The on-demand mobility market, including ridesharing, is becoming increasingly important with e-hailing fares growing at a rate of approximately 130% per annum since 2013. By increasing utilization of existing vehicles and empty seats, ridesharing can provide many benefits including reduced traffic congestion and environmental impact from vehicle usage and production. However, the safety of riders and drivers has become of paramount concern and a method for privacy-preserving identity verification between untrusted parties is essential for protecting users. To this end, we propose a novel privacy-preserving identity verification system, extending zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) and blockchain for use in ridesharing applications. We design a permissioned blockchain network to perform the ZKP verification of a driver's identity, which also acts as an immutable ledger to store ride logs and ZKP records. For the ZKP module, we design a protocol to facilitate user verification without requiring the exchange of any private information. We prototype the proposed system on the Hyperledger Fabric platform, with the Hyperledger Ursa cryptography library, and conduct extensive experimentation. To measure the prototype's performance, we utilize the Hyperledger Caliper benchmark tool to perform extensive analysis and the results show that our system is suitable for use in real-world ridesharing applications.
Edoardo Puggioni, Arash Shaghaghi, Robin Doss, Salil S. Kanhere
Internet of Things (IoT) devices are being deployed in huge numbers around the world, and often present serious vulnerabilities. Accordingly, delivering regular software updates is critical to secure IoT devices. Manufactures face two predominant challenges in providing software updates to IoT devices: 1) scalability of the current client-server model and 2) integrity of the distributed updates - exacerbated due to the devices' computing power and lightweight cryptographic primitives. Motivated by these limitations, we propose CrowdPatching, a blockchain-based decentralized protocol, allowing manufacturers to delegate the delivery of software updates to self-interested distributors in exchange for cryptocurrency. Manufacturers announce updates by deploying a smart contract (SC), which in turn will issue cryptocurrency payments to any distributor who provides an unforgeable proof-of-delivery. The latter is provided by IoT devices authorizing the SC to issue payment to a distributor when the required conditions are met. These conditions include the requirement for a distributor to generate a zero-knowledge proof, generated with a novel proving system called zk-SNARKs. Compared with related work, CrowdPatching protocol offers three main advantages. First, the number of distributors can scale indefinitely by enabling the addition of new distributors at any time after the initial distribution by manufacturers (i.e., redistribution among the distributor network). The latter is not possible in existing protocols and is not account for. Secondly, we leverage the recent common integration of gateway or Hub in IoT deployments in our protocol to make CrowdPatching feasible even for the more constraint IoT devices. Thirdly, the trustworthiness of distributors is considered in our protocol, rewarding the honest distributors' engagements. We provide both informal and formal security analysis of CrowdPatching using Tamarin Prover.
A Preventive Medicine perspective:How COVID pandemic has impacted New Zealand and their adopted policies and strategiesElimination strategyMainstays of MethodolgyCOVID situation in Iraq, Impacting the economy of a developing countryStrategic implementation of preventive measures adopted by New ZealandCovid- 19: Strategic Implementation of Policies under the guidance of IOM:Discussion: Preparing to respond to COVID-19, what Iraq could learn from New ZealandConclusion and OutlookReferencesAbstract:Background. The first cases of COVID-19 pandemic were identified in people with pneumonia in Wuhan, China, in late December 2019. It is first and foremost the most publicized pandemic, which has taken the lives of many people. It has thrown everyone into doubt and has created a collective moment of contemplation about the future. The clinical enlistment organization MedWorld of New Zealand offered for resigned and low maintenance specialists to help endeavors by the health care division and Government to battle the spread of COVID-19, in New Zealand. (11“COVID-19 Pandemic in New Zealand.”) Starting in April, more than 20,000 tests have been done in Iraq in general (counting the Kurdistan Region), with 1202 of them turning out positive. Of those tests, half of the,m were finished by the Kurdish Ministry of Health, which implies that the other tests were finished by the Iraqi Ministry of Health. (22“COVID-19 Pandemic in Iraq.”) While KRG populace has been tried, just 0.05% of the remainder of the nation has been tried, along these lines featuring the conceivable difference between absolute positive case numbers between locales. Iraq is considered ”particularly powerless against the plague due to being desolated” – by war and United Nations sanctions, and by partisan clash in the course of recent decades. This paper primarily focuses on analyzing the accessible information through research papers, peer- reviewed and non-peer reviewed to understand the pandemic affecting two different countries like New Zealand- a developed country and Iraq- a developing country.1.2. Aim: The aim of this study is to provide information and access the current status of medical management in a developed country like New Zealand and a developing country like Iraq, based on current medical literature available. 1.3. Material used: The following review paper has considered published peer- reviewed papers and non peer-reviewed pre-print manuscripts on COVID-19 and related aspects with primary focus on preventive medicine. 1.4. Study Methodology: This retrospective view focuses on understanding the different preventive strategies implemented by the countries with different socio-economical backgrounds. 1.5. Preliminary thesis: The review paper focuses on comparing the strategic management and elimination of COVID-19, in the two countries, i.e. New Zealand and Iraq, in a public health and preventive medicine perspective.Introduction- 2.1. What is corona virus? Coronaviridae is a large family of viruses that cause mild to moderate upper-respiratory tract illnesses like the common cold. They are named for the crown-like spikes on their surfaces as seen on the electron microscope. In some cases these viruses infect the humans, which is called a spillover event and can cause several diseases. The international committee for the taxonomy of viruses has approved the naming of more than 40 corona viruses, majority of which infect animals, and lead to human transmission. The COVID-19 outbreak has brought the number of identified corona viruses that can infect humans to seven, out of which, four are community acquired. The other three are SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARV-CoV-2, which has resulted in the highest mortality rate. Covid-19 or previously known as Novel corona virus is a new strain of coronavirus that first emerged in Hubei provenience in China in the late 2019. It is predominantly spread by respiratory droplets and from contact to contaminated surfaces. The spread is similar to that of influenza virus, so practicing same precautions as to prevent the influenza virus can provide protection against Covid-19. The most common symptoms are cough, severe dyspnea, fever, chills, myalgia, sore throat, congestion or runny nose. Majority of the cases have milder diseases with few having severe diseases which lead to pneumonia and respiratory failure. Deaths have generally occurred in older population, and in patients having underlining health conditions. Reports of severe cases in children are uncommon. Currently the treatment is supportive, but severe cases may require intensive care. (33Cui, Li, and Shi, “Origin and Evolution of Pathogenic Coronaviruses.”)(44Masters, “The Molecular Biology of Coronaviruses.”) Impact of corona virus pandemic on New Zealand: New Zealand recorded its first day of no new instances of coronavirus infection 2019 (COVID-19), more than a month after its severe lockdown started. New Zealand had recorded from less than 1200 affirmed instances of COVID-19, 20 deaths. On March 23, a month to the first case reported, New Zealand focused on a disposal system. A couple of days afterward, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern declared a public lockdown at the point when it just had 102 cases and zero deaths. Her quick decision won universal recognition, including from WHO. New Zealand’s choice to seek after an end approach was a diverse way to deal with regular pandemic arranging, which has generally been in light of an alleviation model and centers around postponing the appearance of the infection, trailed by a scope of measures to level the bend of cases and passings. Michael Baker, teacher at the College of Otago’s specialty of general healthcare in Wellington, who has been exhorting the New Zealand Government on its reaction. ”The two greatest advantages of seeking after a disposal system is that you have barely any cases and hardly any deaths and you can get business back fully operational. The elective was that we are left with the infection and stuck between relief furthermore, concealment. Concealment is lovely terrible .” (55“Coronavirus Outbreak: Live Updates on COVID-19.”) While the methodology has had its experts, for Baker, the proof was overpowering that end could be accomplished. The full lockdown permitted the nation to get the major frameworks up and rushing to viably oversee fringes, furthermore, to do contact tracing, testing, and observation. Since January, more than half a million individuals have been tried in a nation of only 5 million. Testing has been centered around individuals who have presenting symptoms, with following of both close contacts and easygoing contacts. But currently, more broad testing has being presented. The Ministry of Health is in conversation with regions to organize testing of explicit networks who are at higher danger of gaining the infection such as human services laborers. Testing tests from sewerage is additionally being thought of to screen control and disposal. The reaction has additionally been one that set science, authority, and cautious language at the front line. Ardern has consistently showed up on online media, grinning and sharing parts of her own life under lockdown yet without underplaying the earnestness of the circumstance, which has served to construct open trust. Travelers from abroad are to be isolated as a major aspect of endeavors to forestall transmission in New Zealand. As New Zealand currently facilitates its limitations and its economy gradually resumes, there are conversations about how it can open up its fringes while guaranteeing that everybody is ensured, especially vulnerable populations. (66“(PDF) Coronavirus-19 Intervention Approach in New Zealand.”) Impact of corona virus pandemic on Iraq: On 31 December 2019, a group of pneumonia of obscure beginning was accounted for in Wuhan City, Hubei Province of the People’s Republic of China. On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization’s (WHO) declared that the microorganism known as the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), established a pandemic. By 13 March, WHO announced that the expansion in instances of COVID-19 in the Eastern Mediterranean locale, including Iraq was ”of specific and incredible concern”. Starting at 20 April 2020, there were 1,539 affirmed instances of COVID-19 and 82 deaths in Iraq with the quantity of affirmed cases detailed expanding. The COVID-19 episode took steps to weaken the effectively delicate framework and effect the numerous networks who are as yet defenseless and recuperating from the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) emergency and ensuing monetary downturn. The center public capacities with regards to anticipation, readiness and reaction, limit with regards to general wellbeing, and the medicinal services framework has been debilitated by years of contention, sanctions, helpless administration and low interests in wellbeing. There was an absence of wellbeing workforce across various units, with many having fled Iraq, and deficiencies in basic drugs and gear. The absence of open administrations, including medicinal services, were among the variables driving distress all through 2018, especially in the southern governorates. The exhibitions and related political flimsiness brought about the abdication of the Prime Minister. At the local and worldwide level, there are proceeded and rising strains among US and Iranian intermediaries; and ISIL have additionally expressed their expectation to abuse the current emergency, which could be especially horrendous for regular citizens seeking after an arrival to normalcy. Lengthy and permeable fringes aggravate the test of overseeing dangers related with human portability and episodes; Iraq has long land and ocean fringes with Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Turkey, with 26 Points of Entry (PoE), including five air terminals, six ports and 15 ground intersections that convey worldwide traffic. Iraq is a country with many travelers and hence a significant number of whom are trapped in emergency and in considerably more dubious conditions. Iraq additionally has hundreds of thousands of south Asian, southeast Asian and African traveler laborers utilized in the residential, development also, administration divisions, prone to disproportionally affected by the wellbeing emergency, financial downturn and travel limitations. Travelers and evacuees in Iraq, incorporating those in outcast camps who may have residency and money related status issues, are at uplifted hazard, especially with regards to air terminal terminations, travel limitations, the stopping of worldwide resettlement program and failure to execute helped willful return and reintegration (AVRR) programming. To help stop transmission, the Government of Iraq (GoI) including the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) have progressively implemented bans on travelers from countries with significant COVID-19 outbreaks from entering the country, quarantine requirements and closures of the main airports in Baghdad and Erbil. (77“WHO | Iraq Health Situation Reports.”)A Preventive Medicine perspective:How COVID pandemic has impacted New Zealand and their adopted policies and strategies: 3.1.1 Elimination strategy in New Zealand: The Government’s health policy methodology in regard of the COVID-19 pandemic influencing New Zealand is elimination. That is, to apply a scope of control measures all together to stop the transmission of COVID-19 in New Zealand. Disposal doesn’t mean annihilating the infection forever from New Zealand; rather it is being certain we have disposed of chains of transmission in our locale for at any rate 28 days and can successfully contain any future imported cases from abroad. It is acknowledged that this methodology will be required in the drawn out i.e., for a long time or more, contingent upon the developing the study of disease transmission and proof around the sickness and its the executives and progress with creating protected and powerful medicines and additionally antibodies. (88“New Zealand’s COVID-19 Elimination Strategy | The Medical of of the are a for the and spread of new cases from abroad. individuals entering New Zealand are in an administration for at any rate days on guaranteeing no new COVID-19 are into the more being as it to do as for in the event that we are have low of transmission. will be to for to new cases and The for COVID-19 as of testing of with respiratory and testing in the more populace as a of more measures to that we are The will testing for and as are to be by a broad to testing be and populace based testing will be utilized in A scope of will the proof of developing contact following and quarantine is a basic of transmission of the contact following of contacts of an who has a positive COVID-19 test are and isolated four days of to the to forestall transmission. wellbeing units, which cases and contacts and have been to their to do as A and have been created the Ministry of Health to help following are additionally being developed to additionally contact The most significant measures to limit the spread will at out and of when measures are to the by and large reaction and a significant level of is to from up Study information with open help for the and there have been just a number of of to open help for these measures is basic through and a scope of various and in the and medical is by the of Coronavirus-19 Intervention Approach in New situation in Iraq, Impacting the economy of a developing Iraq to the of the Strategic and with helpless have travelers and and with at and will a reaction, an and reaction financial also, with the the financial of this emergency and by the and will be to that endeavors are individuals and do no and to to and of various including people with more and or isolated may be the situation in with for more, guaranteeing that and is thought of and preventive and for of preventive and are Iraq COVID-19 Strategic implementation of preventive measures adopted by New March 2020, New Zealand’s reaction to COVID-19 its current pandemic in view of an alleviation approach for overseeing pandemic The steps to of the pandemic it forestall spread it and apply measures to the and from overpowering wellbeing Since pandemic be from by for there was an that case and contact based administration and the nation to having broad transmission of the pandemic infection across and were following the alleviation it was with COVID-19 cases overpowering wellbeing were to a This and travel limitations to infection transmission. 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New Zealand’s COVID-19 Elimination Strategy to | 19: Strategic Implementation of Policies under the guidance of the of Health to or for case the executives and to the of the COVID reaction at and for and specialists to COVID-19 reaction to help the of and division of and of the Government in creating methodology for the of return and the of instances of danger of gaining COVID-19, and the Government in creating and for the wellbeing of and a the of between administration for the administration of instances of and in the public of the the in creating and strategies for the and additionally of for to the is by the measures set up and of and out specialists of of to to required and other will information and on populace and for a focused on and proof based reaction, including or Points at focuses and travel focuses the nation to and portability of and accessible to worldwide following of development limitations and different set up at of and the and effect of COVID-19 on travelers and of have been by the pandemic, and to all Preparing healthcare on measures and and different to help wellbeing laborers in out their of including and and of and and to to and for are up at the of the camps and and at of This will be with and of and different to individuals to and positive in with the Approach and Strategy and Disease and the of the Iraq COVID-19 against COVID-19 in – Preparing to respond to COVID-19, what Iraq could learn from New Zealand: As Iraq is to the of one has set an more New Zealand to out COVID-19 than individuals have been contaminated with the infection in the nation of around 5 million. have the On April only five new cases were New Zealand’s has drawn from the it is a country, a long way from countries, who are the pandemic of 2020, with a populace that is spread New Zealand has a of a which less from China and other and a more drawn out time cases to New Zealand its first case in one of the was In March, New Zealand lockdown At that just around individuals in the nation had tried positive for the infection and had at this point the implemented as limitations. The the elimination strategy was are to at it is to are permitted to in their own at the is are but to and who are to or for days upon all are the significant to the of similar to general and can is the The lockdown measures have been with testing for any who is with being and contact a case is that contacts are and to New Zealand has more than of for By had an a episode and testing generally accessible like test a of for New Zealand is In any specialists that there are a few and can from how New Zealand has with the New Zealand up broad testing a country contact following required a severe and its while the quantity of affirmed cases was it out how to the seen in different of the that as it the test to COVID-19 reaction is the of a significant doubt of open human services of and of clinical have as of late of to out individuals especially to clinical family with affirmed or The administration of upon a between clinical and as the together with the Ministry of Health to and This a similar which about and common is the COVID-19 reaction. among and the political common and have their across for have called for to the time and Iraq COVID-19 and of the COVID-19 in Iraq – for and As clinical the economy of and the COVID-19 and in Iraq is by a with war and its effect on the among individuals and the and universal this to through as an of or the numerous to on the that it after a of Iraq is a nation as of in the significant between the US and Iran, a to the political and a more than and around all by a political to upon following back in Coronavirus one more danger with the delicate political as the infection general wellbeing framework through many years of contention, and helpless Iraqi specialists are to get for the most yet do as such with The Ministry of Health and in the is to of and and a few specialists have that as it endeavors can just to such an the same number of Iraqi specialists are the of affirmed COVID-19 cases the of the on the The upon patients at open medical and has just barely based testing in of on a of among and which is at a This in – years – COVID-19 reaction especially in and political Iraq to the The is to its and monetary with Iran, a point of the pandemic. among and Iraq are in two with among Iraqi and Iranian in the and Iraqi and Iranian travelers in the of travelers is especially as can about The number of affirmed cases in the southern and of the nation a focus on in overseeing human The has to a brought together medicinal services or to for a in an center between an and across and emergency the emergency has administration from Baghdad at the This is for a more test of overseeing focus and which has Baghdad has one of the on testing and yet just a have to testing limit is to the five with with the 13 to that as it such endeavors be to for the absence of administration at the of the clinical and are in of and monetary In the long COVID-19 is an that open medicinal services framework and Coronavirus may end up being testing the of the Iraqi political first have to a been in this and help and political in light of a for and which on for wellbeing, and The reaction to the emergency and in of a populace by years of This is a that may the nation to the and basic in Pandemic in In Pandemic in New In Li, and “Origin and Evolution of Pathogenic “The Molecular Biology of in Outbreak: Live Updates on Coronavirus-19 Intervention Approach in New | Iraq Health Situation Zealand’s COVID-19 Elimination Strategy | The Medical of Coronavirus-19 Intervention Approach in New Iraq COVID-19 New Zealand’s COVID-19 Elimination Strategy to | Iraq COVID-19 against COVID-19 in – Iraq COVID-19 and of the COVID-19 in Iraq – for Medicine and Disease and the COVID-19 and
Activity-tracking applications and location-based services using short-range communication (SRC) techniques have been abruptly demanded in the COVID-19 pandemic, especially for automated contact tracing. The attention from both public and policy keeps raising on related practical problems, including1) how to protect data security and location privacy? 2) how to efficiently and dynamically deploy SRC Internet of Thing (IoT) witnesses to monitor large areas?To answer these questions, in this paper, we propose a decentralized and permissionless blockchain protocol, namedBychain. Specifically, 1) a privacy-preserving SRC protocol for activity-tracking and corresponding generalized block structure is developed, by connecting an interactive zero-knowledge proof protocol and the key escrow mechanism. As a result, connections between personal identity and the ownership of on-chain location information are decoupled. Meanwhile, the owner of the on-chain location data can still claim its ownership without revealing the private key to anyone else. 2) An artificial potential field-based incentive allocation mechanism is proposed to incentivize IoT witnesses to pursue the maximum monitoring coverage deployment. We implemented and evaluated the proposed blockchain protocol in the real-world using the Bluetooth 5.0. The storage, CPU utilization, power consumption, time delay, and security of each procedure and performance of activities are analyzed. The experiment and security analysis is shown to provide a real-world performance evaluation.
Edoardo Puggioni, Arash Shaghaghi, Robin Doss, Salil S. Kanhere
We propose CrowdPatching, a blockchain-based decentralized protocol, allowing\nInternet of Things (IoT) manufacturers to delegate the delivery of software\nupdates to self-interested distributors in exchange for cryptocurrency.\nManufacturers announce updates by deploying a smart contract (SC), which in\nturn will issue cryptocurrency payments to any distributor who provides an\nunforgeable proof-of-delivery. The latter is provided by IoT devices\nauthorizing the SC to issue payment to a distributor when the required\nconditions are met. These conditions include the requirement for a distributor\nto generate a zero-knowledge proof, generated with a novel proving system\ncalled zk-SNARKs. Compared with related work, CrowdPatching protocol offers\nthree main advantages. First, the number of distributors can scale indefinitely\nby enabling the addition of new distributors at any time after the initial\ndistribution by manufacturers (i.e., redistribution among the distributor\nnetwork). The latter is not possible in existing protocols and is not account\nfor. Secondly, we leverage the recent common integration of gateway or Hub in\nIoT deployments in our protocol to make CrowdPatching feasible even for the\nmore constraint IoT devices. Thirdly, the trustworthiness of distributors is\nconsidered in our protocol, rewarding the honest distributors' engagements. We\nprovide both informal and formal security analysis of CrowdPatching using\nTamarin Prover.\n
One of the current challenges in cryptographic research is the development of advanced cryptographic primitives ensuring a high level of confidence. In this thesis, we focus on their design, while proving their security under well-studied algorithmic assumptions.My work grounds itself on the linearity of homomorphic encryption, which allows to perform linear operations on encrypted data. Precisely, I built upon the linearly homomorphic encryption scheme introduced by Castagnos and Laguillaumie at CT-RSA'15. Their scheme possesses the unusual property of having a prime order plaintext space, whose size can essentially be tailored to ones' needs. Aiming at a modular approach, I designed from their work technical tools (projective hash functions, zero-knowledge proofs of knowledge) which provide a rich framework lending itself to many applications.This framework first allowed me to build functional encryption schemes; this highly expressive primitive allows a fine grained access to the information contained in e.g., an encrypted database. Then, in a different vein, but from these same tools, I designed threshold digital signatures, allowing a secret key to be shared among multiple users, so that the latter must collaborate in order to produce valid signatures. Such signatures can be used, among other applications, to secure crypto-currency wallets. Significant efficiency gains, namely in terms of bandwidth, result from the instantiation of these constructions from class groups. This work is at the forefront of the revival these mathematical objects have seen in cryptography over the last few years.
The pervasive adoption of Internet-connected digital services has led to a growing concern in the personal data privacy of their customers. On the other hand, machine learning (ML) techniques have been widely adopted by digital service providers to improve operational productivity and customer satisfaction. ML inevitably accesses and processes users' personal data, which could potentially breach the relevant privacy protection regulations if not performed carefully. The situation is exacerbated by the cloud-based implementation of digital services when user data are captured and stored in distributed locations, hence aggregation of the user data for ML could be a serious breach of privacy regulations. In this backdrop, Federated Learning (FL) is an emerging area that allows ML on distributed data without the data leaving their stored location. However, depending on the nature of the digital services, data captured at different locations may carry different significance to the business operation, hence a weighted aggregation will be highly desirable for enhancing the quality of the FL-learned model. Furthermore, to prevent leakage of user data from the aggregated gradients, cryptographic mechanisms are needed to allow secure aggregation of FL. In this paper, we propose a privacy-enhanced FL scheme for supporting secure weighted aggregation. Besides, by devising a verification protocol based on Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP), the proposed scheme is capable of guarding against fraudulent messages from FL participants. Experimental results show that our scheme is practical and secure. Compared to existing FL approaches, our scheme achieves secure weighted aggregation with an additional security guarantee against fraudulent messages with an affordable 1.2 times runtime overheads and 1.3 times communication costs.
Michele Ciampi, Alexandru Cojocaru, Elham Kashefi, Atul Mantri
Secure two-party computation considers the problem of two parties computing a\njoint function of their private inputs without revealing anything beyond the\noutput. In this work, we consider the setting where the two parties (a\nclassical Alice and a quantum Bob) can communicate only via a classical\nchannel. Our first result shows that it is in general impossible to realize a\ntwo-party quantum functionality with black-box simulation in the case of\nmalicious quantum adversaries. In particular, we show that the existence of a\nsecure quantum computing protocol that relies only on classical channels would\ncontradict the quantum no-cloning argument.\n We circumvent this impossibility following three different approaches. The\nfirst is by considering a weaker security notion called one-sided simulation\nsecurity. This notion protects the input of one party (the quantum Bob) in the\nstandard simulation-based sense and protects the privacy of the other party's\ninput (the classical Alice). We show how to realize a protocol that satisfies\nthis notion relying on the learning with errors assumption. The second way to\ncircumvent the impossibility result, while at the same time providing standard\nsimulation-based security also against a malicious Bob, is by assuming that the\nquantum input has an efficient classical representation.\n Finally, we focus our attention on the class of zero-knowledge\nfunctionalities and provide a compiler that takes as input a classical proof of\nquantum knowledge (PoQK) protocol for a QMA relation R and outputs a\nzero-knowledge PoQK for R that can be verified by classical parties. The direct\nimplication of our result is that Mahadev's protocol for classical verification\nof quantum computations (FOCS'18) can be turned into a zero-knowledge proof of\nquantum knowledge with classical verifiers. To the best of our knowledge, we\nare the first to instantiate such a primitive.\n
A boardroom election is an election with a small number of voters carried out with public communications. We present BVOT, a self-tallying boardroom voting protocol with ballot secrecy, fairness (no tally information is available before the polls close), and dispute-freeness (voters can observe that all voters correctly followed the protocol). BVOT works by using a multiparty threshold homomorphic encryption system in which each candidate is associated with a masked unique prime. Each voter engages in an oblivious transfer with an untrusted distributor: the voter selects the index of a prime associated with a candidate and receives the selected prime in masked form. The voter then casts their vote by encrypting their masked prime and broadcasting it to everyone. The distributor does not learn the voter's choice, and no one learns the mapping between primes and candidates until the audit phase. By hiding the mapping between primes and candidates, BVOT provides voters with insufficient information to carry out effective cheating. The threshold feature prevents anyone from computing any partial tally---until everyone has voted. Multiplying all votes, their decryption shares, and the unmasking factor yields a product of the primes each raised to the number of votes received. In contrast to some existing boardroom voting protocols, BVOT does not rely on any zero-knowledge proof; instead, it uses oblivious transfer to assure ballot secrecy and correct vote casting. Also, BVOT can handle multiple candidates in one election. BVOT prevents cheating by hiding crucial information: an attempt to increase the tally of one candidate might increase the tally of another candidate. After all votes are cast, any party can tally the votes.
Nowadays, the adoption of demand response programs is still lagging due to the prosumers' lack of awareness, fear of losing control and privacy of energy data, etc. Programs decentralization, by adopting promising technologies such as blockchain, may bring significant advantages in terms of transparency, openness, improved control, and increased active participation of prosumers. Nevertheless, even though in general the transparency of the public blockchain is a desirable feature in the energy domain, the prosumer energy data is sensitive and rather private, thus, a privacy-preserving solution is required. In this paper, we present a decentralized implementation of demand response programs on top of the public blockchain which deals with the privacy of the prosumer's energy data using zero-knowledge proofs and validates on the blockchain the prosumer's activity inside the program using smart contracts. Prosumer energy data is kept private, while on the blockchain it is stored a zero-knowledge proof that is generated by the prosumer itself allowing the implementation of functions to validate potential deviations from the request and settle prosumer's activity. The solution evaluation results are promising in terms of ensuring the privacy of prosumer energy data stored in the public blockchain and detecting potential data inconsistencies.
J Dharani, K Sundarakantham, Kunwar Singh, S. Mercy Shalinie
Blockchain technology has gained its attention from its application in bitcoin which circumvented the problem of double spending that existed in the prior digital currencies, through validation. Particularly permissioned blockchain framework became popular with organizations forming consortium that allowed only authorized entities to participate in the network. Hyperledger Fabric, a popular distributed ledger technology hosted by Linux Foundation has remarkable features because of the fact that it is open source. It stands out from other frameworks as it focuses on the privacy-preserving requirements of the enterprises. Apart from only allowing authenticated organizations to participate in the network it implements channels that allows a subset of organizations to communicate concealing the existence of such a channel to other members. Optionally fabric also provides anonymity and unlinkability of the participating clients through a cryptographic protocol suite called Idemix that operates based on zero-knowledge proofs. Fabric follows the execute-order-validate transaction flow as opposed to order-execute flow that had certain limitations in other platforms. For executing the transactions submitted by the clients, fabric has designated endorsing peers which holds the smart contract - programmable business logic. Endorsing peers or endorsers execute the transactions and attach their signatures to the results for validation purpose. But revealing the endorser identities may be a problem when there is conflict of interest among the enterprises. Hence to have an unbiased flow of work it is important to conceal the endorser identity. According to [1] anonymization of endorsing peers is still a open problem in fabric community. We propose a solution to this problem which uses linkable threshold ring signatures that conceals the identity of endorsers. Ring signatures are known for preserving the privacy of the signer in a group. Threshold ring signature allows t-out-of-n signers to collaborate on the signing procedure. Employing threshold ring signature implicitly addresses one more problem stated in [10] where the verifiers need to manually count the valid ring signature that increases the verification time. This process of separately verifying each of the signatures and checking if the number of signatures is more than the threshold value is replaced by having just one threshold signature collaboratively signed by the required endorsers.
While traditional symmetric algorithms like AES and SHA-3 are optimized for efficient hardware and software implementations, a range of emerging applications using advanced cryptographic protocols such as multi-party computation and zero knowledge proofs require optimization with respect to a different metric: arithmetic complexity. In this paper we study the design of secure cryptographic algorithms optimized to minimize this metric. We begin by identifying the differences in the design space between such arithmetization-oriented ciphers and traditional ones, with particular emphasis on the available tools, efficiency metrics, and relevant cryptanalysis. This discussion highlights a crucial point—the considerations for designing arithmetization-oriented ciphers are oftentimes different from the considerations arising in the design of software- and hardware-oriented ciphers. The natural next step is to identify sound principles to securely navigate this new terrain, and to materialize these principles into concrete designs. To this end, we present the Marvellous design strategy which provides a generic way to easily instantiate secure and efficient algorithms for this emerging domain. We then show two examples for families following this approach. These families — Vision and Rescue — are benchmarked with respect to three use cases: the ZK-STARK proof system, proof systems based on Rank-One Constraint Satisfaction (R1CS), and Multi-Party Computation (MPC). These benchmarks show that our algorithms achieve a highly compact algebraic description, and thus benefit the advanced cryptographic protocols that employ them.
Elections are the foundations of democracy. To uphold democratic principles, researchers have proposed systems that ensure the integrity of elections. It is a highly interdisciplinary field, as it can be studied from a technical, legal or societal points of view. While lawyers give a legal framework to the voting procedures, security researchers translate these rules into technical properties that operational voting systems must satisfy, notably privacy and verifiability. If Privacy aims to protect vote-secrecy and provide coercion-resistance to the protocol, Verifiability allows voters to check that their vote has been taken into account in the general outcome, contributing to the assurance of the integrity of the elections. To satisfy both properties in a voting system, we rely on cryptographic primitives such as encryption, signatures, commitments schemes, or zero-knowledge proofs, etc. Many protocols, paper-based or electronic-based, have been designed to satisfy these properties. Although the security of some protocols, and their limits, have been analysed from a technical perspective, the usability has often been shown to have very low rates of effectiveness. The necessary cryptographic interactions have already shown to be one contributor to this problem, but the design of the interface could also contribute by misleading voters. As elections typically rarely happen, voters must be able to understand the system they use quickly and mostly without training, which brings the user experience at the forefront of the designed protocols. In this thesis, the first contribution is to redefine privacy and verifiability in the context of tracker-based verifiable schemes. These schemes, using a so-called tracking number for individual verification, need additional user steps that must be considered in the security evaluation. These security definitions are applied to the boardroom voting protocol F2FV used by the CNRS, and the e-voting protocol Selene, both use a tracker-based procedure for individual verifiability. We provide proofs of security in the symbolic model using the Tamarin prover. The second contribution is an implementation of the Selene protocol as a mobile and a web application, tested in several user studies. The goal is to evaluate the usability and the overall user experience of the verifiability features, as well as their understanding of the system through the evaluation of mental models. The third contribution concerns the evaluation of the voters' understanding of the coercion mitigation mechanism provided by Selene, through a unique study design using game theory for the evaluation of voters. Finally, the fourth contribution is about the design of a new voting scheme, Electryo, that is based on the Selene verification mechanisms but provides a user experience close to the standard paper-based voting protocols.
Riccardo Bonazzi, Francesco Cimmino, Jean-Luc Beuchat, Fanny Vérolet
In this paper, we describe an ongoing project to assess the liquidity risk of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in a network. In doing so we try to mimic the tracing applications that have been done to Covid-19. We built a simple artefact under the shape of a method called LUC (Liquidity for Unstructured Collaborations) to (1) collect data that has been encrypted by using multiple keys, (2) store the data in a shared ledger and (3) extract the required information concerning the credit risk of each user while respecting the conditions for the zero-knowledge proof. We see this solution as well-adapted for firms performing unstructured collaboration and we see our service as complementary concerning a trusted company, in the same way, the Covid-19 tracing application collects weak signals and then send patients to doctors for official testing.
Ripple Effect is a logic puzzle where the player has to fill numbers into empty cells in a rectangular grid. The grid is divided into rooms, and each room must contain consecutive integers starting from 1 to its size. Also, if two cells in the same row or column contain the same number $x$, there must be a space of at least $x$ cells separating the two cells. In this paper, we develop a physical zero-knowledge proof for the Ripple Effect puzzle using a deck of cards, which allows a prover to convince a verifier that he/she knows a solution without revealing it. In particular, given a secret number $x$ and a list of numbers, our protocol can physically verify that $x$ does not appear among the first $x$ numbers in the list without revealing $x$ or any number in the list.
Open access
3 source records
Cryptography and Data Security
Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Iñigo Querejeta-Azurmendi, David Arroyo, Jorge López Hernández-Ardieta, Luis Hernández Encinas
This paper proposes NetVote, an internet voting protocol where usability and ease in deployment are a priority. We introduce the notion of strict coercion resistance, to distinguish between vote-buying and coercion resistance. We propose a protocol with ballot secrecy, practical everlasting privacy, verifiability and strict coercion resistance in the re-voting setting. Coercion is mitigated via a random dummy vote padding strategy to hide voting patterns and make re-voting deniable. This allows us to build a filtering phase with linear complexity, based on zero knowledge proofs to ensure correctness while maintaining privacy of the process. Voting tokens are formed by anonymous credentials and pseudorandom identifiers, achieving practical everlasting privacy, where even if dealing with a future computationally unbounded adversary, vote intention is still hidden. It is not assumed for voters to own cryptographic keys prior to the election, nor store cryptographic material during the election. This property allows voters not only to vote multiple times, but also from different devices each time, granting the voter a vote-from-anywhere experience. This paper builds on top of the paper published in CISIS’19. In this version, we modify the filtering. Moreover, we formally define the padding technique, which allows us to perform the linear filtering scheme. Similarly we provide more details on the protocol itself and include a section of the security analysis, where we include the formal definitions of strict coercion resistance and a game based definition of practical everlasting privacy. Finally, we prove that NetVote satisfies them all.
Ching Lam, Michelle Helena van Velthoven, Edward Meinert
BACKGROUND: Advanced therapies, including cell and gene therapies, have shown therapeutic promise in curing life-threatening diseases, such as leukemia and lymphoma. However, these therapies can be complicated and expensive to deliver due to their sensitivity to environment; troublesome tissue, cell, or genetic material sourcing; and complicated regulatory requirements. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to create a novel connected supply chain logistics and manufacturing management platform based on blockchain, with cell and gene therapy as a use case. Objectives are to define the requirements and perform feasibility evaluations on the use of blockchain for standardized manufacturing and establishment of a chain of custody for the needle-to-needle delivery of autologous cell and gene therapies. A way of lowering overall regulatory compliance costs for running a network of facilities operating similar or parallel processes will be evaluated by lowering the monitoring costs through publishing zero-knowledge proofs and product release by exception. METHODS: The study will use blockchain technologies to digitally connect and integrate supply chain with manufacturing to address the security, scheduling, and communication issues between advanced therapy treatment centers and manufacturing facilities in order to realize a transparent, secure, automated, and cost-effective solution to the delivery of these life-saving therapies. An agile software development methodology will be used to develop, implement, and evaluate the system. The system will adhere to the EU and US good manufacturing practices and regulatory requirements. RESULTS: This is a proposed study protocol, and upon acceptance, grant funding will be pursued for its execution in 2021. CONCLUSIONS: The successful implementation of the integrated blockchain solution to supply chain and manufacturing of advanced therapies can push the industry standards toward a safer and more secure therapy delivery process. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): PRR1-10.2196/17005.
How someone can get health insurance without sharing his health infor-mation? How you can get a loan without disclosing your credit score? There is a method to certify certain attributes of various data, either this is health metrics or finance information, without revealing the data itself or any other kind of personal data. This method is known as “zero-knowledge proofs”. Zero-Knowledge techniques are mathematical methods used to verify things without sharing or revealing underlying data. Zero-Knowledge protocols have vast applications from simple identity schemes and blockchains to de-fense research programs and nuclear arms control. In this article we present the basic principles behind ZKP technology, possible applications and the threats and vulnerabilities that it is subject to and we review proposed securi-ty solutions.
<span>Text password has long been a dominant approach to user authentication used by a huge quantity of Internet services. Web applications are now widely used for the implementation of a range of significant services. The securing of such applications has thus become a significant process. Currently the frequent use of passwords and the need for them make them more vulnerable to theft or guesswork. In the proposed research, the researcher designed an algorithm that has the ability to perform registration or to access web applications safely. The researcher designed an algorithm in the proposed research, which has the ability to securely perform registration or access web applications. The proposed idea based on the notion of Zero-knowledge proof. A complex generation of random number initiated by proposed novel 6D-Hyper chaotic system. The bottom line is that both parties (web application, user), have a secret number. These two numbers used to do the process of registration without requiring a password. Results from the research showed the importance of the proposed method by which the keys were managed and distributed in a safe and effective way.</span>
In November 2019 the European Parliament (2019/2930(RSP)) declared a climate and environmental emergency, calling for urgent and concrete action. The year 2019 was Europe's hottest year on record (Copernicus Climate Change Service, 2019), and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2018, p. v) reported that ‘emissions of greenhouse gases due to human activities, the root cause of global warming, continue to increase, year after year’. Swedish teenage climate activist Greta Thunberg inspired and led a worldwide school strike movement, and mass protests dominated by young women took place around the world (Wahlström et al., 2019). The European Parliament resolution of 14 March 2019 (2019/2582(RSP)) ‘welcomes the fact that people across Europe, in particular younger generations, are becoming increasingly active in demonstrating for climate justice’. At the institutional level 2019 was a year of renewal, with the European Parliament elections in May, the adoption of a new Council strategy in June and the appointment of a new Commission in December. Climate change was a priority for all these institutional actors. The Council strategy 2019–24, for example, insists on the urgent need to build a ‘climate-neutral, green, fair and social Europe’. The new President of the Commission Ursula von der Leyen announced her intention to see Europe become the first climate-neutral continent by 2050. Climate change arrived on the EU agenda in the 1980s, emerging out of environmental policy, which was already established as an area that required transnational action. Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s the climate ambition of the EU exceeded its ability to agree on, and implement, effective actions (Dupont and Oberthür, 2015). When the USA withdrew from the Kyoto protocol in 2001 the EU took on a global leadership role and has continued to construct an identity as a global actor around the issue of climate change (Jordan et al., 2010). This had economic motivations (to avoid being undercut by exporters with lower environmental standards) but was also part of the post-Maastricht efforts to increase the EU's global actorness. The past decade has seen climate change gain prominence and take centre stage. In 2009 the landmark climate and energy framework (COM(2014)15 final) introduced targets for greenhouse gas emissions, energy efficiency and renewable energy. Within the European Commission climate action gained its own Directorate General, DG CLIMA. This was an important part of the process of institutionalizing climate change. The issue of climate change continued to rise up the EU and the global agenda, and there was a strong dynamic between the two. The Lisbon Treaty (2007) gave the EU competence to conclude international environmental agreements. The EU, along with its member states, is a party to the United Nations Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and plays a key role in trying to reach agreement on global targets (Biedenkopf and Dupont, 2013; Oberthür and Groen, 2018). It is in this context that the EU emerged as an influential player in the 2015 Paris Agreement, the first climate agreement to be universal and legally binding. International targets and monitoring and reporting have acted as an impetus for action on the part of the EU and many, although not all, its member states (Dupont, 2019). The European Green Deal (2019), drafted against the background of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2018) report on the predicted impact of a global temperature rise of 1.5°C, further highlights the way that the issue of climate change has become part of the institutional fabric of the EU. Reinforcing the EU's commitments under the Paris agreement, as well as the UN's 2030 Agenda, with its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (2015), it provides a framework in which the EU can try to assert leadership and mould its own efforts towards a sustainability that ‘leaves no-one behind’. The Council's conclusions on climate diplomacy of 18 February 2019 describe 2019 as the year of pushing further convergence between the SDGs and the climate agenda. The initial focus of EU climate policy was climate change mitigation. This refers to strategies for reducing climate change, largely through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Key policy frameworks are the Climate and energy package and the Environmental Action Programme, which provides an overarching framework for all environmental and climate policy. The European Green Deal (COM(2019)640 final), proposed by the new Commission in 2019, sets out a strategy to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 while sustaining economic growth, and promises to enshrine this in legislation, with the first climate laws due to be proposed in 2020. Since 2013, internal EU climate policy has also included an adaptation strategy, in recognition of the fact that climate change is having an impact within the EU, as well as, more obviously, elsewhere. While climate change mitigation is more readily framed as an issue to be dealt with at the EU level, adaptation to the effects of climate change appeared, until recently, to require local responses or to be of concern only in the countries that are most severely hit by the impact of climate change, and are concentrated in the global south. The floods and heat waves of the early 2000s raised awareness of the impact of climate change within the EU and of its cross-border nature (Rayner and Jordan, 2010), prompting the adoption of an EU adaptation strategy (COM(2013)216). Member states are encouraged to produce national adaptation strategies, setting out, for example, how they will climate-proof their transport, energy and agriculture sectors, and protect their populations from flooding, droughts and heat waves. Adaptation has a longer history as part of EU external relations. The visible impact of climate change in developing countries, and the use of development aid for adaptation purposes, mean that climate change has been prominent in EU development policy. A Commission communication in 2003 (COM(2003)85 final) declared that climate change was a problem for development, as well as an environmental problem. Since the Lisbon treaty (2007), however, climate change has been substantially reframed on the external agenda, replacing a development frame with one much more closely related to migration and security (Youngs, 2014). Development policy is expected to align with the Union's strategic priorities, set out in the Global Strategy (2016), which is the overarching statement of EU foreign policy and that frames climate change as a security threat and a root cause of migration (Global Strategy, 2016, p. 27). This article will focus on two aspects of recent EU climate policy. The first is not new, but is important. It is the recognition that climate change, like other cross-cutting issues, cannot be addressed in isolation. It is inextricably connected to key areas of EU activity, including energy, transport and agriculture. Climate objectives need to be integrated into all areas of policymaking. This is referred to as climate mainstreaming and has been embraced by EU policymakers as a desirable practice. It has obvious parallels with gender mainstreaming, but, as this article shows, is itself gender blind, and this is problematic. The second aspect of recent EU climate policy on which this article focuses is new. It is the growing presence of statements about the need for a ‘just transition’ to a climate-neutral economy, one which ‘puts people first’ and ensures that ‘no-one is left behind’. I argue that embedding a gender lens in these two aspects of EU climate policy makes a valuable contribution to efforts to create a sustainable and just future. On the surface, it may seem that climate change affects everyone equally. As British Conservative MEP and member of the European Parliament Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality, Marina Yannakoudakis, said, ‘The climate is the same for males and females, so far as I know. When it rains we all get wet’ (BBC News, 2012). However, gender, development and environment scholars have produced a large volume of literature demonstrating that climate change is, indeed, gendered. The early contributions to this literature argued that structural inequalities in the global political economy and within societies increase women's vulnerability to the impact of climate change (Agrawala and Crick, 2009; Alston, 2013; Brody et al., 2008; Skinner, 2011). They argued that climate change has a particularly detrimental effect on the poorest countries and, within them, on the poorest parts of the population. As women constitute a large proportion of the poorest in society, they will be amongst the hardest hit and the least well positioned socially, legally and economically, to respond (Morrow, 2017). There is evidence to support the argument that women's vulnerability to the effects of climate change is increased in relation to men's by their relative disadvantage in terms of access to resources, land ownership, education and caring responsibilities (Dankelman, 2010). However, there is also a crucial insistence in the literature that women cannot be perceived as helpless victims of climate change (MacGregor, 2017). A second strand of the early gender and climate change literature emphasized women's agency and specific skills and knowledge which, it was argued, made them potentially useful actors in climate change adaptation. As food producers, for example, they were well placed to adapt agricultural techniques to changing environmental conditions. It was also argued that, as energy users in the home, they could play a role in climate change mitigation by adopting new forms of cooking stoves, for example. The gendered impact of climate change and women's role as climate actors are not confined to the global south, and researchers have demonstrated these links in rich industrialized countries, including EU member states (Tschakert and Machado, p. They have that there are gendered in the of climate change, including transport and energy They have gendered in vulnerability to the effects of climate as heat waves and and they have gendered in towards climate change and towards the need to mitigation and adaptation on and gender is to between women and and between and of women and not to between of and which can be by and women and Gender inequalities with other structural inequalities including and and Gender is one of of that have an impact on the of and as a of and makes it of in its with other structural lens has been by scholars to important contributions to of the impact of climate change and responses to it et al., and and Machado, 2012). can and in relation to climate change. women as victims of climate change, an that social on as gender, and place the vulnerability and of and example, on and the EU and 2013; and that there are gendered in energy and but that gender is not the only more women are not a and there are within the global and the global south. and p. for example, argue that, climate most have in with women across Europe with their at the Commission and this to their climate impact as well as climate to which inequalities in and p. and have out that women's presence in climate is and have for this to be and Development 2018). 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Keamanan data sangat penting dilakukan dalam menjaga kerahasiaan informasi itu sendiri, terutama bila informasi tersebut hanya boleh diketahui pihak yang tertentu saja. Pengiriman data atau informasi tanpa dilakukan pengamanan akan beresiko terhadap penyadapan. Sehingga informasi yang ada di dalamnya dapat mudah diketahui oleh pihak-pihak yang tidak berhak, dan hal seperti itu sangat merugikan.Hingga saat ini, kriptografi merupakan salah satu solusi untuk menjamin keamanan dari suatu informasi. Zero Knowledge Proof (ZKP) merupakan protokol kriptografi yang dapat digunakan seseorang untuk membuktikan kepemilikan seseorang (prover) akan suatu informasi rahasia kepada orang lain (verifier), tanpa perlu mengungkapkan informasi tersebut atau memberikan cara bagi orang lain untuk mengetahui rahasia tersebut. Hasil pengujian adalah Zero Knowledge Proof membagi satu aliran data menjadi blok-blok kecil Masing-masing blok ini dienkripsi secara terpisah. Dalam implementasi tanpa bukti pengetahuan, kunci untuk mengenkripsi hanya akan berada pada pengguna, dan dengan itu, ia akan dapat mengenkripsi dan mendekripsi informas, Algoritma zero knowledge proof adalah metode yang unik dimana pengguna dapat membuktikan kepada pengguna lain bahwa dia tahu informasi tambahan.
 Kata Kunci: Keamanan ,data,penyadapan ,Zero-Knowledge proof
Owing to the advancement of wireless communication technologies, drivers can rely on smart connected vehicles to communicate with each other, roadside units, pedestrians, and remote service providers to enjoy a large amount of vehicle-to-everything (V2X) services, including navigation, parking, ride hailing, and car sharing. These V2X services provide different functions for bettering travel experiences, which have a bunch of benefits. In the real world, even without smart connected vehicles, drivers as users can utilize their smartphones and mobile applications to access V2X services and connect their smartphones to vehicles through some interfaces, e.g., IOS Carplay and Android Auto. In this way, they can still enjoy V2X services through modern car infotainment systems installed on vehicles. \n \nMost of the V2X services are data-centric and data-intensive, i.e., users have to upload personal data to a remote service provider, and the service provider can continuously collect a user's data and offer personalized services. However, the data acquired from users may include users' sensitive information, which may expose user privacy and cause serious consequences. To protect user privacy, a basic privacy-preserving mechanism, i.e, anonymization, can be applied in V2X services. Nevertheless, a big obstacle arises as well: user anonymization may affect V2X services' availability. As users become anonymous, users may behave selfishly and maliciously to break the functions of a V2X service without being detected and the service may become unavailable. In short, there exist a conflict between privacy and availability, which is caused by different requirements of users and service providers. In this thesis, we have identified three major conflicts between privacy and availability for V2X services: privacy vs. linkability, privacy vs. accountability, privacy vs. reliability, and then have proposed and designed three privacy-preserving mechanisms to resolve these conflicts. \n \nFirstly, the thesis investigates the conflict between privacy and linkability in an automated valet parking (AVP) service, where users can reserve a parking slot for their vehicles such that vehicles can achieve automated valet parking. As an optional privacy-preserving measure, users can choose to anonymize their identities when booking a parking slot for their vehicles. In this way, although user privacy is protected by anonymization, malicious users can repeatedly send parking reservation requests to a parking service provider to make the system unavailable (i.e., "Double-Reservation Attack"). Aiming at this conflict, a security model is given in the thesis to clearly define necessary privacy requirements and potential attacks in an AVP system, and then a privacy-preserving reservation scheme has been proposed based on BBS+ signature and zero-knowledge proof. In the proposed scheme, users can keep anonymous since users only utilize a one-time unlinkable token generated from his/her anonymous credential to achieve parking reservations. In the meantime, by utilizing proxy re-signature, the scheme can also guarantee that one user can only have one token at a time to resist against "Double-Reservation Attack". \n \nSecondly, the thesis investigates the conflict between privacy and accountability in a car sharing service, where users can conveniently rent a shared car without human intervention. One basic demand for car sharing service is to check the user's identity to determine his/her validity and enable the user to be accountable if he/she did improper behavior. If the service provider allows users to hide their identities and achieve anonymization to protect user privacy, naturally the car sharing service is unavailable. Aiming at this conflict, a decentralized, privacy-preserving, and accountable car sharing architecture has been proposed in the thesis, where multiple dynamic validation servers are employed to build decentralized trust for users. Under this architecture, the thesis proposes a privacy-preserving identity management scheme to assist in managing users' identities in a dynamic manner based on a verifiable secret sharing/redistribution technique, i.e. the validation servers who manage users' identities are dynamically changed with the time advancing. Moreover, the scheme enables a majority of dynamic validation servers to recover the misbehaving users' identities and guarantees that honest users' identities are confidential to achieve privacy preservation and accountability at the same time. \n \nThirdly, the thesis investigates the conflict between privacy and reliability in a road condition monitoring service, where users can report road conditions to a monitoring service provider to help construct a live map based on crowdsourcing. Usually, a reputation-based mechanism is applied in the service to measure a user's reliability. However, this mechanism cannot be easily integrated with a privacy-preserving mechanism based on user anonymization. When users are anonymous, they can upload arbitrary reports to destroy the service quality and make the service unavailable. Aiming at this conflict, a privacy-preserving crowdsourcing-based road condition monitoring scheme has been proposed in the thesis. By leveraging homomorphic commitments and PS signature, the scheme supports anonymous user reputation management without the assistance of any third-party authority. Furthermore, the thesis proposes several zero-knowledge proof protocols to ensure that a user can keep anonymous and unlinkable but a monitoring service provider can still judge the reliability of this user's report through his/her reputation score. \n \nTo sum up, with more attention being paid to privacy issues, how to protect user privacy for V2X services becomes more significant. The thesis proposes three effective privacy-preserving mechanisms for V2X services, which resolve the conflict between privacy and availability and can be conveniently integrated into current V2X applications since no trusted third party authority is required. The proposed approaches should be valuable for achieving practical privacy preservation in V2X services.