Blockchain technology is recognised as being a key focus when it comes to modern-day studies and interest on a global scale, with the new block of transactions responsible for the continued growth and expansion of a distributed ledger that details transactional data, complete with immutable and verifiable structures. A greater degree of transparency, privacy, security, and traceability is provided by blockchain when a comparison is drawn with more conventional strategies. As a result of its secure and more progressive elements, blockchain is applied in a number of different arenas, including digital transactions, education, the healthcare industry, the Internet of Things (IoT), trade finance, and the training sector. Importantly, a notable effect on all applied fields has been witnessed as a result of blockchain technology, with data and transactional reliability, as well as privacy, recognised as the most important aspects when it comes to data-sharing in the training arena specifically. Very few models and frameworks are aligned with the guidelines put forth in this sector; as such, this report seeks to consider the pressing need to determine a model and framework to facilitate the sharing of data between training providers in line with the IoT. This study, therefore, centres on the creation of a blockchain model, with the creation of a sole recognition system for professionals seen to be advantageous for all such providers, specifically in the mind of providing a greater degree of clarity and simplification to the system in line with the IoT. The suggested model is focused on a number of different elements that have been identified as a result of studied theories, with consideration of the three different standpoints and professional assessments of 16 unique items.
The Internet-of-Things (IoT) is an imminent and corporal technology that enables the connectivity of smart physical devices with virtual objects contriving in distinct platforms with the help of the internet. The IoT is under massive experimentation to operate in a distributed manner, making it favourable to be utilized in the healthcare ecosystem. However, un- der the IoT healthcare ecosystem (IoT-HS), the nodes of the IoT networks are unveiled to an aberrant level of security threats. Regulating an adequate volume of sensitive and personal data, IoT-HS undergoes various security challenges for which a distributed mechanism to address such concerns plays a vital role. Although Blockchain, having a distributed ledger, is integral to solving security concerns in IoT-HSs, it undergoes major problems, including massive storage and computational requirements. Also, Holochain, which has low computational and memory requirements, lacks authentication distribution availability. Therefore, this paper proposes a hybrid Holochain and Blockchain-based privacy perseverance and security framework for IoT-HSs that combines the benefits Holochain and Blockchain provide, overcoming the computational, memory, and authentication challenges. This framework is more suited for IoT scenarios where resource needs to be optimally utilized. Comprehensive security and performance analysis is conducted to demonstrate the suitability and effectiveness of the proposed hybrid security approach for IoT-HSs in contrast to the Blockchain-only or Holochain-only based approaches.
Ahmed I. Taloba, Ahmed Elhadad, Alanazi Rayan, Rasha M. Abd El-Aziz · 8 authors
Blockchain technology must have sparked widespread interest, applications associated with data monitoring, banking sectors, computer security, the Internet of Things, and food chemistry to the healthcare sector and cognitive science. The use of multimedia in the healthcare architecture also allows for the storage, processing and transmission of patient information in a wide range of formats such as images, text and audio over the Internet using various smart particles. However, managing large amounts of data, including findings and images of each individual, increases human effort and increases protection risks. In this paper, to address these problems by using IoT in healthcare improves the performance of patient care while lowering costs by efficiently distributing healthcare resources. Nevertheless, various attackers can cause a variety of risks in IoT devices. To avoid these problems, Blockchain technology has been identified as the most effective method for maintaining the secrecy and security of control systems in real-time. This should provide a security architecture for healthcare multimedia content using blockchain technology by producing the hash of every information so that any transition or modification in information, as well as any breaches of medicines, would be evidenced across the whole blockchain platform.
With the growing demand for smart, secure, and intelligent solutions, Industry 4.0 has emerged as the future of various applications. One of the primary sectors that are becoming more vulnerable to security assaults like ransomware is the healthcare sector. Researchers have proposed various mechanisms in smart and secure health care systems with this vision in mind. Existing systems are vulnerable to security attacks on medical data. It is required to build a real-time diagnosis device using a cyber-physical system with blockchain technology in a considerable manner. The proposed work’s main purpose is to build secure, real-time preservation and tamper-proof control of medical data. In this work, the Bayesian grey filter-based convolution neural network (BGF-CNN) approach is used to enhance accuracy and reduce time complexity and overhead. Additionally, PSO and GWO optimization techniques are used to improve network performance. As an outcome of the proposed work, the privacy preservation of medical data is improved with a high accuracy rate by a blockchain-based cyber-physical system using a deep neural network (BGF Blockchain). To summarize, the proposed system helps in the privacy preservation of medical data along with a reduction in communication overhead using the Bayesian Grey Filter–CNN.
Significant modifications have been seen in healthcare facilities over the past two decades. With the use of IoT-enabled devices, the monitoring and analysis of patient diagnostic parameters is made considerably easy. The new technology shift for medical field is IoMT. However, the problem of privacy for patient data and the security of information still a point to ponder. This research proposed a prototype model to integrate the blockchain and IoMT for providing better analysis of patient health factors. The authors suggested IoMT data to be collected over Edge Computing gateway devices and forward to Cloud Gateway. The three-layered decision making structure ensures the integrity of the data. The further analysis of information collected over sensor-based devices is done in the Cloud IoT Central Hub service. To ensure the secrecy and compliance of the patient data, Smart Contracts are integrated. After the exchange of smart contracts, a block of information is broadcast over the health blockchain. The P2P network makes it viable to retain all health statistics and further processing of information. The paper describes the scenario and experimental setup for a COVID-19 data-set analyzed in the proposed prototype mode. After the collection of information and decision making, the block of data is sent across all peer nodes. Thus, the power of IoMT and blockchain makes it easy for the healthcare worker to diagnose and handle patient data with privacy. The IoMT is integrated with artificial intelligence to enable decision making based on the classification of data. The results are saved as transactions in the blockchain hyperledger. This study demonstrates the prototype model with test data in a testing network with two peer nodes.
Anton Dziatkovskii, Uladzimir Hryneuski, Alexandra Krylova, Adrian Chun Minh Loy
The emergence of Industry 4.0 has awoken the adoption of blockchain as a key factor to enhance the industrial supply chain across the globe, enabling cost-effective and fast-paced delivery of products and services, ownership of products with privacy, and high security as well as traceability. This new digital horizon is underpinning the future direction of humankind, aligning with the Sustainable Development Goal themes of Good Health and Well-being (SDG3) and Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDG 11). Thus, the main objective of this paper is to elucidate the adoption of blockchain technology in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) disciplines by determining of the key academic research players and the evolution of blockchain in different fields. It begins by clarifying the definition of these concepts, followed by a discussion regarding the chronological progress of blockchain over time, an evaluation of the adoption of blockchain technologies in different key research areas, and lastly, providing comments on several directions to guide practitioners in developing a sustainable global blockchain roadmap in education science.
Over the past few years, the Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the most significant technologies ever used, as everything is connected to the Internet. Integrating IoT technologies with the cloud improves the performance, activity, and innovation of such a system. However, one of the major problems which cannot be ignored in such integration is the security of the data that are transferred between the client (IoT) and the server (cloud). Solving that problem leads to the use the of IoT technologies in more critical applications and fields. This paper proposes a new security framework by combining blockchain technology with the AES algorithm. Blockchain technology is used and modified to protect data integrity and generate unique device identification within minimal power consumption and best performance. The AES algorithm is used to improve the data confidentiality when being transmitted to the server. The outcomes demonstrated that the proposed solution improves the security system of the IoT healthcare data and proved its efficiency and power consumption compared to other methods.
Real-time tracking and surveillance of patients' health has become ubiquitous in the healthcare sector as a result of the development of fog, cloud computing, and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. Medical IoT (MIoT) equipment often transfers health data to a pharmaceutical data center, where it is saved, evaluated, and made available to relevant stakeholders or users. Fog layers have been utilized to increase the scalability and flexibility of IoT-based healthcare services, by providing quick response times and low latency. Our proposed solution focuses on an electronic healthcare system that manages both critical and non-critical patients simultaneously. Fog layer is distributed into two halves: critical fog cluster and non-critical fog cluster. Critical patients are handled at critical fog clusters for quick response, while non-critical patients are handled using blockchain technology at non-critical fog cluster, which protects the privacy of patient health records. The suggested solution requires little modification to the current IoT ecosystem while decrease the response time for critical messages and offloading the cloud infrastructure. Reduced storage requirements for cloud data centers benefit users in addition to saving money on construction and operating expenses. In addition, we examined the proposed work for recall, accuracy, precision, and F-score. The results show that the suggested approach is successful in protecting privacy while retaining standard network settings. Moreover, suggested system and benchmark are evaluated in terms of system response time, drop rate, throughput, fog, and cloud utilization. Evaluated results clearly indicate the performance of proposed system is better than benchmark.
Abdur Rehman, Sagheer Abbas, Muhammad Adnan Khan, Taher M. Ghazal · 6 authors
In recent years, the global Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) industry has evolved at a tremendous speed. Security and privacy are key concerns on the IoMT, owing to the huge scale and deployment of IoMT networks. Machine learning (ML) and blockchain (BC) technologies have significantly enhanced the capabilities and facilities of healthcare 5.0, spawning a new area known as "Smart Healthcare." By identifying concerns early, a smart healthcare system can help avoid long-term damage. This will enhance the quality of life for patients while reducing their stress and healthcare costs. The IoMT enables a range of functionalities in the field of information technology, one of which is smart and interactive health care. However, combining medical data into a single storage location to train a powerful machine learning model raises concerns about privacy, ownership, and compliance with greater concentration. Federated learning (FL) overcomes the preceding difficulties by utilizing a centralized aggregate server to disseminate a global learning model. Simultaneously, the local participant keeps control of patient information, assuring data confidentiality and security. This article conducts a comprehensive analysis of the findings on blockchain technology entangled with federated learning in healthcare. 5.0. The purpose of this study is to construct a secure health monitoring system in healthcare 5.0 by utilizing a blockchain technology and Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to detect any malicious activity in a healthcare network and enables physicians to monitor patients through medical sensors and take necessary measures periodically by predicting diseases. The proposed system demonstrates that the approach is optimized effectively for healthcare monitoring. In contrast, the proposed healthcare 5.0 system entangled with FL Approach achieves 93.22% accuracy for disease prediction, and the proposed RTS-DELM-based secure healthcare 5.0 system achieves 96.18% accuracy for the estimation of intrusion detection.
Infectious and contagious diseases exist in humanity for many centuries which causes a curb in the growth of the population. Immunization plays a vital role to prevent mortality and morbidity against infectious diseases. COVID-19 pandemic continues to rage the urgency of developing a vaccine that should ensure the safety, efficacy, swift and fair deployment, implementation, and monitoring of vaccines across the globe. In the present context, the vaccine production to immunization campaign is a critical challenge. Therefore, an effective vaccine supply chain mechanism is required to address issues such as counterfeit vaccines, reduce vaccine wastages, and vaccine record fraud. In this paper, a blockchain-enabled vaccine supply chain is proposed to ensure the correctness, transparency, trust, and immutable log and improve the efficiency of vaccine distribution in the cold chain. The uniqueness of the proposed system is to provide distributed system to verify the reliability and efficacy of the vaccine from production to end beneficiaries' feedback about the vaccine. Our proposed system gives a clear view to the users as well as to the healthcare provider about the vaccination and ensures the anticounterfeit vaccine. The proposed system minimizes counterfeit vaccines and records, provides transparent communication between stakeholders in the supply chain, and improves the security of the vaccine supply chain and immutable feedback system about the vaccine.
Soroush Goodarzi, Vahid Kayvanfar, Alireza Haji, Alireza Shirzad
Vaccinating the global population against Covid-19 is one of the biggest supply chain management challenges humanity has ever faced. Rapid supply of Covid-19 vaccines is essential for successful global immunization, but its effectiveness depends on a transparent supply chain that can be monitored. In this research, we have proposed an approach based on blockchain technology, which is used to ensure seamless distribution of the Covid-19 vaccine with transparency, data integrity, and full traceability of the supply chain to reduce risk, ensure safety, and immutability. A vaccine supply chain needs to update the status of the vaccine at every stage, and any problem in the supply and distribution path can lead to irreparable damage. Currently, the research conducted on the use of blockchain in supply chains is still in the early stages. In this paper, the use of blockchain technology to monitor the vaccine supply and distribution system will be investigated. A model close to reality of today's vaccine supply chains in developing countries is considered and then a new intelligent system for vaccine monitoring in the vaccine supply chain is designed based on the considered model. Also, smart contracts based on a blockchain network is designed to check consumer vaccination records as well as vaccine circulation from beginning to end. The implementation and design of the vaccine supply chain is done using smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain network. Additionally, the system has been tested on both local networks, the HardHat suite and Rinkbey's test network. The system has also been developed to work seamlessly when it is using an integrated IoT chip that can automatically update a batch's location, temperature, and other physical conditions periodically.
Internet of Things (IoT)-based Healthcare services, which are becoming more widespread today, continuously generate huge amounts of data which is often called big data. Due to the magnitude and intricacy of the data, it is difficult to find valuable information that can be used for decision-making and prediction. Big data systems take on a significant infrastructure service to better serve the purpose of IoT systems and support critical decision making. On the other hand, privacy preservation, data integrity, and identity verification are essential requirements in healthcare big data service management. To overcome these problems, this article offers a scalable computing system that provides verifiable data access mechanism for IoT-enabled health data analytics in the big data ecosystem. There are two primary sub-architectures in the proposed architecture, namely a big data analytics tracking system and a derived blockchain-based data storage/access system. This approach leverages big data systems and blockchain architecture to analyze, and securely store data from IoT-enabled devices and allow verified access to the stored data. The zero-knowledge protocol is used to ensure that no information is accessible to unauthenticated users alongside avoiding data linkability. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the our method to solve the problems of big data analytics and privacy issues in healthcare.
Dating back many millennia, agriculture is an ancient practice in the evolution of civilization. It was developed when humans thought about it and concluded that not everyone in the community was required to produce food. Instead, specialized labor, tools, and techniques could help people achieve surplus food for their community. Since then, agriculture has continuously evolved across the ages and has occupied a vital, synergistic position in the existence of humanity. The evolution of agriculture was based on a compulsion to feed the growing population, and, importantly, maintain the quality and traceability of food, prevent counterfeit products, and modernize and optimize yield. Recent trends and advancements in blockchain technology have some significant attributes that are ideal for agriculture. The invention and implementation of blockchain have caused a fair share of positive disruptions and evolutionary adoption in agriculture to modernize the domain. Blockchain has been adopted at various stages of the agriculture lifecycle for improved evolution. This work presents an intense survey of the literature on how blockchain has positively impacted and continues to influence various market verticals in agriculture, the challenges and the future.
Various techniques are used to develop the Blockchain Technology. It is a technology which is designed in such a way that it is impossible to hack the system or hammer out the data stored in it It is one of the leading technologies in the current scenario. The goal of blockchain is to allow digital information to be recorded and distributed, but not edited. In this way, a blockchain is as the basis for absolute registry, or transactional records that cannot be changed, deleted, or otherwise disposed. Different domains are being adapting the blockchain technology which brings up the peer-to-peer connections and the cost of the middlemen is reduced. The technology uses authentication to secure the data and make it impossible to break than any legacy system [2].
A blockchain is essentially a distributed database of records or public ledger of all transaction or digital events that have been executed and shared among participating parties. Each transaction in the public ledger is verified by consensus of a majority of the participating in the system. And, once entered, information can never be erased. the blockchain contains a certain and verifiable record of every single transaction ever made Bitcoin, the decentralized peer to peer digital currency, is the most popular example that uses blockchain technology. the digital currency bitcoin itself is highly controversial but the underlying blockchain technology has worked flawlessly and found wide range of application in both financial and non -financial world. This concept is enabled by “Blockchain” technology is proposed as a research project in 1991, the blockchain concept predated its first widespread application in use: Bitcoin, in 2009. In the years since, the use of blockchain has exploded via the creation of various cryptocurrencies, decentralized fiancé (Defi) applications, non-fungible tokens (NFTs) , and smart contracts
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Internet of Things and AI
Innovations and Analysis in Business and Education
By 2050, the world’s population will have increased by 34%, to more than 9 billion people, needing a 70% increase in food production. Prepare more dishes with fewer ingredients. Therefore, the critical goal of manufacturers is to increase production while being ecologically benign. Supply chain systems that do not enable direct farmer-to-consumer connection and rising input costs influence data collection, security, and sharing. Constraints on data security, manipulation, and single-point failure are unfulfilled due to a lack of centralized IoT agricultural infrastructure. To address these issues, the article proposes a blockchain-based IoT model. This study also shows one-of-a-kind energy savings. The decentralization of data storage improves the supply chain’s transparency and quality through blockchain technology, thus farmers can engage more efficiently. Blockchain technology improves supply chain traceability and security. This article provides a transparent, decentralized blockchain tracking solution and proposes an intelligent model protocol for several Internet of Things (IoT) devices that monitor crop development and the agricultural environment. A new approach has resolved the bulk of the supply chain difficulties. Smart contracts were utilized to organize all transactions in decentralized supply networks. The use of blockchain technology improves transaction quality, and customers may verify the legitimacy of an item’s authenticity and legality by using the system. A total of 100 IoT nodes were distributed randomly to each 500 m2 cluster farm. The Internet of Things nodes were used to assess soil moisture, temperature, and crop disease. Network stability period and network life of the proposed method show 90.4% accuracy. The food supply chain will be more efficient and trustworthy with an intelligent model. The immutability of ledger technology and smart contract support further increases supply chain security, privacy, transparency, and trust among all stakeholders in the multi-party system. By 2050, the world’s population will need a 70% increase in food production. The food supply chain will be more efficient and trustworthy with an intelligent model. This article provides a transparent, decentralized, and intelligent model protocol for several Internet of Things (IoT) devices.
Nowadays, in a world full of uncertainties and the threat of digital and cyber-attacks, blockchain technology is one of the major critical developments playing a vital role in the creative professional world. Along with energy, finance, governance, etc., the healthcare sector is one of the most prominent areas where blockchain technology is being used. We all are aware that data constitute our wealth and our currency; vulnerability and security become even more significant and a vital point of concern for healthcare. Recent cyberattacks have raised the questions of planning, requirement, and implementation to develop more cyber-secure models. This paper is based on a blockchain that classifies network participants into clusters and preserves a single copy of the blockchain for every cluster. The paper introduces a novel blockchain mechanism for secure healthcare sector data management, which reduces the communicational and computational overhead costs compared to the existing bitcoin network and the lightweight blockchain architecture. The paper also discusses how the proposed design can be utilized to address the recognized threats. The experimental results show that, as the number of nodes rises, the suggested architecture speeds up ledger updates by 63% and reduces network traffic by 10 times.
Taher M. Ghazal, Mohammad Kamrul Hasan, Siti Norul Huda Sheikh Abdullah, Khairul Azmi Abu Bakar · 5 authors
Electronic Health monitoring system has performed an essential role in managing healthcare monitoring. E-health can provide effective and valuable facilities for the patients to monitor. Though, there are protection disputes in the current E-Health system. The current e-health system, on the other hand, has security issues. Malevolent doctors may work together with cloud Storage Service Providers (CSPs) to interfere with patients' electronic health records (EHRs) or promptly leak EHR matter to other enemies for income. (EHRs). The malevolent doctors may conspire with the Patient Healthcare Monitoring Service Provider (PHMSP) to manipulate with the patients'. For profit, EHRs or directly divulge the EHR content of EHRs to other opponents. Block-chain has recently appeared as one of the most powerful methods in the protection and secrecy fields. It is assumed to be the promised security approach that will eventually replace the security challenges in existing e-health monitoring systems. Encryption in blockchain refers to technical methods that make accessing encrypted data difficult for unauthorized resources. This research proposed a blockchain-based encryption framework to provide security-based solutions using a computational intelligence methodology. The proposed approach provides better results in terms of 0.93 in the training phase and 0.91 in the validation accuracy.
The term blockchain is mainly regarded as the distributed transaction which is mainly comprised of different blocks, and each set tends to represent the data that are being associated with the previous blocks. The blockchain is mainly managed through peer-to-peer networks which comparatively involves in adhering to the protocol of authenticating various blocks to form the blockchain. The usage of blockchain technology has been increasingly used in different fields, and healthcare services are now using blockchain for better patient delivery, detecting disease, and other aspects. The scope of the proposed study is that this study has exploited the function of a blockchain-enabled big data network to support medical professionals in giving better treatment modalities and delivering better patient care. The application of a new generation of smart block chains such as Ethereum and NEM is now offering better services and features in creating blockchain-based healthcare data management and hence support healthcare centers, medical practitioners, nurses, radiologists, and patients for better healthcare management. The application of blockchain technology in big data networks supports adding more value as it results in enhanced data quality, accessibility, and support in creating better security and safety of data and information, which is highly essential in the medical industry. Blockchain technology enables big data technologies enabled in supporting medical practitioners in addressing various healthcare ailments; one of the major diseases impacting many people around the world is diabetes. Patients with such ailments tend to generate more data and information related to the disease and health-related aspects. Hence, this information requires being maintained and analyzed, so that superior healthcare services can be provided. This study is more involved in the investigation of blockchain technology through a big data network enabled in offering better care for elderly individuals who have been affected due to diabetes, the researchers propose to choose a questionnaire method to collect the data from nearly 169 respondents, and these data were then analyzed using SPSS data package. The analyst used percentage analysis, correlation analysis, and chi-square test to analyze the data which has been collated by the researchers. The results and discussion show in detail the major aspects of blockchain technology in supporting healthcare professionals for better diabetes care management for elderly individuals.
Agriculture in developing countries faces numerous challenges such as price fluctuation and non-uniformity, presence of untrusted middlemen in the supply chain, crop wastage due to inadequate storage facilities or long commutes, and lack of proper monitoring. Blockchain technology has emerged as a promising approach to solve these challenges. Even though a number of solutions are recently proposed in the literature, they lack in several aspects: (1) lack of proper regulatory interface, (2) absence of proper agricultural supply chain, (3) absence of adequate storage facilities, (4) absence of a fair payment system, (5) poor monitoring and auditing system, (6) non-inclusion of government policies, and (7) missing experimental validation. This paper presents a novel blockchain-based smart agriculture system that overcomes the above-mentioned issues. In particular, our solution covers product traceability in the supply chain, elimination of counterfeit products, easily accessible cold storage facilities, fair payment procedure between buyers and sellers, a transparent process of distributing government financial benefits to farmers, and overall government monitoring. We present a prototype implementation of our proposed system using Ethereum. The backend smart contracts are developed using Solidity programming language, whereas the frontend is developed using ReactJS. The experimental evaluation using Hyperledger Caliper benchmark tool shows an encouraging result, demonstrating the system performance in terms of execution gas costs, CPU utilization, average latency, and transaction throughput.
Abstract This work proposes smart auto mining (SAM) for resource‐efficient mining in a blockchain network. The SAM algorithm stops the miners when there is zero pending transaction and starts the miner when there is at least one transaction sent into the network. The miner listens to the network to identify when a transaction has been made by a node. The model does not need any instruction to start mining when there is a pending transaction. The results show that a private Ethereum network produced over 300% more blocks in a 12‐h period with 599,950 transactions compared to when SAM is applied. The proposed algorithm is also able to reduce the storage used by the chaindata by 14%. The overhead of mining is decreased by reducing the production of empty blocks in the network which saves energy, storage space, network bandwidth and computational complexity.