Shafaq Khan, Mohammed Shael, Munir Majdalawieh, Nishara Nizamuddin · 5 authors
Blockchain technology is an innovative technology with the potential of transforming cities by augmenting the building of resilient societies and enabling the emergence of more transparent and accountable governments. To understand the capabilities of blockchain, as well as its impact on the public sector, this study conducted a review of blockchain technology and its implementations by various governments around the globe. E-government evolution is analyzed, based on empirical evidence from a Dubai government entity in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), which has utilized blockchain technology for developing end-user services, relevant to the public sector. Benefits achieved and challenges to overcome in such blockchain-based pilot deployments are discussed. The findings of this study offer new insights for practitioners involved in bringing in innovations for the benefit of society, using blockchain technology. Furthermore, it provides insights into policy actions to be developed to address the future challenges and to improve already existing e-government policies. The results of this research will benefit all blockchain-based pilot deployments by providing guidance and knowledge on this immature yet developing technology.
The release of the European Commission’s Digital Finance Strategy in September 20201 was a notable progression from previous initiatives for the regulation of FinTech within the European Union. Rather than persisting solely with a monitoring stance towards technological innovations in finance, the package published by the Commission evinces a more proactive approach through legislative intervention. As an indication of the scale of the Strategy, the package consists of three Regulation proposals. The proposed Regulation on a pilot regime for financial market infrastructures (FMIs), based on distributed ledger technology (DLT),2 is of particular significance for its implications for securities trading and post-trading. At the time of publication, the final text of the Regulation has been adopted by the European Parliament at first reading. Aside from its importance as a measure that will imminently affect European capital markets, the legislation warrants analysis as an especially suitable case example of...
This paper investigates the cryptocurrency giveaway scam with the YouTube live stream carried out on 5/15/2022 and 5/16/2022. In this scam scheme, the scammer plays a recorded video of a famous person in a YouTube live stream annotated with a cryptocurrency giveaway announcement. In the annotated announcement, the victims are directed to the scammer's webpage. The scammer's webpage is designed intelligently to deceive victims such that they believe the legitimacy of the giveaway. The scammer claims that whatever donation the victim sends to a cryptocurrency wallet address, the giveaway scheme will double the donated amount and immediately send it back to the victim. By analyzing the scammers' wallet addresses, it can be seen that scammers could steal a significant amount of money in a short time. After analyzing the attackers' techniques, tactics, and procedures, this paper discusses the countermeasures that can be applied to mitigate such a fraudulent activity in the future.
Milad Dehghani, Ryan William Kennedy, Atefeh Mashatan, Alexandra Rese · 5 authors
This study examines the factors influencing blockchain’s adoption intention as a whole, relying on an organisational perspective and the Technology-Organisation-Environment Framework (TOE). To organise and investigate the factors and to study blockchain technology adoption intention, this research employs a mixed-methodology. After an extended literature review, first, a qualitative approach is used to discover the factors from primary data collected from 25 interviews. Second, a quantitative survey is employed directly relating the factors to blockchain adoption intention and empirically testing them with 146 employees from 71 North American organisations. A total of 15 factors are discovered, seven are tested, and six are significant. In particular, the technology factors perceived interoperability and perceived data quality have a positive impact upon blockchain adoption intention, while the effect is negative for perceived technological volatility, regulatory uncertainty, standardisation uncertainty and the perceived lack of technological knowledge.
Abstract: Blockchain technology has many applications in terms of record-keeping, transparency, and cryptocurrency as well. Additionally, with one of its characteristics, manipulation or fraud can be eliminated. By decentralizing the data, the data becomes immutable, which means any traditional method of record-keeping that were susceptible to manipulation can be removed now. In this paper, a method to remove scholarship-based manipulation has been proposed. In many universities, there are scholarships based on the student’s family income. To support the poor and deserving in getting an education, these scholarships are a must. However, paper-based income certificates used to justify family income can be easily manipulated. Therefore, with the help of the Ethereum Smart Contract, a framework to store income certificates has been proposed. This method can be used to enter income data from the student’s family’s employer’s backend. Considering a fair and acceptable income for eligibility for the scholarship, the university can decide to go ahead with it without fearing the manipulation of income data. Keywords: Blockchain Technology, Scholarship manipulation, fraud detection, Education, Smart contract.
Current blockchain-based cloud (BBC) systems have several security vulnerabilities regarding smart contracts (SC), and several attacks have been reported recently. The SC development lacks standard design processes that follow software lifecycle principles to model secure SC. Secondly, the security mechanisms in the SC are not constantly evolved to resist evolving adversary attacks. BBC systems lack self-adaptive security capability to make spontaneous decisions when adversarial attacks are encountered. To build a self-adaptive secure BBC system that follows standard software development lifecycle principles to model secure SC, we propose the so-called self-adaptive security RE_BBC framework. The framework would utilize the MAPE-BBC adaptation loop to make decisions internally based on the threat models, goal models, and service level agreement (SLA) SC security specifications. The framework identifies vulnerabilities and threats and takes precautionary measures using self-adaptive SC agents. We validated the proposed methodology theoretically and empirically, and statistically proved the research questions and hypothesis using the t-test and Mann–Whitney U test. Subsequently, we compare our proposed approach with the Security Quality Requirements Engineering approach (SQUARE). The feasibility results and the replicated study results indicate that the proposed approach outperformed the SQUARE approach in terms of artifacts quality, self-adaptive security evaluation quality, efficiency in response time, complexity, and usefulness of the proposed approach for the Healthcare Data Management (HDM) system. SC security developers can immensely benefit from our proposed methodology. They need not reengineer SC from scratch; depending on their security needs and plan, the contract can be adapted to execute a new plan.
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) organize themselves into clusters by sharing a set of limited resources to achieve the holistic success of the cluster. However, these SMEs often face conflicts and deadlock situations that hinder the fundamental operational dynamics of the cluster due to varied reasons, including lack of trust and transparency in interactions, lack of common consensus, and lack of accountability and non-repudiation. Blockchain technology brings trust, transparency, and traceability to systems, as demonstrated by previous research and practice. In this paper, we explore the role of blockchain technology in building a trustworthy yet collaborative environment in SME clusters through the principles of community self-governance based on the work of Nobel Laureate Elinor Ostrom. We develop and present a blockchain commons governance framework for the three main dimensions i.e., interaction, autonomy, and control, based on the theoretical premise of equivalence mapping and qualitative analysis. This paper examines the role of blockchain technology to act as a guiding mechanism and support the smooth functioning of SMEs for their holistic good. The study focuses on sustainability and improving productivity of SMEs operating in clusters under public and private partnership. This is the first study to address the operational challenges faced by SEMs in clusters by highlighting the dimensions of blockchain commons governance dimensions.
Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) have taken the world by storm. Initially started as an art/game experiment, the NFT has given rise to a new form of entrepreneurship in the virtual world with massive opportunities and affordances. However, research into the entrepreneurial aspect of NFTs and the role of agency in the process is limited. In this article, I examine the concept of NFT-enabled Entrepreneurship (or NFTE). I first identify the main characteristics of NFTs, then define NFTE and discuss the related assumptions, and finally propose a conceptual framework for NFTE and investigate its enablers. I conclude by proposing NFTE as a novel domain of entrepreneurship theory and practice with extensive new research opportunities, and the plausibility of using NFT as an alternative mode of knowledge production in which scholars become “NFT creators.”
Muhammad Dandy Alif Wildana, Tsumma Lazuardini Imamia
Waqf in its role as Islamic charitable institution has considerable role to sustainable economy, since the initiation of waqf itself started from Muslim for the benefit for all people. Despite its important roles and promising potential, the waqf institution is facing problems which will potentially deprive itself of its full potential. One of the main problems faced by waqf and other charitable institutions is the problem of proper administration of its assets, especially when the contribution to the charitable institution came from various sources. Considering the importance of technology to the life of the 21st century, the same technology may be applied to the enhancement of Islamic charitable institutions such as waqf, in the area of supervise and utilization of waqf assets. This paper employs qualitative methods through literature review to identify the possibility and suitability of technology implementation into waqf institutions. This approach is necessary to explore the potential suitability and the extent of Blockchain and Smart Contracts technology are capable of in improving and enhancing waqf institutions. The possibility of these technologies to be applied to become panacea to the problems that are commonly faced by waqf institutions such as asset administration, transparency, accountability, and governance. The implementation of such technology that offers complete transparency is considered effective against transaction costs and to create efficiency in charitable work of waqf institutions. It is expected that the technology implementation may provide ample room for waqf institutions to evolve into modern Islamic charitable institutions which can answer and adapt to the challenge of the 21st century. Keywords: Waqf, Blockchain, Smart Contracts, Waqf Institution, Governance
Blockchain technology spread very quickly during the last few years and has become one of the most popular trends among the research and developers community. In particular, the Ethereum blockchain is one of the most supported and used for developing smart contracts, which are informatics protocols that provide a higher level of security than traditional contracts and reduce other transaction costs associated with the bargaining practice. Nowadays, the transaction number associated with smart contracts deploying increased widely, and it is difficult for researchers and developers to keep track of programming trends. This work proposes a dataset containing only specific categories of smart contracts associated with the most popular trends of the last five years. Mainly, the proposed collection of programs contains Token and Non-Fungible-Token programs, whose popularity has increased a lot since their first appearance on the blockchain.
DeFi is short for “decentralized finance,” is a financial application which is highly secured. Decentralized Finance (DeFi) for transferring and managing crypto assets similar to managing fiat assets at present i.e., bank accounts. It gives us exposure to the global markets and alternatives to the currency we use or banking options. DeFi is connected with blockchain, which is decentralized, immutable, and that enables all computers (or nodes) on a network to hold a copy of the history of transactions. DeFi helps us to control and visibility over your money. There is no single entity that has control over, or can alter, that ledger of transactions. It also replaces the bankers and brokers that are enforcing laws against money laundering, creating an unknown economic environment that the regulators would have to traverse and DeFi can address many of the flaws in the existing financial systems, including giving the unbanked access to the financial system. DeFi is distinct as a result of it expands the utilization of blockchain from easy price transfer to complex financial use cases. DeFi products open up financial services to anyone which requires internet connection and they're largely owned and maintained by their users all over the world. So far billions of dollar’s worth of crypto has flowed through DeFi applications and it's expanding day by day. DeFi will be the future which will replace all kinds of transactions. Keywords: DeFi, Blockchain, Money laundering
Unlike many other nascent technologies, Bitcoin seems to have progressed past the first phases of acceptability. This issue even impacted autos. It is probable that one of the key causes leading to the fall of cryptocurrencies is the fact that Bitcoin has begun to carve out a niche for itself. At this point, we cannot say if Bitcoin will ever attain broad adoption in global markets, although it is possible. (www.ijbmcnet.com) 8 The Bitcoin community has given itself the goal of infiltrating the mainstream via the development of new features and the resolution of long-standing difficulties, according to the Center for Contemporary Research. Not alone does Bitcoin have a committed following; other cryptocurrencies do as well. You may learn more about bitcoins and other cryptocurrencies by researching them. It would be advantageous to do study on the long-term influence of Bitcoin on the performance of fiat currencies, and then compare the results to those acquired in countries that are beginning to embrace government-issued cryptocurrencies. Microtransaction capabilities may enable bitcoin to satisfy a need in the economy that traditional state-sponsored currencies are unable to meet; nevertheless, this will require a thorough examination of the markets and the economy. Block chain technology, which underpins Bitcoin, may also be used to create smart contracts (Hileman, 2016). When a certain incident occurs, a pre-programmed payment is made. Given that this is often handled by the whole accounting department of the organisation, there is a lot of space for future progress in this area. Finally, a cryptocurrency is a kind of digital asset created when data is encrypted. Through the deployment of a cloud-based infrastructure, the music business has raised public awareness of digital property.
Blockchain is a distributed ledger technique that guarantees the traceability of transactions. Blockchain is adopted in multiple domains like finance (e.g., cryptocurrency), healthcare, security, and supply chain. In the open-source software (OSS) portal GitHub, we observe a growing adoption of Blockchain-based solutions. Given the rapid emergence of Blockchain-based solutions in our daily life and the evolving cryptocurrency market, it is important to know the status quo, how developers generally interact in those repos, and how much freedom they have in applying code changes. We report an empirical study of 3,664 Blockchain software repositories from GitHub. We divide the Blockchain repositories into two categories: Tool (e.g., SDKs) and Applications (e.g., service/solutions developed using SDKs). The Application category is further divided into two sub-categories: Crypto and Non-Crypto applications. In all Blockchain repository categories, the contribution interactions on commits are the most common interaction type. We found that more organizations contributing to the Blockchain repos than individual users. The median numbers of internal and external users in tools are higher than the application repos. We observed a higher degree of collaboration (e.g., for maintenance efforts) among users in Blockchain tools than those in the application repos. Among the artifacts, issues have a greater number of interactions than commits and pull requests. Related to autonomy we found that less than half of total project contributions are autonomous. Our findings offer implications to Blockchain stakeholders, like developers to stay aware of OSS practices around Blockchain software.
Abstract Tracking unseen water in products (Embedded Virtual Water) has generated great interest in the scientific community. This water transfers between geographies via suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers and customers in multiple phases. However, the Virtual Water Trading System lacks proper accounting standards, established protocols and processes in the context of product manufacturing. Therefore, there is a need to establish a technology platform to handle the complex virtual water international trade. Such a platform should uphold transparency and create ‘water consciousness’ and awareness among companies and consumers. The concept of a virtual water currency and blockchain technology platform together can manage these processes. Blockchain helps in setting up secure, verifiable, scalable and traceable systems. Blockchain manages the audit and contract management processes with ease. Virtual water currency is critical to advocate sustainability. The objective of this paper is to establish the key linkages between virtual water and usage of blockchain. A systematic literature survey was conducted on 16 journal repositories (153 journal papers) of IWA Publishing to establish virtual water linkages and five journal databases (IEEE Xplore, Sciencedirect, ACM Digital Library, Springer Link and Wiley Online Library covering 5026 journal papers) for blockchain and water management linkages. This study proposes to introduce virtual water currency and set up an International Virtual Water Trading System using blockchain. The proposed platform seamlessly integrates the quality, cost and sustainability of industrial products and their sub-components.
The crypto industry has exploded in recent years, and authorities in different countries have been reacting in very different ways. Some have banned cryptocurrencies, while others are embracing them to varying degrees. Some are working hard to align their anti-money laundering regulations with FATF standards, while others are turning a blind eye. A few countries have confiscated huge quantities of crypto assets linked to crime and money laundering. Others are at square one in terms of enforcement, risking becoming a hub for crypto crime and money laundering and posing a serious vulnerability in the world’s financial system.
 This Working Paper draws on a detailed analysis of how selected countries are addressing legal, regulatory and enforcement issues around cryptocurrencies and other virtual assets. The analysis is focused on Asia, but set in the context of global trends in crypto law, regulation and enforcement. It explores critical questions that will shape policies around virtual assets at the corporate, national and international levels:
 
 What is working in terms of crypto regulation and enforcement?
 What are the implications of different policy choices on crypto assets – for the industry, for the countries themselves and for global financial integrity as a whole?
 What would the crypto wave possibly bring next?
 
 The Paper also highlights broader developments needed to bring light and clarity to laws, policies and practices around the crypto industry, such as collaboration between both market players and governments.
 Jurisdictions touched upon in this Working Paper alphabetically include Bhutan, Central African Republic, El Salvador, Hong Kong SAR, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, the Philippines, the People’s Republic of China, Thailand, Ukraine and Vietnam.
 A list of key terms and abbreviations have been prepared in the Annex to this Working Paper for the readers’ easy reference.
 About this Working Paper
 This Working Paper is a collaboration between Dorothy Siron, Co-Managing Partner, Zhong Lun Law Firm LLP and Federico Paesano, Senior Financial Investigation Specialist, Basel Institute on Governance.
 Dorothy Siron provided the bulk of the analysis and discussion, while Federico Paesano provided a selection of case studies and was co-author of the seven recommendations contained in section 4. The collaboration was facilitated by the International Academy of Financial Crime Litigators, an independent, non-partisan global centre that shapes and advances financial crime litigation practices for the future.
Jens Ducrée, Martin Codyre, Ray Walshe, Sönke Barting
Fundamental science and applied research and technology development (RTD) are facing significant challenges that particularly compound to the notorious credibility, reproducibility, funding and sustainability crises. The underlying, serious shortcomings are substantially amplified by a metrics-obsessed publication culture, and a growing cohort of academics fishing for fairly stagnant (public) funding budgets. This work presents, for the first time, a groundbreaking strategy to successfully address these severe issues; the novel strategy proposed here leverages the distributed ledger technology (DLT) “blockchain” to capitalize on cryptoeconomic mechanisms, such as tokenization, consensus, crowdsourcing, smart contracts, reputation systems as well as staking, reward and slashing mechanisms. This powerful toolbox, which is so far widely unfamiliar to traditional scientific and RTD communities (“TradSci”), is synergistically combined with the exponentially growing computing capabilities for virtualizing experiments through digital twin methods in a future scientific “metaverse”. Project contributions, such as hypotheses, methods, experimental data, modelling, simulation, assessment, predictions and directions are crowdsourced using blockchain, and captured by so-called non-fungible tokens (“NFTs”). The so enabled, highly integrative approach, termed decentralized science (“DeSci”), is destined to move research out of its present silos, and to markedly enhance quality, credibility, efficiency, transparency, inclusiveness, sustainability, impact, and sustainability of a wide spectrum of academic and commercial research initiatives.
Abstract: Blockchain Technology becoming popular with time giving rise to Web 3.0 and this technology will change the way we see the Internet. Blockchain is a decentralized, digitally dis- tributed immutable ledger that allows real-time communication to happen securely; this is the reason we need blockchain in a social networking websites as these websites keep the data on centralized servers that can be risky as the data can easily be stolen and can easily be distributed with third parties without the need of users consent. But with the help of Blockchain and DApps, we can create a reliable and efficient way to share messages and media on secured networks without any third party interference. In this paper, we are going to discuss how we make use of smart contracts and peer-to-peer networks like Ethereum to create such applications and allow users to share their messages and other forms of information without any fear of data getting lost or being shared without user consent, we also going to discuss how this method is different from the current method which social networking websites use to secure users data, and how Web 3.0 is going to be different from current Web 2.0 in terms of a social network. Index Terms: decentralization, blockchain, Apps(Decentralized applications), Ethereum
Finansallaşma, kapitalizmin son kırk yıllık dönüşümünü açıklayan önemli kavramlardan biridir. Dijital ve finansal alanda yaşanan gelişmeler dikkate alındığında, teknoloji ile finansallaşma arasında güçlü bir bağ bulunmaktadır. Yüzyılın başından bu yana hızla yükselen büyük teknoloji şirketlerinin iş modelleri, dijital ve finansal alanı giderek daha fazla bütünleştirmektedir. Bu bağlamda, dijital ve finansal alanların bütünleşmesi, finansallaşma literatüründe dijital finansallaşma olarak tanımlanan yeni bir kavram ortaya çıkarmıştır. Finansal alandaki dönüşüme öncülük eden dijitalleşme, 2008 yılı itibariyle dijital dönüşümün yeni aşaması olan blok zincir teknolojisi ve kripto para piyasalarını finansal sisteme dâhil etmiştir. Blok zincir teknolojisinin yeni finansal iş modelleri ve kripto para piyasaları, oldukça yeni ve dinamik bir alandır. Ancak, farklı iş modellerinin her biri finansallaşma çatısı altında birleşmektedir. Finansal dijitalleşmenin önemli parçaları olarak blok zincir teknolojisi ve yeni finansal iş modellerinin finansallaşma bağlantıları litertürde ihmal edilmiştir. Bu makale, blok zincir teknolojisinin yeni finansal iş modellerini ve kripto para piyasalarını dijital finansallaşma kavramı üzerinden ele almakta ve betimleyici analiz yöntemiyle incelemektedir. Makalenin amacı, kripto para piyasalarının finansallaşma bağlantılarını ortaya koymak ve dijital finansallaşma kavramını blok zincir teknolojisini de kapsayacak biçimde genişletmektir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, blok zincir teknolojisi dijital verileri herhangi bir üretim ilişkisine dâhil olmadan doğrudan kripto para formuna dönüştürerek finansallaşmasını sağlamaktadır. Blok zincir teknolojisi ve yeni finansal iş modelleri, kripto paralar eliyle dijital ve finansal alanları bütünleştirdiği ölçüde finansallaşma alanını genişletmekte ve derinleştirmektedir.
Vishal Wanve, Charudutta Sawant, Rohit Sonawane, H. K. Pathak
Real Estate is a wide area consisting of a physical piece of land and the developments on it such as buildings, roads, and other infrastructures. Real Estate can be classified based on the purpose of usage of the property i.e. Residential, Commercial, or Industrial. Since longtime real estate is considered the most secure investment for good returns. But several issues arise in the field of property transactions which are based on the trust that the buyer or seller has in a third-party middleman/broker as well as frauds, inaccurate market statistics, time-consuming processes as well as high processing fees charged by the middlemen/broker. To provide a solution problem a decentralized web application for real estate transactions is proposed in the project. To attain the solution, in this project we propose to design and develop a decentralized web application using blockchain and smart contract technology that avails property buyers and sellers to interact with the help of a private Ethereum network and deploy smart contracts which create a precise and transparent digital property transaction process. This results in the advantages over traditional real estate systems by neglecting the requirement of non-trusted third-party entities, reducing transaction processes as well as transaction costs.
Security and privacy are two conditions that are closely linked to current trends in cryptocurrency, and this study offers a similar comprehensive review. Cryptocurrency adds security to transactions and controls the formation of additional currency units. Great growth for cryptocurrency market testing leads to the misuse of failures to benefit enemies. In this study, the review was designed to focus on safety and security standards of cryptocurrencies especially in Bitcoin. This study explains cryptocurrency agreements, their benefits, and communications within the framework
RICARDO CARREÑO AGUILERA, Miguel Patiño-Ortiz, Julián Patiño-Ortiz, Erick Velázquez Lozada
Initial Crypto-Token Offering (ICO) strategy has worked so far to fund any project. In this scheme, the ICO launches a token playing the role of a stockholder’s share; the more the people buy tokens, the more the funding for the projects. The stakeholders also earn money if the project gains more reliability and more people buy this token. In other words, an ICO strategy works based on either selling or buying of tokens in the areas of security, utility, equity, etc. However, this paper’s focus is only on using oracles and Hyperledger, which means that there is no need to launch a token, instead it uses the network blockchain benefits, particularly oracles and the Ethereum virtual machine, i.e. not the Ethereum blockchain platform but its virtual machine. Since this is a proposal for governmental or corporate usage, the Hyperledger and oracles strategy fits better for this application. Funds for this use-case are gathered in the healthcare field, specifically to reduce the COVID-19 pandemic. The system’s reliability is the core for attracting investors and donors to fund the system if it guarantees that resources will get to the right destiny. DAPP is based on a smart contract aligned with the smart societies concept to ensure system sustainability.
Ulaganje u kriptovalute postaje sve popularniji trend u financijskom svijetu. Kriptovaluta, također poznata kao digitalna ili virtualna valuta, decentralizirana je i funkcionira neovisno o tradicionalnim bankarskim sustavima. To znači da na njega ne utječu središnja tijela ili vlade, a njegovu vrijednost određuju ponuda i potražnja na tržištu. Ulaganje u kriptovalute može biti vrlo isplativo, ali može biti i rizično. Tržište je vrlo nestabilno, a cijene mogu brzo varirati. Prije ulaganja u bilo koju kriptovalutu važno je istražiti kako biste bili sigurni da donosite informiranu odluku. Unatoč rizicima, mnoge ulagače privlači kriptovaluta zbog njezinog potencijala za visoke povrate i sposobnosti diverzifikacije njihovog investicijskog portfelja. Također postaje lakše ulagati u kriptovalute, s mnogim dostupnim mjenjačnicama i platformama za trgovanje koje ulagačima omogućuju kupnju, prodaju i trgovanje različitim kriptovalutam Zaključno, ulaganje u kriptovalute može biti unosna prilika za ulaganje, ali je ključno obaviti dubinsku analizu i razumjeti uključene rizike. Uz odgovarajuće istraživanje i oprez, ulaganje u kriptovalute može biti održiva opcija za one koji žele diverzificirati svoj investicijski portfelj i iskoristiti rastuću digitalnu ekonomiju.
Qamar Zaman, Muhammad Idrees, Athar Ashraf, Ashfaq Ahmad
Management of land records includes actions such as registration and transfer of property ownership. For many nations, land ownership and management are important sources of income. Corrupted spans from small-scale payments to large-scale cause an abuse for government. In the literature, a number of concerns have been raised about Land Record Management. There are several problems with Land Record Management in developing nations, such as tampering with land records and no methods of retrieving a full property ownership record, operating multiple linked Land Record Management Systems independently, etc. Traditional land record management solutions do not solve these challenges. We propose a Blockchain-based Land Record Management system for Pakistan to solve these concerns. It has been decided to use the suggested system, and the specifics of its implementation are described in this thesis.
Weizhao Tang, Lucianna Kiffer, Giulia Fanti, Ari Juels
Most permissionless blockchain networks run on peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, which offer flexibility and decentralization at the expense of performance (e.g., network latency). Historically, this tradeoff has not been a bottleneck for most blockchains. However, an emerging host of blockchain-based applications (e.g., decentralized finance) are increasingly sensitive to latency; users who can reduce their network latency relative to other users can accrue (sometimes significant) financial gains. In this work, we initiate the study of strategic latency reduction in blockchain P2P networks. We first define two classes of latency that are of interest in blockchain applications. We then show empirically that a strategic agent who controls only their local peering decisions can manipulate both types of latency, achieving 60\% of the global latency gains provided by the centralized, paid service bloXroute, or, in targeted scenarios, comparable gains. Finally, we show that our results are not due to the poor design of existing P2P networks. Under a simple network model, we theoretically prove that an adversary can always manipulate the P2P network's latency to their advantage, provided the network experiences sufficient peer churn and transaction activity.