypaper effect on region expenditure districts/cities in East Java Province period [2011][2012][2013][2014][2015]
In the context of financial relations between the central and local governments, the central government has now allocated a Balancing Fund (Dana Perimbangan) to finance local needs in order to support the implementation of decentralization of governance and development as a form of political will to reform and democratize. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of DAK allocation for financial year 2003-2013 and to analyze the impact of Dana Alokasi Khusus (DAK) allocation from 2003 to 2013 on various development indicators in the regions (districts / cities). DAK transfer design is the main cause of various issues related to the implementation of DAK. In addition, the problem of DAK allocation mechanisms in the determination of programs and activities, the calculation and use of DAK, budgeting and disbursement of DAK, reporting and monitoring and evaluation of DAK. DAK, as one type of Balancing Fund, has a positive impact on the fiscal capacity of the region, especially the district /city. In addition to regional fiscal capacity, DAK also plays a role in reducing the level of fiscal gap between districts / cities during the period 2003-2007. The result show that DAK allocation (in total) is not significant influence to PDRB per capita of Regency / City. In conclusion, DAK has not had a significant impact on public services and public welfare. This is because the direction of using DAK is not directly used to "build", but only to "maintain". Therefore, DAK is considered not effective enough in an effort to achieve the national priority target.
The chapter examines the critical role of good governanceGovernance and robust financial management in building stable democratic states in the Pacific Islands. It explores the role of ICTs in public financial managementPublic financial management (PFM) as a means to this end and identifies some of the factors that lead to the success or failure of e-government initiatives in this core government activity. The chapter outlines the dominant PFM reform agendas in the Pacific, including those of the World BankWorld Bank and the IMF, which have been endorsed by the Pacific Islands ForumPacific Islands Forum Economic Ministers Meeting, and the role of PFM systems and effective audit systems in combating corruptionCorruption . The need for capacity buildingCapacity building and leadershipLeadership in embedding public financial management reforms are discussed and the chapter concludes with a discussion of some issues emerging from the chapter: the value of centralized versus decentralized systems and the tension between development assistance and sovereignty. The chapter argues that ownership of the public financePublic finance reform agenda by Pacific governments and a commitment to good governance is essential for sustainable PFM reforms in the region and for development.
Radical decentralization reform works or does not work for reducing communal conflict is still debatable. This study examines the linkage between decentralization policy and communal conflict in Indonesia. Two measurement of decentralization: administrative decentralization, and fiscal decentralization is examined. Data come from the Village National Census (Podes) 2003-2014 (N=301.974). Results of twolevel logit regression show that fiscal decentralization not significantly associated with reducing communal conflict. The findings suggest that decentralization work for reducing communal conflict through better capacity of local bureaucrats rather than through financing capacity in delivering public services and district proliferation policy
Julius Tamawiwy, Jullie J. Sondakh, Jessy D.L Warongan
The main objective of regional autonomy is to improve public services and promote the local economy in Indonesia. Capital expenditures for public services is used to finance expenditure in investing activities (add assets) aimed at improving public infrastructure that results can be used directly by the public. Developed regions tend to maintain the structure of expenditure into maintenance expenditure. The shift in spending patterns in the local government often triggered concerns about the extent to which the amount of local revenue affects the pattern of local government spending, especially capital expenditure for public services. This study purposes to analyze growth of revenue (PAD), the fiscal decentralization, financial effectiveness and efficiency of the Local Government Financial Management to the capital expenditure for public services. The method used is quantitative method with a sampling technique using judgment sampling which took samples with consideration of the availability of data in the Local Government Financial Statements Reports in the Province of North Sulawesi by 10 districts/cities of Local Government in North Sulawesi since 2010 to 2015. The analytical method used is a multiple regression using SPSS 20 application assistance. The results show that PAD growth is effect as positive and significant capital expenditures for public services, fiscal decentralization is negative effect and not significant toward capital expenditures for public services, effectiveness and efficiency of local financial is effect as positive but not significant toward capital expenditures for public services..