Rapid technological advancement has enabled modern healthcare systems to provide more sophisticated and real-time services on the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). The existing cloud-based, centralized IoMT architectures are vulnerable to multiple security and privacy problems. The blockchain-enabled IoMT is an emerging paradigm that can ensure the security and trustworthiness of medical data sharing in the IoMT networks. This article presents a private and easily expandable blockchain-based framework for the IoMT. The proposed framework contains several participants, including private blockchain, hospital management systems, cloud service providers, doctors, and patients. Data security is ensured by incorporating an attribute-based encryption scheme. Furthermore, an IoT-friendly consensus algorithm is deployed to ensure fast block validation and high scalability in the IoMT network. The proposed framework can perform multiple healthcare-related services in a secure and trustworthy manner. The performance of blockchain read/write operations is evaluated in terms of transaction throughput and latency. Experimental outcomes indicate that the proposed scheme achieved an average throughput of 857 TPS and 151 TPS for read and write operations. The average latency is 61 ms and 16 ms for read and write operations, respectively.
Faneela, Muazzam A. Khan, Suliman A. Alsuhibany, Walid El‐Shafai · 6 authors
The advancements in sensing technologies, information processing, and communication schemes have revolutionized the healthcare sector. Electronic Healthcare Records (EHR) facilitate the patients, doctors, hospitals, and other stakeholders to maintain valuable data and medical records. The traditional EHRs are based on cloud-based architectures and are susceptible to multiple cyberattacks. A single attempt of a successful Denial of Service (DoS) attack can compromise the complete healthcare system. This article introduces a secure and immutable blockchain-based framework for the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) to address the stated challenges. The proposed architecture is on the idea of a lightweight private blockchain-based network that facilitates the users and hospitals to perform multiple healthcare-related operations in a secure and trustworthy manner. The efficacy of the proposed framework is evaluated in the context of service execution time and throughput. The experimental outcomes indicate that the proposed design attained lower service execution time and higher throughput under different control parameters.
Blockchains, or distributed ledgers, are innovative information and communication technology (ICT) solutions that are emerging within various sectors and industries across the globe. This distributed ledger technology (DLT) is already widespread in certain sectors, mainly in the banking industry, often through corresponding banking, or syndicating and peer-to-peer (P2P) loans. Outstandingly, blockchain technology has the capability to enhance the transparency and authenticity of transactional processes throughout the whole supply chain. Another significant benefit that Blockchain technology provides, mainly coming from its transparent and decentralized nature, is the capability to decrease the information asymmetries among the collaborating partners. Through e.g. the digitalization of transactional mechanisms, decentralization of authority, Internet of Things (IoT) and asset management enabling as well as smart contracting, the improvement of the business's day-to-day operations is firmly forecasted. Importantly, the digitalization of the energy and other sectors will cause major alterations in current structures, and thus, it will require business model innovation. It is claimed that the decentralized nature of blockchain, mainly due to a reduction of middlemen could revolutionize current market structures and supply chains.Importantly, blockchain application is systematically growing across different industries, for instance in healthcare, voting systems, manufacturing, supply chain management, or luxury goods. It has also gained the attention of the energy industry, where digitalization is already visible in solutions such as smart meters and smart grids, electric e-mobility, vehicle-to-grid (V2G), energy cryptocurrencies and tokens, etc. This has resulted in the introduction of a novel concept of the Internet of Energy (IoE) in the academic literature. This literature analysis serves to determine the impact of blockchain on the imminent business models based on the renewable energy sector. The outcomes of this curiosity study provide numerous theoretical and managerial implications that can foster the widespread blockchain technology diffusion in global energy systems.
Cryptocurrencies use a secure, distributed ledger system called blockchain and mining is an essential part of it. It adds records of past transactions, enables consensus, and creates new units of currency. They are designed as peer-to-peer systems and rely on miners to validate transactions. The paper evaluates different mining techniques used by major cryptocurrencies, analyzing their strengths, weaknesses, and potential threats. It provides an overview of the various ways in which cryptocurrencies can be mined and highlights their unique strengths and vulnerabilities.
The rapid expansion of digital platforms, electronic health systems, IoT devices, and cross-organisational data-sharing environments have resulted in the exchanged amount and sensitivity of personal data growing. Conventional consent management models are centralised, non-transparent, and hard to audit, exposing threats of unauthorised distribution, poor interoperability, and substandard compliance with regulations. Traditional systems have a hard time delivering dynamic, fine-grained and verifiable user control over consent. They do not have transparent audit trails, do not support the use of multi-party authorization, and do not impose the use of data in a manner specific to purpose, particularly when regulated by laws like GDPR. The issue of scalability, the absence of automation, and immutable logging also contribute to the growth of trust and security concerns. The objective of the research is to assess in a critical manner the concept of blockchain-based and smart contract-based consent management models to determine the architectural designs, performance aspects, cryptographic techniques, and compliance measures that enhance personal data control within healthcare, fitness tracking, and wider data-sharing systems. Solution: This paper summarises the evidence regarding the benefits of hybrid on-chain/off-chain architectures, purpose-based access control, threshold cryptography, pseudonymization layers, and business-process-sensitive workflows in improving the transparency, auditability, and automation of consent management through the analytical review of nineteen blockchain-based consent systems. Smart contract systems give enforceability of rules, minimise risk of breach and enhance precision of consent revocation. The remaining issues are scalability, fluctuations in the cost of gas, GDPR-compatible deletion, and multidimensional approval. In general, consent systems based on smart contracts provide a technically plausible and legally consistent platform on which to build the systems of personal data-sharing in the future.
Background: The rapid development of modern technologies renders a convenient and efficient solution to implement Electronic Health Records (EHRs) systems. The rapid growth of healthcare data has a distinctive attribute of digital transformations. The big datasets of healthcare, their complexity and their dynamic nature have posed severe challenges associated with the analysis, pre-processing, privacy, security, storage, usability and data exchange. Material and Methods: We have performed the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and followed the Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) methodology. SLR refers to the methodology that discovers, analyses and accesses recent research literature related to the subject field. The research papers were searched from academic repositories like IEEE, WOS, Scopus and PubMed for the previous five years on March 2023. Results: The designed search string provides 199 research articles in total. We filter the research articles based on inclusion-exclusion strategies and quality assessment metrics. Six main criteria for research inclusion-exclusion for SLR are formulated. These works of literature insight into 1) the issues associated with interoperability and security of EHRs by using the Blockchain (BC) technology, 2) different frameworks and tools to improve privacy and security in the healthcare domain, 3) the open issues of using BC technology in the electronic healthcare domain, 4) the standardized ways to store EHRs, 5) various ways to handle the big data using the BC systems and 6) the usage of Federated Learning (FL) to preserve the privacy of EHRs in the healthcare domain. We acquired 46 research articles based on the criteria (inclusion-exclusion) that investigate the above-mentioned issues. Conclusion: The SLR will serve as the state-of-the-art (SOTA) for future researchers in the field of BC in healthcare. Additionally, the paper provides insights to the new researchers to revolutionize the healthcare domain by adopting the latest digitalized technologies. The proposed study identified various reflections. It analyzed the architectural mechanism that supports the security and interoperability of EHRs. Secondly, the study described different tools and frameworks to improve the privacy and security of EHRs using the BC. Thirdly, the open issues of storing and preserving the EHRs using BC in the healthcare system were determined. Fourth, it analyzed and provided a detailed view of using standardized ways for storing and handling big data by using the BC system. Lastly, the usage of FL to preserve the privacy of EHRs was analyzed.
Ilhaam A. Omar, Raja Jayaraman, Khaled Salah, Haya R. Hasan · 6 authors
Crop insurance serves as a crucial risk mitigation strategy for farmers facing uncertainties stemming from unpredictable weather conditions and vulnerabilities within the agricultural production process. Unfortunately, the prevailing traditional methods of crop insurance are laden with complexities, high costs, and, more critically, a lack of trust, which has deterred farmers from safeguarding their crops. Addressing these challenges, we present an innovative blockchain-based crop index insurance solution aimed at delivering multiple benefits. Our solution leverages blockchain technology to ensure unprecedented transparency throughout the insurance ecosystem. Every transaction and data exchange among farmers, insurers, and weather data providers is recorded on an immutable ledger, fostering trust, accountability, and confidence among all stakeholders. Moreover, blockchain’s inherent immutability and the use of smart contracts mitigate the risk of fraudulent activities in the crop insurance domain. Claims are processed autonomously, significantly reducing the possibility of fraudulent claims and enhancing the integrity of the system. One of the primary concerns of farmers, delayed claim settlements, is addressed by our solution. Smart contracts enable automated and prompt claim processing, ensuring that farmers receive timely payouts. Furthermore, our solution substantially reduces costs by eliminating intermediaries and streamlining administrative processes. This affordability democratizes crop insurance, making it accessible to a broader spectrum of farmers, including those in low-income countries. Our comprehensive approach integrates advanced algorithms for secure information sharing and interaction among stakeholders. We have rigorously tested the smart contract code under diverse scenarios using the Remix IDE, with the code’s availability on GitHub as a reference. Security vulnerabilities have been meticulously assessed and addressed. Thus, our paper presents an effective, low-cost, and trustworthy solution utilizing blockchain-based smart contracts to facilitate timely crop insurance for farmers. By enhancing transparency, reducing fraud, expediting claim processing, and increasing affordability, our solution aims to revolutionize crop insurance, making it more accessible and reliable for farmers worldwide.
Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) with the internet of things (IoT) plays an integral role in smart city developments and enables substantial developments in modern human lifestyles. With the emergence of Fifth-Generation (5G) communication technologies, high-speed communications are enabled among multiple internet-connected devices. However, security, reliability, and scalability are significant factors that affect the communication performance of ITS. The conventional security models are mostly centralized and unsuitable for distributed low-powered IoT-enabled 5G ITS. The new-age distributed ledger technology blockchain can improve the security and reliability of ITS services. Therefore, this paper investigates a blockchain-based security mechanism, Blockchainbased Secure IoT Communication (BSIC), that protects the 5G-ITS from potential security threats. The BSIC utilizes a consortium blockchain model with Improved Proof of Reputation (IPoR) to achieve its objectives. It handles the resource limitation issues of IoT by integrating Vehicular Edge Computing (VEC) services. Further, the BSIC design includes two main components: reputation computation strategy and the IPoR mining process. The proposed model successfully builds a secure IoT communication system by integrating multi-criteria factors in subjective logic-based reputation estimation. It selects the miners by adjusting the consensus pool size according to network density and reputation and improves the consensus efficiency with minimum delay. Moreover, the experimental evaluations are carried out to analyze the efficiency of BSIC using performance metrics such as attack detection rate, consensus delay, and reputation estimation accuracy.
Muhammad Imran Sarwar, Louai A. Maghrabi, Imran Khan, Qamar H. Naith · 5 authors
Blockchain has shifted the paradigm of computer-based commercial applications during the last decade. Initially developed as a public ledger for Bitcoin transactions, it has already shown that it has the potential to revolutionize the world, where trust, security, privacy, and anonymity are the assurances. The data stored within the blockchain remains unchangeable, resistant to tampering, and distributed across multiple locations within a decentralized network. The existence and reliability of blockchain rely heavily on robust cryptographic primitives, as these are fundamental to its operation. While blockchain faces significant challenges in the ever-evolving landscape of hardware and software technologies, it has retained its reputation for being secure due to its underlying cryptographic primitives. The architecture of blockchain, various consensus protocols, and the impacts of quantum computing are also discussed here. This study reviews the existing academic literature on cryptographic primitives used in blockchain and endeavours to bridge the gaps and provide a detailed understanding of their role in blockchain security. An exploratory qualitative research methodology is used in this study and is based on the latest literature on the topics. The findings of this study provide a valuable reference to the knowledge body and enhance the comprehension of blockchain, cryptography, and cryptographic primitives in blockchain for both new and experienced researchers, enabling them to identify new opportunities and challenges in the domain.
Mohammad Maroufi, Reza Abdolee, Behzad Mozaffari Tazehkand, Seyed Amir Mortezavi
This paper introduces a lightweight Blockchain-based architecture for 5G-enabled Internet-of-Thing (IoT) networks that employs a low-complexity consensus algorithm suitable for resource-constrained IoT devices. By combining 5G technology with a lightweight Blockchain consensus algorithm, the proposed architecture guarantees high availability, real-time data delivery, security, reliability, and low-latency connectivity. Two transaction types are considered in this architecture, i.e., local and public. Local transactions are exchanged within devices located in the same Small Cell (SC) or Macro Cell (MC) private Blockchains, while public transactions exchange data among different MCs in the public Blockchain and store verified data in the distributed ledger. Performance evaluation reveals that the proposed architecture outperforms conventional 5G (without Blockchain) regarding security against data manipulation and fraud. The proposed architecture improves hashing and encryption protocols compared to conventional 5G but slightly reduces the data traffic rate and increases local transaction processing time. In contrast, the proposed architecture reduces the consensus processing time in the public Blockchain compared to Proof of Elapsed Time (PoET) by about thirty percent due to adding a Distributed Trust Algorithm (DTA). We evaluate the proposed architecture’s performance against conventional 5G and PoET in terms of processing time and power consumption. The results indicate that the proposed architecture provides superior performance, and the DTA algorithm’s addition enhances the public transaction’s consensus processing time.
A cyber-physical system is considered to be a collection of strongly coupled communication systems and devices that poses numerous security trials in various industrial applications including healthcare. The security and privacy of patient data is still a big concern because healthcare data is sensitive and valuable, and it is most targeted over the internet. Moreover, from the industrial perspective, the cyber-physical system plays a crucial role in the exchange of data remotely using sensor nodes in distributed environments. In the healthcare industry, Blockchain technology offers a promising solution to resolve most securities-related issues due to its decentralized, immutability, and transparency properties. In this paper, a blockchain-inspired secure and reliable data exchange architecture is proposed in the cyber-physical healthcare industry 4.0. The proposed system uses the BigchainDB, Tendermint, Inter-Planetary-File-System (IPFS), MongoDB, and AES encryption algorithms to improve Healthcare 4.0. Furthermore, blockchain-enabled secure healthcare architecture for accessing and managing the records between Doctors and Patients is introduced. The development of a blockchain-based Electronic Healthcare Record (EHR) exchange system is purely patient-centric, which means the entire control of data is in the owner's hand which is backed by blockchain for security and privacy. Our experimental results reveal that the proposed architecture is robust to handle more security attacks and can recover the data if 2/3 of nodes are failed. The proposed model is patient-centric, and control of data is in the patient's hand to enhance security and privacy, even system administrators can't access data without user permission.
Muhammad Izhar, Syed Asad Ali Naqvi, Adeel Ahmed, Saima Abdullah · 6 authors
This paper presents an innovative framework that leverages cutting-edge technologies to revolutionize healthcare systems, focusing on data security, privacy, and efficient medical diagnosis. Our approach integrates distributed ledger technology (DLT), artificial intelligence (AI), and edge computing to create a robust and dependable medical ecosystem. In our proposed system, patients’ health data is securely managed using a combination of elliptic curve cryptography-based identity-based cryptosystems and edge nodes, ensuring both privacy and integrity. These edge nodes, designed for low-power and short-range communication, play a pivotal role in in-vivo data collection and monitoring within the human body. The DLT model at the core of our framework utilizes peer-to-peer networks, enabling seamless information exchange while eliminating the need for centralized servers. We emphasize public edge DLTs, such as Ethereum, to ensure accessibility and data ownership for all stakeholders. Furthermore, our system incorporates a hybrid machine learning model for early detection and prediction of security threats, enhancing overall system efficiency. Our findings demonstrate a remarkable 99.7% accuracy in classification using this approach. In conclusion, this framework’s multidisciplinary approach bridges the gap between healthcare, edge computing, and DLT, promising real-time data processing, enhanced security, and privacy preservation. With the rise of the Internet of Things, this innovation holds the potential to transform the future of healthcare technology.
Our lifestyles are increasingly incorporating the Internet of Things. Every year, a growing number of gadgets gain connectivity and communication capabilities via the Internet. There are currently more than 400 million IoT devices in use worldwide, and by 2025, that number is anticipated to reach 1.5 billion. Keeping track of all IoT devices and figuring out which one to connect to in order to make service requests is getting more and more challenging. The device could also end up malfunctioning or performing poorly. We must determine the most effective method of data storage in order to provide the groundwork for how to build trust amongst devices.
This paper investigates the integration of Blockchain technology and Artificial Intelligence (AI) to enhance cloud security in Indian enterprises. The study explores how Blockchain’s decentralized nature can secure cloud infrastructures, while AI models such as anomaly detection and reinforcement learning provide real-time threat monitoring and mitigation. By analyzing case studies from Indian companies in sectors like IT, finance, and healthcare, the paper showcases the practical benefits of combining Blockchain with AI for enhancing data security, reducing vulnerabilities, and improving regulatory compliance.
Fathe Jeribi, Rashid Amin, Mohammed Alhameed, Ali Tahir
Because of the rising population density, relationships are necessary to raise living standards through sending and receiving a wide range of services. Because of this, many means of object communication—regardless of their nature—are necessary to meet our daily needs. IoT is a network of physical things integrated with sensors, and software to communicate with each other. To establish a good connection, every object considered to be an associate of another object should meet certain requirements including scalability, interoperability, and trustworthiness. IoT security is a challenging task to protect the hardware and networks in the IoT system and a significant constraint to the deployment and realization of IoT. IoT security may include data confidentiality, authentication, access control, anonymity, and trust among services and products. Exchanging trust information is critical for assessing an entity’s trustworthiness. Therefore, trust information must be shared and stored securely to ensure reliability, honesty, and safety. We propose a secure trust management scheme built on blockchain technologies to secure the entire system in transparency, traceability, and material integrity. We implement a blockchain-based trust management architecture for smart buildings that collect node trust proof. It assigns a trust score to each node, securely stores them in an array, then the threshold value is computed using the ID3 Algorithm. IoT threshold value is broadcasted into the blockchain network and stored in the trusted list. According to the findings, our approach encompasses security measures such as tamper-proofing, attack resistance, reliability, and low functionality for IoT in smart buildings.
Abstract Due in large part to the Internet of Things’ (IoT) anticipated enormous scope and extensive implementation, achieving safe and private communications on the IoT is difficult. Recent initiatives have investigated the use of blockchain technology to enable decentralized protection and privacy. Such methods, however, are prohibitive for the bulk of IoT applications due to their high computational and time requirements. We specifically offer a resource-efficient, blockchain-based IoT security and privacy solution in this study. The approach is made achievable by utilizing Deep Extreme Learning Machine in combination with unique computational resource exploitation in a typical IoT context (such as smart houses) (DELM). In the proposed method, the privacy, integrity, and accessibility of the Blockchain based Architecture of Smart Homes are prudently considered while assessing the reliability of the system. The overheads caused this strategy are negligible with respect to the security and privacy benefits, we further underline by presenting simulated findings.
Blockchain network is defined as interconnection of many computers, and each and every computer holds the copy of the ledger. It can be observed as continuously budding chain of blocks, and blocks are interconnected with the support of hash function. Validating of new blocks is followed by a set of protocols and consensus mechanism from every node in the network. The records are kept and arranged in linear fashion chain. The main feature of the Blockchain technology is that it allows secure communication between untrusted parties without the involvement of any third party authority. Artificial intelligence, which emulates the human intelligence, is impacting heavily on the business and social media applications nowadays. Machine learning which is the subset AI, automatically learns and improve based on input data. Whereas deep learning which is subset of machine learning uses networks to identify complex patterns in data. The basic approach of machine learning is to collect and analyze the data at central location like server. But in today’s scenario the data is decentralized and emerges from multiple sources. Hence the need of distributed machine learning algorithms in many applications is required. ML can be used to make chain smarter than before. By making use of decentralized data architecture of Blockchain we can build good models of machine learning. This paper investigates the possibility of integrating Blockchain Technology and Machine learning for optimization and improvement of Warehouse operations at data and transactions levels by providing security processes needed for smart and secure warehouse system.
<abstract><p>The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) significantly impacts our healthcare system because it allows us to track and verify patient medical data before storing it in the cloud for future use. A rapidly expanding platform like IoMT requires high security to keep all data safe. The patient's prescription history and other sensitive information must be encrypted and managed with great care. Nevertheless, it is challenging to determine what data uses are acceptable while protecting patient privacy and security. Understanding the limits of current technologies and envisioning future research paths is crucial for establishing a safe and reliable data environment. An untrustworthy person can communicate with a trustworthy person via blockchain, a decentralized digital ledger that allows for end-to-end communication. Therefore, this research suggests that the healthcare industry with blockchain-integrated cyber-security based on artificial intelligence (BICS-AI) in medical care to preserve medical-related things. Blockchain applications have the potential to consistently identify the most severe, potentially life-threatening mistakes in the medical field. The use of blockchain for decentralized data protection helps to protect patient health records from compromise. With the help of an access control provider (ACP), here came up with a lightweight solution that addresses this issue by allowing the delegating of security operations. Medical data from IoMT and integrated devices can be collected and stored securely and distributed using a conventional in-depth approach combined with blockchain, making it suitable for healthcare professionals such as nursing homes, hospitals, and the healthcare industry where data exchange is required. The research findings indicate that the suggested system is viable and has a 94.84$ \% $ security rate, a security performance of 96.4$ \% $, a success rate of 89.9$ \% $, and a 5.1$ \% $ latency rate compared to traditional methods.</p></abstract>
Digitalization has become a crucial part of healthcare 4.0 by transforming systems such as electronic health records (EHR), electronic medical records (EMR), and electronic personal medical records (ePHR). Healthcare 4.0 is derived from industry 4.0 and aims to enhance collaboration, virtualization, coherence, and convergence, which helps transform modern healthcare into more personalized and predictive. Healthcare 4.0 also aims to develop digital enablers which will support coordination among various stakeholders and seamless information flow in the patient journey towards wellbeing. These systems enhance patient care through the timely sharing of patient data across different providers globally. Timely sharing helps, but it also makes the electronic system vulnerable to alteration and breaches. In healthcare, blockchain application is widely used in various areas, such as health information exchange, pharmaceutical counterfeit, clinical trials, health supply chain management, patient data management, insurance claims, and product recall in case of adverse events. This research paper aims to identify how blockchain technology can help enhance the privacy and security of electronic health record systems. This paper discusses various blockchain-based systems, which provide a more efficient and secure option than client-server architecture-based traditional EHR systems.
Shadab Alam, Mohammed Shuaib, Sadaf Ahmad, Dushantha Nalin K. Jayakody · 7 authors
The Internet of Things (IoT) has radically transformed how patient information and healthcare monitoring are monitored and recorded and has revolutionized the area by ensuring regular 24 × 7 tracking without costly and restricted human resources and with a low mistake probability. The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is a subsection of the Internet of things (IoT) that uses medical equipment as things or nodes to enable cost-effective and efficient patient monitoring and recording. The IoMT can cope with a wide range of problems, including observing patients in hospitals, monitoring patients in their homes, and assisting consulting physicians and nurses in monitoring health conditions at regular intervals and issuing warning signals if emergency care is necessary. EEG signals, electrocardiograms (ECGs), blood sugar levels, blood pressure levels, and other conditions can be examined. In crucial situations, quick and real-time analysis is essential, and failure to provide careful attention can be fatal. A cloud-based IoT platform cannot handle these latency-sensitive conditions. Fog computing (FC) is a novel paradigm for assigning, processing, and storing resources to IoT devices with limited resources. Where substantial processing power or storage is required, all nodes in a fog computing scheme can delegate their jobs to local fog nodes rather than forwarding them to the cloud module at a greater distance. Identifying potential security risks and putting in place adequate security measures are critical. This work aims to examine a blockchain (BC) as a potential tool for mitigating the impact of these difficulties in conjunction with fog computing. This research shows that blockchain can overcome fog computing’s privacy and security concerns. It also discusses blockchain’s issues and limitations from the perspective of fog computing (FC) and the IoMT.
Abdul Rehman, Saima Abdullah, Muqaddas Fatima, Muhammad Waseem Iqbal · 7 authors
With the advancement of new technology, security is the biggest issue nowadays. To solve security problems, blockchain technology will be used. In recent work, most of the work has been done on homogeneous systems, but in our research, the primary focus is on the security of wireless sensor networks using blockchain. Over the last few decades, the Internet of Things (IoT) has been the most advancing technology due to the number of intelligent devices and associated technologies that have rapidly grown in every field of the world, such as smart cities, education, agriculture, banking, healthcare, etc. Many of the applications are developing by using IoT technologies for real-time monitoring. Because of storage capacity or low processing power, smart devices or gadgets are vulnerable to attack as existing cryptography techniques or security are insufficient. In this research work, firstly, we review and identify the privacy and security issues in the IoT system. Secondly, there is a solution for the security issues, which is resolved by blockchain technology. We will check the wireless sensor network to see how data work on distributed or decentralized network architecture. Wireless sensor network clustering technique was introduced by researchers for network efficiency because when the workload spreads, the system will work faster and more efficiently. A cluster comprises a number of nodes, and the cluster head manages the local interactions between the nodes in the cluster (CH). In general, cluster members connect with the cluster head, and the cluster head aggregates and fuses the data acquired in order to save energy. Before approaching the sink, the cluster heads may additionally create another layer of clusters among themselves. The clustering concept divides data traffic into several groups similar to the other data points in the same data point. In contrast, this data point is dissimilar from other data points in another group. All results are presented at the end of this study paper, in which we will see the network or nodes’ performance in the specific area of the network, how it works, and how efficient it is. Likewise, Blockchain also works in a distributed manner.
Adil El Mane, Younes Chihab, Khalid Tatane, Redouan Korchiyne
Since the commercialization of agriculture technology, there has been a surge in interest in agricultural data. However, these data are notoriously chaotic, and analysts are concerned about their authenticity because there is a big possibility that others may have influenced data quality at various points along the data stream. This article suggests a new blockchain architecture to protect the integrity of agricultural data. The goal of this architecture is to provide farmers with safe storage. The agriculture data inserted cannot be modified without some rules. Many procedures are completed automatically using smart contracts to limit the danger of manipulation. One of the suggested architectures is the proof of concept. It connects a traditional farm system with the blockchain accompanied by smart contracts to facilitate the entire agri-supply chain. The conceptual architecture will eliminate the flaws discovered in prior studies. Sensors are used in this approach to provide us with environmental data. As a result, we store our data in blocks using the blockchain system. Then, we built some unique agricultural smart contracts to handle all transactions and automatize decisions based on the source code of these automated contracts. This strategy would be more efficient and secure.
Blockchain, also known as distributed ledger technology, is considered to have the potential to cause significant economic, political, and social transformations in India. Blockchain technology has been most helpful in understanding the source and journey of produce in agriculture. This is vital for farmers and consumers: it authorizes farmers to bargain for better prices throughout the supply chain while giving consumers confidence in knowing exactly where the produce comes from. This is crucial considering the growing lack of trust in sourcing produce sold in markets. While still challenged with fundamental limitations, Blockchain technology is a transformative Information and Communications Technology (ICT) that has changed our notion of trust. Improved efficiencies for sustainable agricultural development have been demonstrated when ICT-enabled farms have access to knowledge banks and other digital resources. The visible effects of this technology are already being noted there. This paper presents early evidence linking the use of blockchain in overcoming agricultural challenges facing India. The paper examines blockchain technology's impact and critical applications in agriculture and the food supply chain. It demonstrates how blockchain can help promote transparency, build trust and reputation, and enhance transaction efficiency. This paper looks at opportunities and key triggers for blockchain diffusion in agricultural practices in India. It also delves into challenges and obstacles developing economies will likely encounter in using blockchain.