In this paper, we present subgraphs of Ethereum wallets involved in NFT trades of the top 15 ERC721 NFT collections. To obtain the subgraphs, we have extracted the Ethereum transaction graph from a live Ethereum node and filtered out exchanges, mining pools, and smart contracts. For each of the selected collections, we identified the set of accounts involved in NFT trading, which we used to perform a breadth-first search in the Ethereum transaction graph to obtain a subgraph. These subgraphs can offer insight into the linkability of accounts participating in NFT trading on the Ethereum blockchain.
In this paper, we propose HybridCoin, a next-generation cryptocurrency that combines the advantages of both Bitcoin and Ethereum to create a highly versatile and efficient digital asset. The goal of HybridCoin is to unite Bitcoin’s proven store of value and robust security features with Ethereum’s powerful programmability and smart contract capabilities, thereby enabling a wide range of use cases and applications. We present the design and architecture of HybridCoin, with a focus on the consensus mechanism, scalability solutions, and smart contract functionality. We also discuss the security and privacy features of the proposed cryptocurrency, along with its potential use cases in digital payments, decentralized finance (DeFi), and asset management. Furthermore, we address the environmental sustainability and energy efficiency aspects of HybridCoin, offering strategies for sustainable blockchain operations. Finally, we explore the regulatory landscape and potential challenges faced by HybridCoin, including the impact of emerging trends, technological innovations, and the rise of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs). By integrating the strengths of both Bitcoin and Ethereum, HybridCoin has the potential to revolutionize the cryptocurrency ecosystem and reshape the future of digital finance.
Ratna Juwita*, Dewi Melinia Ramadhani, Anis Wahyu Intan Maris
This study examines the determinants of cryptocurrency returns, namely Trading Volume, Price Volatility, and Market Capitalization. This study uses Bitcoin, Ethereum, Tether, USD Coin, and BNB, which are the Top 5 largest Cryptocurrency Market Capitalizations in 2022. The testing method used in this study is a panel data regression analysis. The results of this study prove that Trading Volume and Price Volatility have a significant and positive effect on Cryptocurrency Returns. In contrast, Market Capitalization does not substantially impact Cryptocurrency Returns. If investors want to earn high returns, then it is advisable to choose cryptocurrencies with high trading volume and high price volatility. But keep in mind, with high price volatility can also mean a greater risk of the coin. Keywords: Cryptocurrency; Trading Volume; Price Volatility; Market Capitalization; Return Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji berbagai factor penentu imbal hasil cryptocurrency yaitu Volume Perdagangan, Volatilitas Harga dan Market Capitalization. Studi ini menggunakan Bitcoin, Ethereum, Tether, USD Coin, dan BNB yang merupakan Top 5 Market Capitalization Cryptocurrency terbesar tahun 2022. Metode pengujian yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini yaitu uji analisis regresi data panel. Hasil dari penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa Volume Perdagangan dan Volatilitas Harga berpengaruh signifikan dan positif terhadap Return Cryptocurrency, sedangkan Market Capitalization tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap Return Cryptocurrency. Jika investor ingin mendapatkan return yang tinngi, maka disarankan untuk memilih cryptocurrency yang memiliki Volume Perdagangan dan Volatilitas Harga yang tinggi. Namun yang perlu diingat adalah, dengan tingginya Volatilitas Harga berarti pula tingginya risiko koin crypto tersebut. Kata Kunci: Mata uang kripto; Volume Perdagangan; Volatilitas Harga; Kapitalisasi pasar; Pengembalian
Mohamed Imran Zacky, Syahri Helmi, Isadora Della Cella
Since the invention of Bitcoin, blockchain technology has expanded to include more than just digital money. Because it was quickly developed and widely adopted, the blockchain allows users to perform secure transactions in an unreliable environment. One of the most critical components of real-world blockchain applications is the smart contract. In addition to being integrated into well-known blockchain-based development platforms like Ethereum and Hyperledger, smart contracts have in the digital economy and in the intelligent industries, there are a variety of potential application situations, including, among others, management, healthcare, the Internet of Things, and financial services. This paper's main objective is to present a comprehensive analysis of the research on smart contracts, including information on their inner workings, basic architecture, use cases, challenges, most recent developments, and possible future paths. Though they are still in their infancy, smart contracts have significant technical difficulties like security and privacy concerns that require more investigation. Before proposing a study of a framework based on a for smart contracts revolutionary architecture with six layers, the technique first described the workings and popular platforms of blockchain-enabled smart contracts. Second, a list of the current state of the research is provided, together with the technical and legal difficulties. In the third place, we provided several typical application examples. We talked about the several directions that smart contracts could take at the end. The purpose of this document is to serve as a useful guide and source for future research projects.
Electronic Health Records (EHRs) have undergone numerous technical improvements in recent years, including the incorporation of mobile devices with the cloud computing technologies to facilitate medical data exchanges between patients and the healthcare professionals. This cutting-edge architecture enables cyber physical systems housed in the cloud to provide healthcare services with minimal operational costs, high flexibility, security, and EHR accessibility. If patient health information is stored in the hospital database, there will always be a risk of intrusion, i.e., unauthorized file access and information modification by attackers. To address this concern, we propose a decentralized EHR system based on Blockchain technology. To facilitate secure EHR exchange across various patients and medical providers, we develop a reliable access control method based on smart contracts. We incorporate Cryptocurrency, specifically Ethereum, in the suggested system to protect sensitive health information from potential attackers. In our suggested approach, both physicians and patients are required to be authenticated. Patients can register, and a block with a unique hash value will be generated. Once the patient discusses the disease with the physician, the physician can check the patient's condition and offer drugs. For experimental findings, we employ the public Block chain Ganache and solidity remix-based smart contracts to protect privacy. Ethers are used as the crypto currencies.
This study examines the use of blockchain<br> technology to construct a crowdfunding platform. The<br> opening section of the article looks at the current state of<br> crowdfunding and the shortcomings of conventional<br> platforms, including transparency, security, and<br> centralization concerns. The application of blockchain<br> technology through smart contracts is then introduced,<br> with a focus on its decentralized nature and capacity to<br> offer immutable, transparent records of transactions,<br> and its potential to address these shortcomings. In this<br> paper, the architecture and functionality of a<br> crowdfunding platform built on a blockchain network<br> are examined as a case study. The platform enables safe<br> and transparent fundraising, money tracking, and<br> incentive delivery.<br> The potential advantages as well as challenges of<br> establishing such a platform into operation are also<br> covered in the study, along with user acceptance and<br> regulatory issues. The main goal is to use Ethereum<br> especially smart contract technologies to make it easier<br> for people around the world toparticipate in campaigns<br> to raise funds. This gives contributors more influence<br> over their Ethereum contributions and makes it possible<br> for campaign designers and contributors to handle<br> funding for their projects effectively. The goal of using<br> Ethereum smart contracts on the crowdfunding<br> platform is to assure automatic contract execution to<br> stop fraud and promote confidence between fundraisers,<br> donors, and the platform.<br> The findings of this study imply that a blockchain-based<br> crowdfunding platform can overcome many of the<br> drawbacks of conventional crowdfunding platforms and<br> offer a more safe and transparent method of fundraising<br> after thorough investigation of the literature and case<br> studies.
Ferenc Béres, István András Seres, Domokos M. Kelen, András A. Benczúr
Network-level privacy is the Achilles heel of financial privacy in cryptocurrencies. Financial privacy amounts to achieving and maintaining blockchain- and network-level privacy. Blockchain-level privacy recently received substantial attention. Specifically, several privacy-enhancing technologies were proposed and deployed to enhance blockchain-level privacy. On the other hand, network-level privacy, i.e., privacy on the peer-to-peer layer, has seen far less attention and development. In this work, we aim to provide a peer-to-peer network simulator, ethp2psim, that allows researchers to evaluate the privacy guarantees of privacy-enhanced broadcast and message routing algorithms. Our goal is two-fold. First, we want to enable researchers to implement their proposed protocols in our modular simulator framework. Second, our simulator allows researchers to evaluate the privacy guarantees of privacy-enhanced routing algorithms. Finally, ethp2psim can help choose the right protocol parameters for efficient, robust, and private deployment.
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This study aims to model the volatility features of Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Ripple, which are the cryptocurrencies with the greatest volumes that have come to the agenda since the global crisis, and to determine the presence and dates of price bubbles.After running the ADF and Ng-Perron unit root tests, the EGARCH model was analyzed as the best for Bitcoin and TGARCH for the Ethereum and Ripple. According to the obtained results, negative coefficients for Bitcoin imply that negative shocks will increase volatility more than positive shocks. This means that a leverage effect is present. No leverage effect was reached for Ethereum or Ripple, and positive shocks are understood to increase volatility for them compared to negative shocks. In addition, continuous speculative bubble pricing occurred for all three cryptocurrencies, with much higher bubble prices being understood to have occurred with Ethereum and Bitcoin compared to Ripple.
Smart contracts refer to small programs that run in a decentralized blockchain infrastructure. The blockchain system is trustless, and the determination of common variables is done by consensus between peers. Developing applications that require generating random variables becomes significantly challenging—for instance, lotteries, games, and random assignments. Many random number generators (RNGs) for smart contracts have been developed for the decentralized environment. The methods can be classified into three categories: on-chain RNG, Verifiable Random Function (VRF), and the Commit–reveal scheme. Although the existing methods offer different strengths and weaknesses, none achieves the three important requirements for an ideal RNG solution: security, applicability, and cost efficiency. This paper proposes a novel RNG approach called Native VRF, which offers application development simplicity and cost efficiency while maintaining strong RNG security properties. Experimental results show that Native VRF has the same security properties as the widely used RNG methods, i.e., Randao and Chainlink VRF. On top of that, our work offers a much simpler setup process and lower hardware resources and developer expertise requirements. Most importantly, the proposed Native VRF is compatible with all Ethereum virtual machine (EVM) blockchains, contributing to the overall growth of the blockchain ecosystem.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Anton Wahrstätter, Matthew D. Solomon, Ben DiFrancesco, Vitalik Buterin · 5 authors
Stealth addresses represent an approach to enhancing privacy within public and distributed blockchains, such as Ethereum and Bitcoin. Stealth address protocols employ a distinct, randomly generated address for the recipient, thereby concealing interactions between entities. In this study, we introduce BaseSAP, an autonomous base-layer protocol for embedding stealth addresses within the application layer of programmable blockchains. BaseSAP expands upon previous research to develop a modular protocol for executing unlinkable transactions on public blockchains. BaseSAP allows for the development of additional stealth address layers using different cryptographic algorithms on top of the primary implementation, capitalizing on its modularity. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed protocol, we present simulations of an advanced Secp256k1-based dual-key stealth address protocol. This protocol is developed on top of BaseSAP and deployed on the Ethereum test network as the first prototype implementation. Furthermore, we provide cost analyses and underscore potential security ramifications and attack vectors that could affect the privacy of stealth addresses. Our study highlights the flexibility of the BaseSAP protocol and provides insights into the broader implications of stealth address technology in the realm of blockchain privacy.
This paper examines the market efficiency of the most significant cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin and Ethereum. In the paper, we use several different tests to check the normality of return distribution, long-run correlation and heteroscedasticity of return volatility.We compare the characteristics of cryptocurrency returns with the returns on stocks of the most important companies producing hardware components for cryptocurrency mining. The correlation of returns, trading volume and volatility between cryptocurrencies and selected stocks is tested using a Granger causality test. The research results reject the efficient market hypothesis and show that the cryptocurrency market is a completely new speculative market that is weakly correlated with the stock market.
This study aims to determine the selling mechanism and to understand the reflection of sharia economic law on the mechanism for selling Non-Fungible Token (NFT)-based digital works/creations on the Opensea Platform. This research includes library research (library research) which uses secondary data consisting of three legal materials, namely primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. This research is a descriptive analysis. The data collected was analyzed qualitatively. The results of this study indicate that the mechanism for selling NFTs on opensea is having a balance of cryptocurrency or Ethereum money through a MetaMask wallet, having an account, owning an NFT work, determining the price, how long will the NFT last last uploading the NFT on opensea. Buying and selling NFT is a little different because it uses blockchain technology and the lens of Islamic economic law for the mechanism for selling NFT at Opensea. Looking at the pillars of sale and purchase, the actual NFT transaction process is not fulfilled, because the value or means of exchange (saman) contains gharar and dharar. . The results of the Ijtima Ulama Fatwa MUI decision stated that the use of cryptocurrency as legal currency is unlawful, because it contains gharar, dharar and contradicts Law Number 7 of 2011 and Bank Indonesia Regulation Number 17 of 2015 so it cannot be used as a transaction tool because in practice there are discrepancy with the pillars of the sale and purchase contract. However, it must be acknowledged that the world continues to develop and technology is increasingly sophisticated, it does not rule out the possibility that one day NFT will be legalized. To show that Islam is salihun likulli epoch wa likulli eat (suitable for all times and places), academic ijtihad must be carried out to answer contemporary muamlah problems in the era of globalization.
Julião Braga, Francisco Regateiro, Itana Stiubiener, Juliana Cristina Braga
Human-algorithm interaction is a crucial issue for humanity in light of the impacts of the recent release of ChatGPT3 and 4, among others. These advanced chatbots provoked a worldwide debate in March/2023, when a manifesto signed by several stakeholders was published and widely discussed in the media and academia. This work assumes that human-algorithm interactions are influenced by a context of diverse interests and perspectives, which adds high complexity to the problem. Therefore, this work proposes a solution to enable the effective participation of stakeholders from different domains and society in a constructive dialogue, using digital platforms as a medium. Inspired by the successful governance of the Internet infrastructure ecosystem, the proposal involves the creation of an Autonomous Decentralized Organization (DAO) implemented in the blockchain environment of the Ethereum network. However, before implementing the DAO, it is necessary to build a knowledge base, that is, an ontology, which guides its development in a safe and adequate way. A preliminary version of this knowledge base was manually built using Protégé with over 4,000 axioms.
Over the last fifteen years, the development of blockchain technologies has attracted a large volume of professional expertise, capital investment and media attention. This burgeoning sector of technology practices has coalesced around a few major initiatives (Bitcoin, Ethereum), but it is still moving at a fast pace and its configuration is evolving. If this sector is marked by a variety of technological protocols, financial arrangements and organizational forms, it is also, we would argue, a site of social effervescence. Parties, meet-ups, and the sorts of informal socializing which gather around events and networks of all kinds function to endow the blockchain sector with the characteristics of what, in cultural analysis, are often called “scenes”. The aim of this special issue is to examine the interest of the notion of scene for the analysis of blockchain practices. We argue that the notion of scene may be mobilized as a useful analytical framework not only for the study of blockchain practices, but for that of technology practices more generally. In this introductory article, we ask the following questions: how can the notion of scene contribute to the understanding of blockchain practices? And what sort of research agenda does the notion point to? In the following sections we first identify some “scenic” components in blockchain phenomena. Then we review how media discourses and academic scholarship have framed these phenomena to show that the scene perspective is undertheorized in the context of technology-related social groupings. Finally, we propose a framework to analyse the main dimensions of blockchain scenes, before presenting the contributions to the special issue. With this special issue, we aim to establish a research agenda around technology scenes at the junction of STS and cultural analysis.
Wong Jie Sheng, Intan Farahana Kasmin, Salmiah Mohamad Amin, Nur Khairunnisha Zainal
Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) has been gaining popularity in recent years for offering extra layers of protection to secure user accounts. Most of the integration of MFA today includes a OTP to be sent through a Short Message Service (SMS) identified by a user’s phone number or through an MFA application. However, MFA executions like these still possess underlying vulnerabilities like phishing attacks. The aim of this research is to propose an effective Software Engineering solution to decrease the number of successful attacks on user accounts during the MFA process. The proposed system suggests a first-level authentication in the form of textbox for users to input their current location of access. This can prompt the user naturally to always pay attention to the user information provided before they continue on with the MFA process. This can help users to identify a threat and realise an attempted phishing attack before giving the full access to the attackers if proceeded with the MFA process. This paper proposes a solution that takes in voice recognition biometric alongside the traditional OTP. An improved distributed ledger technology in the form of Hedera Hashgraph is also proposed which addresses efficiency and security shortcomings of Blockchains like the Ethereum Blockchain. For this research, self-selection sampling was carried out and 5 people were chosen to attend a one-to-one online interview session.
The implementation of a framework for a fixed deposit system using smart contract in Remix IDE provides a secure and efficient method for managing fixed deposit accounts. This system utilizes the Ethereum blockchain, which ensures transparency, security, and immutability of data. The Smart Contract is coded using the Solidity programming language and designed using the Remix Integrated Development Environment. The framework allows for the creation of new fixed deposit accounts, depositing funds, and withdrawing the funds. Additionally, the system implements interest calculations and provides notifications to the account owners. This framework provides a reliable and automated fixed deposit system, improving the functionality of financial institutions.
Hafiz Muhammad Siddique, Rana Muhammad Shahid Yaqub, Hafiz Muhammad Akram, Rashid Khurshid
The adoption of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) has witnessed a significant surge in recent years. NFTs are digital assets that operate on blockchain technology and are traded using cryptocurrencies such as Ethereum, Tezos, Solana, among others. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the economics of NFTs and people's perspectives and experiences with them. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to present diverse understandings of NFT gaming and digital marketing, analyze the benefits and drawbacks of NFTs, and explore their potential in the metaverse. This study utilizes a qualitative investigation approach involving nine respondents from the NFT, blockchain, and gaming communities. The research employs case study and descriptive analysis methods. The conclusion drawn from this study recommends the utilization of NFTs and expects readers to find this research beneficial. NFTs represent digital assets that are uniquely identifiable and traded using blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies. Despite their popularity and increasing trading prices, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the economics of NFTs, as well as people's perspectives and experiences with them. This research aims to address this gap by providing diverse insights into NFT gaming and digital marketing, exploring the benefits and drawbacks of NFTs, and investigating their potential in the metaverse. The study employs a qualitative investigation methodology and involves nine participants from the NFT, blockchain, and gaming communities. The research utilizes case study and descriptive analysis methods to gather and analyze data. The study examines the impressions and experiences of individuals engaged in crypto games. The results indicate that most players dedicate 2 to 6 hours per day to playing crypto games. Moreover, it is found that the time required recovering one's investment in these games ranges from 1 to 90 days. The findings also reveal that players are concerned about the presence of potential economic instability in a volatile market. Additionally, issues such as value manipulation, privacy, security, and trust related to the design and utilization of NFTs are highlighted. Understanding the cryptocurrency market entails understanding the motivations of individuals who engage in paid games, as their interests are crucial for any government initiatives aimed at generating revenue. The study recommends that players explore the NFT Pakistan game.
Summary This study explores various machine learning and deep learning applications on financial data modelling, analysis and prediction processes. The main focus is to test the prediction accuracy of cryptocurrency hourly returns and to explore, analyse and showcase the various interpretability features of the ML models. The study considers the six most dominant cryptocurrencies in the market: Bitcoin, Ethereum, Binance Coin, Cardano, Ripple and Litecoin. The experimental settings explore the formation of the corresponding datasets from technical, fundamental and statistical analysis. The paper compares various existing and enhanced algorithms and explains their results, features and limitations. The algorithms include decision trees, random forests and ensemble methods, SVM, neural networks, single and multiple features N‐BEATS, ARIMA and Google AutoML. From experimental results, we see that predicting cryptocurrency returns is possible. However, prediction algorithms may not generalise for different assets and markets over long periods. There is no clear winner that satisfies all requirements, and the main choice of algorithm will be tied to the user needs and provided resources.
Juan Carlos López-Pimentel, Luis Alberto Morales-Rosales, Ignacio Algredo‐Badillo, Carolina Del-Valle-Soto
The sale of second-hand vehicles is a popular trade worldwide, and vehicle fraud is currently a common issue, mainly because buyers can lack a complete view of the historical transactions related to their new acquisition. This work presents a distributed architecture for stakeholders to register transactions over a vehicle’s life cycle in a blockchain network. The architecture involves a non-fungible token (NFT) linked to a physical motorized vehicle after a tokenization process, which denote as the NFT-Vehicle. The NFT-Vehicle is a hierarchical smart contract designed using an object-oriented paradigm and a modified version of the ERC721 standard. Every stakeholder engages with the NFT-Vehicle through distinct methods embedded within a smart contract. These methods represent internal protocols meticulously formulated and validated based on a finite-state machine (FSM) model. We implemented our design as a proof of concept using a platform based on Ethereum and a smart contract in the Solidity programming language. We carried out two types of proof: (a) validations, following the FSM model to ensure that the smart contract remained in a consistent state, and (b) proofs, to achieve certainty regarding the amount of ETH that could be spent in the life cycle of a vehicle. The results of the tests showed that the total transaction cost for each car throughout its life cycle did not represent an excessive cost considering the advantages that the system could offer to prevent fraud.
In the last ten years, several new challenges have emerged regarding food: from the production crisis caused by wars and the climate change to the unsustainable food waste in the occidental societies or the health problems associated to processed food, additives and other equivalent substances. Resilient and sustainable food systems are needed to survive against all these risks. The Food and Agriculture Organization has envisioned that this only would be possible if we put together large urban centers, the conglomeration of smaller cities in their surrounds and the surrounding and interspersed peri-urban and rural hinterland in a unique City-Region Food System (CRFS). CRFS, however, will be only an opportunity if all food agents in the area collaborate together as part of the same network. This collaboration must overcome the potential conflict of interest and the lack of trust among the different agents, so transparency and accountability must be improved in all transactions. Therefore, in this paper we describe a data-driven blockchain-based marketplace where food agents in a CRFS can share and get transparent and accountable information about other industries, users, or producers in the region. To motivate food agents to join the platform, information in the marketplace is not free and consumers must pay a fee before getting it, generating new income flow for participants. The system is supported by Ethereum network and web technologies. An initial experience was carried out to validate the proposed marketplace in the context of a CRFS living lab in Spain.
Abstract: By using Decentralized Finance based payment gateway system, users are able to pay for a product only when it reaches their home. The payment is stored in a temporary pool until the product is delivered. This approach offers a number of benefits for both consumers and businesses. For consumers, the ability to pay only when the product is received can provide greater peace of mind and reduce the risk of fraud or scams. It also allows users to avoid paying upfront for a product that they have not yet received or had the opportunity to inspect. For businesses, this approach can improve cash flow and reduce the risk of non- payment. By holding the payment in a temporary pool until the product is delivered, businesses can ensure that they are paid for the goods or services they provide. This can be particularly useful for small businesses or those operating in sectors with a high risk of nonpayment. Also by the Ethereum and the Etherscan API, this system can promote efficiency in charitable giving by enabling fund donors to verify and track the use of their donations.
Abstract The goal of a content delivery network (CDN) is to reduce the content delivery latency to end-users by using distributed cache servers. Nevertheless, it is very expensive to deploy and maintain cache servers in a large-scale. To solve this problem, CDN providers have come up with a new content delivery strategy: allowing end-users's IoT edge devices to share their storage/bandwidth resources. This new edge CDN platform needs to address two core questions: (1) how can we incentivize end users to share IoT devices? (2) how can we facilitate a safe and transparent content transaction environment for end users? In this paper, we introduce SmartSharing, a new content delivery network solution. In smartSharing, the over-the-top (OTT) IoT devices belonging to end-users are used as mini-cache servers. To motivate end users to share the idle devices and storage/bandwidth resources, SmartSharing designs the content delivery schedule and the pricing scheme based on game theory and machine learning algorithms (to be specific, a tailored Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm). To facilitate content trading among end users, SmartSharing creates a secure and transparent transaction platform based on smart contracts in Ethereum. In addition, SmartSharing's performance evaluation not only through trace-driven simulations in the real world, but also a prototype using content metadata and the achieved pricing schemes. The evaluation results show that CDN providers, end users and content providers can all benefit from our SmartSharing framework.
Despite their increasing popularity, blockchains still suffer from severe scalability limitations. Recently, Ethereum proposed a novel approach to block validation based on Data Availability Sampling (DAS), that has the potential to improve its transaction per second rate by more than two orders of magnitude. DAS should also significantly reduce per-transaction validation costs. At the same time, DAS introduces new communication patterns in the Ethereum Peer-to-Peer (P2P) network. These drastically increase the amount of exchanged data and impose stringent latency objectives. In this paper, we review the new requirements for P2P networking associated with DAS, discuss open challenges, and identify new research directions.