Mencapai keseimbangan antara skalabilitas, keberlanjutan, dan keamanan sambil mempertahankan desentralisasi telah menjadi solusi target untuk aplikasi blockchain yang terdesentralisasi selama beberapa tahun terakhir. Beberapa pendekatan telah diusulkan oleh beberapa tim blockchain untuk mencapainya, Ethereum termasuk di antaranya. Ethereum berada di jalur peningkatan protokol utama yang disebut Ethereum 2.0 (Eth2), menerapkan Sharding dan memperkenalkan Proof-of-Stake (PoS). Karena perubahan mekanisme konsensus merupakan masalah yang rumit, peningkatan ini akan dicapai melalui fase yang berbeda, yang pertama adalah penerapan Beacon Chain. Sebagai Ethereum1, Eth2 mengandalkan jaringan peer-to-peer (p2p) terdesentralisasi untuk distribusi pesan. Hingga saat ini, ada lebih dari 17.500 node di jaringan utama Eth2 yang tersebar secara geografis. Namun, topologi yang satu ini masih belum diketahui. Dalam makalah ini, kami menyajikan hasil yang diperoleh dari analisis yang kami lakukan pada jaringan p2p Eth2. Menggambarkan topologi jaringan, kemungkinan bahaya yang disiratkan oleh yang satu ini (Cortes-Goicoechea and Bautista-Gomez, 2021).
As the pandemic, Covid-19, spreading across the world from 2020, it changes the habits of people. It helped the development of the online movement. Cryptocurrency investment was one of them. Ethereum is one of the most significant blockchain-based platforms and the second largest proportion of the cryptocurrency market. The price of Ethereum was examined from the last 3 years. The result shows that the price of Ethereum increases drastically at the beginning of the pandemic due to different influences of Covid-19. However, it is decreasing as Covid-19 has become a normal illness to handle recently. In summary, Ethereum is in a strong correlation with Covid-19 and still can fluctuate by illness or movement that increases the interaction of people on the internet. In this paper, vector autoregression model and ARMA-GARCHX model was constructed where VAR model helped to find the relationship between the new infections of COVID-19 in China and Overseas and the return rate of Ethereum and ARMA-GARCHX model was applied to analyze the volatility of the return and predict the future return rate. The models suggest that the return rate can be affected if the number of new infections increases in a short period. However, the number of new infections is not significant to the volatility of the return rate of Ethereum.
It is crucial to use blockchain to notarization system. Although a notarized will has the highest legal effect, the notarization process is cumbersome, the notary agency has heavy responsibilities and high costs, which has become a drawback of notarized wills, and which makes many people give up notarized wills. This research will design a will notarization system based on blockchain technology to solve the problem of difficult will notarization. Through demand analysis and scenario analysis, this paper builds the overall architecture of the will notarization system based on blockchain technology and the Ethereum platform. The architecture consists of three parts: the client used by the user, the server provided by the notary office, and the blockchain module. Based on the Truffle framework provided by Ethereum, it will involve multiple links such as HTML front-end development, JavaScript development, solidity smart contract development, Ethereum interface call, network construction, etc., to design the entire system deployment and operation process.
Currently, cryptocurrency has become a research and investment topic of great concern and attracted considerable attentions in a wide range of fields. Stocks are well known as a form of investment, and there are countless studies on how its price trends. Cryptocurrencies, however, are not easily predicted due to their extremely high volatility. This paper implements the forecasting results by taking three major cryptocurrencies (i.e., Bitcoin, Ethereum, Dogecoin) as examples for the period starting from January 1st, 2020 to May 31st 2022. Four popular prediction models (XGBoost, LightGBM, GARCH, ARIMA) are applied in Python by training models and testing the prediction results. According to the analysis, XGBoost and LightGBM can forecast the future prices for all three cryptocurrencies exactly apart from the turning points when prices rise and drop suddenly. Although the predicting trends of GARCH, ARIMA have differences from the real price, they can forecast well except the unexpected situations such as COVID-19. Overall, relatively reliable and accurate prediction models can be provided for investors to apply and make wise decisions in investments based on the results of this study.
Contemporarily, blockchains and cryptocurrencies have gained their popularity among investors and hedge funder, where both have bright prospects. On this basis, cryptocurrencies have been used in trading more and more with the development of website and computer. In this case, their prices fluctuations do have great significance to the public. This paper chooses three machine learning model (i.e., XGBoost, LightGBM and Linear Model) to predict the price of three cryptocurrencies (i.e., Bitcoin, Dogecoin and Ethereum). To be specific, this study uses the data from 2020-01-01 to 2022-12-07, including close price, open price, high price, low price, and the volume of trading coins. According to the analysis, Linear Model can predict the price best, with well-fitted trend prediction and accurate price prediction. In addition, other models can also have good predictions but they are not better than Linear model. These results can help others to predict the price of cryptocurrencies and have a deep understanding of cryptocurrency and machine learning.
Michele Pasqua, Andrea Benini, Filippo Contro, Marco Crosara · 6 authors
The immutable nature of Ethereum transactions, and consequently Ethereum smart-contracts, has stimulated the proliferation of many approaches aiming at detecting defects and security issues before the deployment of smart-contracts on the blockchain. Indeed, the actions performed by smart-contracts instantiated on the blockchain, possibly involving substantial financial value, cannot be undone. Unfortunately, smart-contracts source code is not always available, hence approaches based on static analysis have very often to face the problem of inspecting the compiled Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) bytecode, retrieved directly from the blockchain. However, due to the intrinsic complexity of EVM bytecode (especially in jumps address resolution), the state-of-the-art static analysis-based solutions have poor accuracy in the automated detection of Ethereum smart-contracts programming defects and vulnerabilities. This paper presents a novel approach based on symbolic execution of the EVM operands stack that allows to resolve jumps address in the EVM bytecode and to construct a precise Control-Flow Graph (CFG) of compiled smart-contracts. Many static analysis techniques are based on a CFG-based representation of the smart-contract to validate, and would therefore benefit from our approach. We have implemented the CFG reconstruction algorithm in a tool called EtherSolve . Then, we have validated the tool on a large dataset of real-world Ethereum smart-contracts, showing that EtherSolve extracts more precise CFGs, w.r.t. state-of-the-art available approaches. Finally, we have extended EtherSolve with two detectors for two of the most prominent Ethereum smart-contracts vulnerabilities (Reentrancy and Tx.origin). Experimental results show that exploiting the proposed CFG reconstruction static analysis, leads to more accurate vulnerabilities detection, w.r.t. state-of-the-art security tools. Editor’s note: Open Science material was validated by the Journal of Systems and Software Open Science Board.
Prince Silas Kwesi Oberko Prince Silas Kwesi Oberko, Tianang Yao Prince Silas Kwesi Oberko, Hu Xiong Tianang Yao, Saru Kumari Hu Xiong · 5 authors
<p>The smart energy system (SES) encourages data administration and information services developments, particularly smart grids. Presently, numerous SESs cloud environments are accessible to smart grids. Nonetheless, because of the semi-credible character of the SES cloud environments, achieving secured access, information storage, updates, deletion, tracing, and revocation of ill-disposed clients is a genuine concern. In this publication, an Ethereum blockchain-oriented secured access regulation design upholding traceability and revocability is offered for smart grids to resolve these problems. The blockchain implements unified identity verification and saves all public-keys, users&rsquo; attribute sets, and revocable lists. The system administrator creates system parameters and sends private-keys to users. The domain administrator prepares the domain&rsquo;s security and privacy-preservation policies and executes encryption procedures. If the attributes correspond with the access policy and the user&rsquo;s ID is unrevoked, they could acquire interim-decryption capabilities from the edge/cloud servers. Tracking malevolent users for revocation is applicable throughout all stages, ensuring the system is secured under Decisional-Bilinear-Diffie-Hellman (DBDH) complex theory and can withstand multi-attacks. Analysis revealed the size of the public/private keys to be shorter, contrary to relevant schemes. The overhead duration is less for generating the public-key, data encryption, and decryption phases. </p> <p>&nbsp;</p>
We present a Solidity smart contract implementation of the TAVS e-voting protocol. The Two Authorities Electronic Voting Scheme (TAVS) is a voting scheme that achieves universal verifiability with a reduced time-complexity both for the elector and the voting system. TAVS security derives from the RSA cryptosystem it employs, and the assumption of two entities that do not share information. We present a Solidity implementation which replaces one of these entities with an immutable smart contract in Ethereum based networks. By doing so, our implementation extends the security properties of TAVS and achieves a higher degree of resilience, verifiability, and availability. We open source the code of the implementation.
Bin Qian Bin Qian, Yi Luo Bin Qian, Jiaxiang Ou Yi Luo, Yong Xiao Jiaxiang Ou · 5 authors
<p>As a new-style smart grid, Internet of Energy (IoE) is important and how to provide its trusted time-stamping service becomes a hit. For example, an energy provider needs to prove he/she transferred some energy to a consumer at some time. Nevertheless, traditional trusted time-stamping scheme with a central service provider is not suitable for IoE. Some researchers try to solve this problem via blockchain, due to its decentralization, traceability and tamper-proof. However, there are still chal&shy;lenges when using blockchain. Some have to introduce another kind of central participant. Some have to face the problem of accuracy and availability when using the Bitcoin blockchain. Some have to generate too many extra transactions. To address the aforementioned problems, we propose a fully decentralized trusted time-stamping scheme without any central participant and fulfill six design goals. Compared with the state-of-the-art blockchain-based time-stamping scheme named Chronos, our scheme enjoys less cryptographic operations. We then tested our scheme in the development (local) network and two live networks of the Ethereum. The experiment shows that we have implemented a simple, effective, accurate and low-cost decentralized trusted time-stamping scheme.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>
Tourism destinations serious game (TDSG) requires the ability to respond to players through recommendations for selecting appropriate tourist destinations for them as potential tourists. This research utilizes ambient intelligence technology to regulate the response visualized through a choice of serious game scenarios. This research uses the Multi-Criteria Recommender System (MCRS) to produce recommendations for selecting tourist destinations as a reference for selecting scenario visualizations. Recommender systems require a decentralized, distributed, and secure data-sharing concept to distribute data and assignments between nodes. We propose using the Ethereum blockchain platform to handle data circulation between parts of the system and implement decentralized technology. We also use the known and unknown rating (KUR) approach to improve the system's ability to generate recommendations for players who can provide rating values or those who cannot. This study uses the tourism theme of Batu City, Indonesia, so we use personal characteristics (PC) and rating of destinations attribute (RDA) data for tourists in that city. The test results show that the blockchain can handle decentralized data-sharing well to ensure PC and RDA data circulation between nodes. MCRS has produced recommendations for players based on the KUR approach, indicating that the known rating has better accuracy than the unknown rating. Furthermore, the player can choose and run the tour visualization through game scenarios that appear based on the recommendation ranking results.
Danai Likitratcharoen, Pan Chudasring, Chakrin Pinmanee, Karawan Wiwattanalamphong
In recent years, the cryptocurrency market has been experiencing extreme market stress due to unexpected extreme events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russia and Ukraine war, monetary policy uncertainty, and a collapse in the speculative bubble of the cryptocurrencies market. These events cause cryptocurrencies to exhibit higher market risk. As a result, a risk model can lose its accuracy according to the rapid changes in risk levels. Value-at-risk (VaR) is a widely used risk measurement tool that can be applied to various types of assets. In this study, the efficacy of three value-at-risk (VaR) models—namely, Historical Simulation VaR, Delta Normal VaR, and Monte Carlo Simulation VaR—in predicting market stress in the cryptocurrency market was examined. The sample consisted of popular cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), Binance Coin (BNB), Cardano (ADA), and Ripple (XRP). Backtesting was performed using Kupiec’s POF test, Kupiec’s TUFF test, Independence test, and Christoffersen’s Interval Forecast test. The results indicate that the Historical Simulation VaR model was the most appropriate model for the cryptocurrency market, as it demonstrated the lowest rejections. Conversely, the Delta Normal VaR and Monte Carlo Simulation VaR models consistently overestimated risk at confidence levels of 95% and 90%, respectively. Despite these results, both models were found to exhibit comparable robustness to the Historical Simulation VaR model.
We present a new dispute resolution protocol that can be built on the Ethereum blockchain. Unlike existing applications like Kleros, privacy is ensured by design through the use of the zero-knowledge protocols Semaphore and MACI (Minimal Anti-Collusion Infrastructure), which provide, among other things, resistance to Sybil-like attacks and corruption. Differently from Kleros, dispute resolution is guaranteed despite the users having the final say. Moreover, the proposed model does not use a native token on the platform, but aims to reward stakeholders through a social incentive mechanism based on soulbound tokens, introduced by Weyl, Ohlhaver, and Buterin in 2022. Users with these tokens will be considered trustworthy and will have the ability to govern the platform. As far as we know, this is one of the first blockchain projects that seeks to introduce social governance rather than one based on economic incentives.
Fraud across the decentralized finance (DeFi) ecosystem is growing, with victims losing billions to DeFi scams every year. However, there is a disconnect between the reported value of these scams and associated legal prosecutions. We use open-source investigative tools to (1) investigate potential frauds involving Ethereum tokens using on-chain data and token smart contract analysis, and (2) investigate the ways proceeds from these scams were subsequently laundered. The analysis enabled us to (1) uncover transaction-based evidence of several rug pull and pump-and-dump schemes, and (2) identify their perpetrators’ money laundering tactics and cash-out methods. The rug pulls were less sophisticated than anticipated, money laundering techniques were also rudimentary and many funds ended up at centralized exchanges. This study demonstrates how open-source investigative tools can extract transaction-based evidence that could be used in a court of law to prosecute DeFi frauds. Additionally, we investigate how these funds are subsequently laundered.
Cryptocurrencies are risky currencies due to their extreme price volatilities and requires an estimation of coherent risk measures for an effective portfolio optimization and risk management. We focus on seven cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, Ripple, Das, Monero, and Steller) and provide empirical application of Fissler and Ziegel joint loss dynamic models (FZL) for joint Value-at-Risk (VaR) and Expected Shortfall (ES) in a cryptocurrency context at α= 0.01 and α= 0.025 risk levels. Results show Ethereum and Steller as less risky currencies followed by Monero, Das, Litecoin, Bitcoin, and largest for Ripple suggesting that Ethereum and Steller requires the least capital to absorb losses. Following this result, we argue that market participants interested in cryptocurrencies can follow the rankings in this study to hedge, calculate margins, and capital requirement to maximize utility whiles minimizing risk to ensure financial stability in the global economy.
The purpose of this study is to test the ability of the ARIMA model to predict the value of Ethereum, especially during economic shocks such as the current COVID-19 pandemic. The population in this study is Ethereum value weekly data for the period January 2017 to December 2020, so there are 208 samples in this study. The results showed that the use of the ARIMA method in predicting the value of Ethereum got poor results, where the forecast value was very much different from the actual value. This is evidenced from the results of the accuracy test using MAPE which got a result of 51.94%. On the other hand, the economic conditions that are experiencing uncertainty due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the emergence of deficit (decentralized finance) in early 2021 have pushed up a very significant increase in the value of Ethereum so that the error standard is higher and reduces the ability of the ARIMA model to predict the value of Ethereum. Further research is recommended to use a more advanced model such as the Autoregressive Fractionally Integrated Moving Average (AFRIMA) in order to obtain a better forecast value.
As computer technology develops, the popularity of cryptocurrencies and their use will grow, and the newer people enter the industry. It changes the business model between organized businesses out of the need for another trusted party. Blockchain smart contracts can automatically enforce agreed contract between two unknowns. Briefly introduce Ethereum, a cryptocurrency, and focus on the security of its smart contracts in internet transactions. Ethereum was the first platform to support high-level programming languages to implement smart contracts, and the second largest blockchain platform, providing a runtime environment for essentially all Decentralized Finance applications. Bitcoin also supports the development and execution of smart contracts, but it is affected by the nature of the programming language used, and it hardly supports transactions except for verifying signatures. Because smart contracts can support a variety of large transactions, some security vulnerabilities can be extremely costly. In an extensive search and survey, the issue of smart contracts for the Ethereum blockchain was valued. The article will discuss some of the existing or former contract vulnerabilities and their solutions. It concludes with a discussion of the future direction of the smart contract space and provides some suggestions for those researching the field.
Sai Batchu, Michael J. Diaz, Lauren Ladehoff, Kevin T. Root · 5 authors
Aim: Conventional techniques to share and archive spinal imaging data raise issues with trust and security, with novel approaches being more greatly considered. Ethereum smart contracts present one such novel approach. Ethereum is an open-source platform that allows for the use of smart contracts. Smart contracts are packages of code that are self-executing and reside in the Ethereum state, defining conditions for programmed transactions. Though powerful, limited attempts have been made to showcase the clinical utility of such technologies, especially in the pre- and post-operative imaging arenas. Herein, we therefore aim to propose a proof-of-concept smart contract that stores intraoperative three-dimensional (3D) augmented reality surgical navigation (ARSN) data and was tested on a private, proof-of-authority network. To the author's best knowledge, the present study represents a first-use case of the Interplanetary File Storage protocol for storing and retrieving spine imaging smart contracts. Methods: The content identifier hashes were stored inside the smart contracts while the interplanetary file system (IPFS) was used to efficiently store the image files. Insertion was achieved with four storage mappings, one for each of the following: fictitious patient data, specific diagnosis, patient identity document (ID), and Gertzbein grade. Inserted patient observations were then queried with wildcards. Insertion and retrieval times for different record volumes were collected. Results: It took 276 milliseconds to insert 50 records and 713 milliseconds to insert 350 records. Inserting 50 records required 934 Megabyte (MB) of memory per insertion with patient data and imaging, while inserting 350 records required almost the same amount of memory per insertion. In a database of 350 records, the retrieval function needs about 1,026 MB to query a record with all three fields left blank, but only 970 MB to obtain the same observation from a database of 50 records. Conclusions: The concept presented in this study exemplifies the clinical utility of smart contracts and off-chain data storage for efficient retrieval/insertion of ARSN data.
Cryptocurrency can be understood as a digital asset transacted among participants in the crypto economy. Every cryptocurrency must have an associated Blockchain. Blockchain is a Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) which supports cryptocurrencies, this may be considered as the most promising disruptive technology in the industry 4.0 context. Decentralized finance (DeFi) is a Blockchain-based financial infrastructure, the term generally refers to an open, permissionless, and highly interoperable protocol stack built on public smart contract platforms, such as the Ethereum Blockchain. It replicates existing financial services in a more open and transparent way. DeFi does not rely on intermediaries and centralized institutions. Instead, it is based on open protocols and decentralized applications (Dapps). Considering that there are many digital coins, stablecoins and central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), these currencies should interact among each other sometime. For this interaction the Information Technology elements play an important whole as enablers and IT strategic alignment. This paper considers the strategic alignment model proposed by Henderson and Venkatraman (1993) and Luftman (1996). This paper seeks to answer two main questions 1) What are the common IT elements in the DeFi? And 2) How the elements connect to the IT strategic alignment in DeFi? Through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). Results point out that there are many IT elements already mentioned by literature, however there is a lack in the literature about the connection between IT elements and IT strategic alignment in a Decentralized Finance (DeFi) architectural network. After final considerations, limitations and future research agenda are presented. Keywords: IT Strategic alignment, Decentralized Finance (DeFi), Cryptocurrency, Digital Economy.
Shaik Abdul Ahad, Sarthak Sangra, Jitender Saini, R. Deepa
Due to the increase in the use of internet web applications in today's world, multiple new ways have been brought in to change existing methods to make them hassle-free and efficient.E-Voting systems are one new change that has been brought over and is also being used in multiple countries as it is both cost and time-efficient when compared to the traditional voting systems. For an E-voting system the user, who in this case is the voter, requires a web browser and server for the user's verification and authentication. Usually, the voter can access a centralized database where he casts his vote and the result for the vote that has been cast is also not shown. Other security issues are also encountered when one uses a centralized database as data manipulation remains a possibility.The main focus of this paper is to develop an E-voting system that is made on a blockchain with a decentralized model to ensure that the whole process is reliable, efficient, flexible, and most importantly transparent.
Currently, Gasper, the implemented consensus protocol of Ethereum, takes between 64 and 95 slots to finalize blocks. Because of that, a significant portion of the chain is susceptible to reorgs. The possibility to capture MEV (Maximum Extractable Value) through such reorgs can then disincentivize honestly following the protocol, breaking the desired correspondence of honest and rational behavior. Moreover, the relatively long time to finality forces users to choose between economic security and faster transaction confirmation. This motivates the study of the so-called single slot finality protocols: consensus protocols that finalize a block in each slot and, more importantly, that finalize the block proposed at a given slot within such slot. In this work we propose a simple, non-blackbox protocol that combines a synchronous dynamically available protocol with a partially synchronous finality gadget, resulting in a consensus protocol that can finalize one block per slot, paving the way to single slot finality within Ethereum. Importantly, the protocol we present can finalize the block proposed in a slot, within such slot.
Elnaz Rabieinejad, Abbas Yazdinejad, Reza M. Parizi, Ali Dehghantanha
Ethereum blockchain has shown great potential in providing the next generation of the decentralized platform beyond crypto payments. Recently, it has attracted researchers and industry players to experiment with developing various Web3 applications for the Internet of Things (IoT), Defi, Metaverse, and many more. Although Ethereum provides a secure platform for developing decentralized applications, it is not immune to security risks and has been a victim of numerous cyber attacks. Adversarial attacks are a new cyber threat to systems that have been rising. Adversarial attacks can disrupt and exploit decentralized applications running on the Ethereum platform by creating fake accounts and transactions. Detecting adversarial attacks is challenging because the fake materials (e.g., accounts and transactions) as malicious payloads are similar to benign data. This article proposes a model using Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) and Deep Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) for cyber threat hunting in the Ethereum blockchain. Firstly, we employ GAN to generate fake transactions using genuine Ethereum transactions as the first phase of the proposed model. Then in the second phase, we utilize bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) to identify adversarial transactions in a hunting exercise. The results of the first phase evaluation show that the GAN can generate transactions identical to the actual Ethereum transactions with an accuracy of 82.51%. Also, the results of the second phase show 99.98% accuracy in identifying adversarial transactions.
Bank record security management is vital to the financial security of every nation. It aims to safeguard residents' as well as government income, determines eligibility for social assistance, and has a substantial influence on a country's foreign relations, economy and reputation. Numerous efforts are now ongoing throughout the globe to increase and improve security in the financial industry, especially in developing nations where demand is highest. It is common knowledge that the qualities of blockchain technology promote efficiency, transparency, and confidence. Concerns over data security, the danger of cybercrime, and the efficacy of bank system security are growing, especially in nations like Zambia that are still developing. Even after years later, it seems the banks and Ministry of Finance are unable to verify and assure the country's money is 100% secure, even inside the banks, according to information acquired and based on several interviews about bank security, the existence of a firewall is where all faith lies. Even after registration, there is no guarantee that client information is entirely secure and inaccessible to unauthorized third parties. This raises concerns and dangers about deceit being possible. In Zambia's bank record security management, there have been instances of illegal data changes and more recently, a cybercrime-related data breach. Throughout the years, government and public monies have been misappropriated without any documents to indicate what transpired or what happened to the revenue, and who knows what else. If the institution's information system is made safer and more dependable, process verification problems may be resolved. This research has been engaged with the aim of developing model design that employs blockchain technology principles to enhance Zambia's Record Security Management in banks. The later section of this research has an inclusion of a summary of the various literature about blockchain technology and Bank Record Security Management that is relevant. It describes the standard registry, storage, and operations, as well as a general description of blockchain, including its characteristics and uses. It demonstrates that using blockchain technology might boost efficiency by decreasing human labour and paper processing, and by giving clear provenance that verifies the origin of products. It may be used in industries such as health, education, agriculture, real estate, Bank record Security Management, etc. It also proves that smart contracts have a vast future potential, and that Ethereum is one of the most suitable platforms for constructing distributed applications using smart contracts. To fulfil the objective of the research, it was important to investigate Zambia's Record Security Management procedures in order to uncover continuing problems related with unauthorized alterations and other reported concerns. The Bank Blockchain Adoption Framework guided the examination of process mapping, stages and data. The results allow us to break Bank RSM into three phases: registration, verification and lastly, storage. Using a flowchart process diagram, network architecture, use cases, and technological development diagrams, a full design solution is shown. This project in design science offers a blockchain-based application architecture that will enhance the existing Bank Record Security Management System. It is proposed that the blockchain network be used to share datasets between banks, other financial organizations, and other informatics under the Ministry of Home Affairs Security. On the other hand, a centralized server will be an operating node in the blockchain network that is where records will be stored digitally. The research built a novel registration method on the Ethereum blockchain on Binance Smart Chain using the React App client, which in this case is the NodeJS server's web interface. The architecture was used to assess a smart contract's verification implementation. The NodeJS Server uses the web3 library plugin to interface with the Ethereum client network. Bank Record Security Management based on blockchain technology may enhance the security and integrity of banks and nations. This study's contribution may be utilized for additional research in each of the aforementioned application areas to uncover potential benefits and drawbacks.
Pablo SantamarÃa, Llanos Tobarra, Rafael Vargas, Antonio Robles-Gómez
The digital revolution is renewing many aspects of our lives, which is also a challenge in judicial processes, such as the Chain-of-Custody (CoC) process of any electronic evidence. A CoC management system must be designed to guarantee them to maintain its integrity in court. This issue is essential for digital evidence’s admissibility and probative value. This work has built and validated a real prototype to manage the CoC process of any digital evidence. Our technological solution follows a process model that separates the evidence registry and any evidence itself for scalability purposes. It includes the development of an open-source smart contract under Quorum, a version of Ethereum oriented to private business environments. The significant findings of our analysis have been: (1) Blockchain networks can become a solution, where integrity, privacy and traceability must be guaranteed between untrustworthy parties; and (2) the necessity of promoting the standardization of CoC smart contracts with a secure, simple process logic. Consequently, these contracts should be deployed in consortium environments, where reliable, independent third parties validate the transactions without having to know their content.