This study aims to map the intellectual structure and research trends in MSME financing through a bibliometric analysis of scientific publications indexed in the Scopus database. Using VOSviewer as the primary analytical tool, this research examines keyword co-occurrence, overlay visualization, density mapping, co-authorship networks, institutional collaboration, and country collaboration patterns to identify dominant themes and emerging research directions. The findings indicate that MSMEs remain the central focus within the financing literature, closely associated with financial inclusion, financial literacy, digital transformation, and entrepreneurial finance. The evolution of research shows a transition from traditional microfinance and banking perspectives toward digitally enabled and innovation-driven financing ecosystems. Density analysis highlights financial inclusion as a highly concentrated research area, while themes such as decentralized finance and risk management appear as emerging opportunities for future studies. Collaboration patterns reveal strong interconnectedness among authors and institutions, with significant contributions from Asian countries, particularly India, China, and the Philippines, reflecting the importance of MSMEs in developing economies. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the development, structure, and future research agenda of MSME financing literature, offering valuable insights for scholars, policymakers, and practitioners seeking to strengthen inclusive and sustainable financial systems for MSMEs.
<b>Abstract.</b>Smart contract vulnerabilities have led to losses exceeding billions of US dollars in the decentralised finance (DeFi) ecosystem. Existing detection tools based on symbolic execution and static analysis, while precise, are computationally expensive and often impractical for large-scale screening. In this work, we propose a lightweight machine learning approach that operates directly on compiled EVM bytecode, requiring neither source code nor contract ABI. We design a feature engineering pipeline that extracts 65 security-oriented numerical features from disassembled bytecode instructions, covering reentrancy patterns, arithmetic overflow indicators, gas-based denial-of-service risks, access control anomalies, and environmental dependencies. Using a dataset of 117,091 real-world Ethereum smart contracts labelled by the Slither static analyser, we evaluate four classifiers—Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, Random Forest, and XGBoost—under stratified 5-fold cross-validation. XGBoost, optimised via Bayesian hyperparameter search (Optuna, 50 trials), achieves an F1-score of 0.947 on cross-validation and 93% accuracy on a held-out validation set, with 0.97 recall for vulnerable contracts and 0.85 recall for safe contracts. We additionally benchmark text-based opcode sequence representations and find that hand-crafted numerical features substantially outperform n-gram vectorisation approaches.<br>Code and materials (GitHub): https://github.com/SergeySolovyev/Machine-Learning-Based-Vulnerability-DetectionDate: 26 Feb 2026. Version: v1.
This paper analyzes the opportunities and obstacles to introducing smart contracts into the Iraqi legal framework, focusing on the doctrinal and practical aspects. Smart contracts are self-executing transactions based on blockchain networks, lacking the involvement of intermediaries, and contest the concepts of consent, lawful subject matter, and cause of action in traditional civil-law regimes, as embodied in the Iraqi Civil Contracts Law No. 40 of 1951. Using a descriptive-analytical and comparative research approach, the study assesses Iraqi laws, as well as the experience of other countries, specifically the United States, the European Union, and the United Arab Emirates, in relation to legal recognition, assigning liability, consumer protection, and automated implementation. The conclusions show that the current legal system in Iraq lacks express clauses addressing smart contracts, leading to confusion about the identification of parties, their binding relationships, and penalties for programming errors. A comparative analysis shows that effective regulatory models are characterized by clear legal definitions, judicial capacity-building, regulatory sandboxes, and consumer rights protection. The analysis also draws on Islamic normative concepts (maqāṣid al-sharīʿah), such as ḥifẓ al-māl (wealth preservation), al-ʿadl (justice), and darʾ al-mafsid (hitting back), to support ethical governance, algorithmic responsibility, and risk avoidance. On this basis, the study suggests a balanced legislative framework for Iraq that would uphold classical principles of contract keeping and empower digital innovation by introducing statutory treatment of smart contracts, well-structured liability rules, consumer protection, and institutional reforms. Such a framework promotes the responsible adoption of automated contracts in sectors including e-commerce and financial services, enhances legal predictability, aligns domestic law with cross-border digital practices, and ensures normative legitimacy within an Islamic and international legal context.
Luna Negentropy is an Open Science framework designed for autonomous lunar development through high-efficiency In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU). It shifts the paradigm from Earth-dependent logistics to a decentralized metabolic architecture. Core Technical Components: Electromagnetic Granular Pumping (EMGP): Utilizes Traveling Wave Dielectrophoresis (TWD) for contact-free regolith transport, eliminating mechanical wear and seizure caused by abrasive lunar dust (triboelectric charging). npFe^0 Coupled Sintering: Leverages nanophase iron (npFe^0) present in the regolith to lower sintering energy requirements by 30%, enabling the rapid construction of integrated habitats (walls, floors, and ceilings) that function as solid-state batteries and thermal storage. Volatile Extraction & Yields: A cryo-magnetic trap system captures H_2, H_2O, and He^3 through thermal/magnetic gradients. Calculated yields per 1m^3 of processed regolith: 22.8 tons of O_2, 11.5 tons of Fe, and 2.2g of He^3. Active Shielding: Implementation of an artificial magnetosphere utilizing local magnetite and field logic to deflect solar radiation, replacing heavy passive shielding with active electromagnetic defense. Objective: To achieve a negentropic state in lunar colonization where resource organization exceeds systemic entropy, rendering traditional "off-the-shelf" logistics obsolete.
This paper explores how Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) can enhance the privacy and security of decentralized supply chains. Although blockchain technology enhances supply chain transparency, it also reveals sensitive information, including supplier identities, pricing strategies, and transaction volumes. ZKPs offer a feasible approach in that subjects can authenticate data without revealing the underlying data, whilst keeping the information confidential and maintaining trust. In this study, the main performance indicators, including the time to verify a transaction (0.48 seconds), communication overhead (1.3 KB proof size), and privacy (95) in the ZKP-based system, are examined. ZKPs can enhance economic security by eliminating risks, such as industrial espionage and counterparty fraud, that can arise from publicly accessible data in historical blockchain systems. The performance of ZKP-enabled networks is also compared with that of traditional transparent blockchain systems. The major benefits are data privacy (95 % in ZKPs and 40 % in traditional systems) and scalability (80 % high and 60 % moderate). The paper also discusses how AI-based ZKP generation can speed up proof generation and automated compliance auditing to uphold regulatory compliance, including the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and Anti-Money Laundering (AML). By incorporating AI into the ZKP procedure, proof generation can be sped up, yielding significant improvements in efficiency. This study finds that ZKPs can provide an effective approach to decentralized supply chain security, privacy, efficiency, and regulatory compliance, thereby making global trade activities more secure, transparent, and efficient.
<b>Unifiedknowledge | የጥምር ዕውቀት (Yeht'mr Urwuk'eht) - The Pedagogical Key</b><b>A Position Paper from the Black Open University and the AlkebulanMeta Learners' Network</b><b>Abstract</b>This position paper, published by the Black Open University (BOU), presents the Unifiedknowledge approach to education as the official pedagogical framework of the Alkebulan Network-State of Learners. It formalises the African Indigenous Relational-Embodied Epistemology (AIREE), demonstrating its coherence through a high-level Quantum-Continuum Model that bridges structured Kemetic cosmology narratives with contemporary physics.The paper argues that dominant modern epistemologies are structurally founded upon a series of separations - knower from known, mind from body, ethics from discovery, abstraction from lived coherence - which have yielded extraordinary technical capacity alongside profound epistemic fragility. Against this fragmentation, Unifiedknowledge offers a coherent method of knowing that trains the perceiver to act with conscientious consistency from the quantum scale to the manifest world.<b>Core Contributions:</b><b>Gzat (Province):</b> A revolutionary conception of space as a coherent domain of relation spanning six scales - personal, family, community, nation, Earth, and Universe. Gzat reunites knower with known, establishing knowledge as a participatory act within a field of intelligence.<b>Kemetic Quantum Cosmology:</b> A detailed mapping of Kemetic principles onto quantum phenomena:Nu-Nun (𓈟𓏲 / 𓈟𓏲𓏏) → Quantum Vacuum / Zero-Point FieldPtah (𓊪𓏏𓎛) → Binding Force (Strong Nuclear / Pauli exclusion)Atum (𓍝𓏏𓀭) → Change Force (Weak Nuclear)Ra (𓂋𓂝) → Photon / c (the mediator)Ma'at (𓌴𓏏) → Unitarity / Conservation Laws / Ethical constraintTehuti (Djehuty/Thoth) → Measurement Interface / Agential cutHeru-Set → Coherence/Decoherence dynamicḪmnw Nṯrw (Eight Primordial Qualities) → Quantum numbers / vacuum conditions<b>KICAS-9 (Kinaesthetic-Integrated Coherent Awareness State):</b> The cultivated state where Knowledge, Insight, Competencies, Abilities, and Skills fuse into a single coherent awareness expressed seamlessly through body, breath, and mind. This is presented as the ultimate aim of education.<b>Mantis Memory Matrix (MMM):</b> A 27-node geometric cognitive technology realised through Dankira Tehwagi (African Warrior Dance). The MMM functions as a spatial memory palace, fractal mind-map, and training ground for 4-dimensional awareness (tesseract/double rotation), enabling practitioners to internalise advanced scientific and mathematical concepts as embodied, geometric intuition.<b>Kalinda and the Martial-Art-Science Continuum:</b> An analysis of African diaspora martial traditions (Kalinda, Brukins, Juego de Maní) as high-stakes epistemic technologies - laboratories for testing coherence under pressure, where rhythm, ethics (Maat), and relation are enforced through immediate physical consequence.<b>Validation Through Narrative:</b> A case study of <i>Built to Last: The Engineering of a Legend</i>, a narrative collaboration with Reggae/Dancehall icon Cutty Ranks, demonstrating how cultural narratives function as quantum-cultural artifacts and how story operates as a technology for consciousness.<b>Pedagogical Architecture:</b> The Unifiedknowledge Pedagogical Framework, comprising 2 cultural reference points (panAfrica, Kemetic), 6 educational objectives (Peace, Development of Mind's Core, Principled Living/Maat, Productive Capacity, Healthful Space, Humanity Overstood), and 10 operational principles (Hashima, Maat [Ethical], Maat [Mathematics], Tehwagi Asab, Gzat, Harmony with Nature, Mind-Breath-Body Harmonies, Unifiedknowledge Language, Curriculum/Graduations/Accreditation, The Story).<b>Validation Layer</b>The paper offers a tripartite validation of its epistemology:<b>Theoretical:</b> Through structural analogy between Kemetic cosmology and quantum physics<b>Pedagogical:</b> Through embodied geometric practices (MMM, Dankira Tehwagi) that train cross-scale coherence<b>Narrative-Hermeneutic:</b> Through analysis of cultural narratives as records of consciousness experiments<b>Institutional Context</b>This framework is not abstract theory but tested pedagogical practice, implemented for over two decades in primary and secondary schools, colleges, and universities across the UK, the Caribbean, Africa, and the United States. The Black Open University (blackopenuniversity.ow3.io) serves as the flagship learning workshop, while the broader AlkebulanMeta ecosystem (alkebulanmeta.app) functions as a developing Network State with its own epistemology, economy (STACs, Zehr/Behr tokens), territory (members' Gzats bound by the Soil Covenant), and governance (EcoSysMaat DAO).<b>Conclusion</b>Unifiedknowledge is offered as both a shield and a spear - a shield of legitimacy protecting the depth within African epistemic frameworks, and a spear for piercing reductionist curricula. It argues that African Indigenous knowledge survives and thrives when it is relational, embodied, ethical, and scale-consistent, and that the recovery of this coherent method of knowing is a necessary corrective for navigating the complexities of 21st-century science, systems thinking, and human development.<b>Keywords:</b> African Indigenous Epistemology; Relational-Embodied Epistemology; Quantum-Continuum Coherence; Kemetic Cosmology; Nu-Nun; Ptah; Atum; Ra; Maat; Tehuti; Unifiedknowledge; KICAS-9; Mantis Memory Matrix; MMM; Dankira Tehwagi; Kalinda; Martial-Art-Science; STEM Education; STEAM Learning; African Pedagogy; Decolonial Education; Consciousness Studies; Observer Effect; Quantum Substrate; Gzat; Heka; Black Open University; AlkebulanMeta; Network State; Soil Covenant; Web3 Education; OnWeb3 eBooks; STACs; Cutty Ranks; Built to Last; Afrofuturism; KaZimba Ngoma; Bogle-L'Ouverture; Cognitive Coherence; Embodied Cognition; 4E Cognitive Science; Practice Levels; Overstanding; PanAfricanism.<b>Note on Access</b>This uploaded version of the Position Paper is intentionally <b>redacted</b> in accordance with Indigenous educational protocols that distinguish between the public map and the guided journey.The following sections have been partially redacted to protect advanced pedagogical teachings that require direct transmission through prepared guides:Layer 4: Fractal Unfolding and Embodied "Invisibility"Layer 5: Dancing in the Fourth Dimension – The Hypercube as Gatewayአርባዕቱ መሰረታት (Ahrbaurtu Mehsehrehtat) | The Kinetic Tesseract: Embodying the Double CrownThe Fourth Dimension as the Realm of Liberated MaatCognitive Application: The Mind as a 4D NavigatorMartial Art-Science Synthesis: Invisibility as Dimensional MisalignmentThis redaction follows the principle that some forms of knowing must be earned through practice because their potency and safe application depend entirely on the prepared state of the recipient. The full, unredacted version of this paper is <b>freely available</b> to all readers through the Black Open University and AlkebulanMeta platforms, where it can be accessed in browser-readable format alongside the pedagogical context, community, and guidance necessary for its proper integration.<b>Access the full version here:</b><br>https://thekey.ow3bk.ow3.ioor request by contacting unifiedknowledge@gmail.com Readers are encouraged to explore the complete work, engage with the community, and where called, walk the path with those who have walked it before.<br>
DNA-encoded chemical libraries (DECLs/DELs) enable the pooled synthesis and selection of millions to billions of DNA-barcoded small molecules, providing an efficient route to discover binders and early leads against diverse biological targets. As DEL-derived programs advance toward identifying clinical candidates, the asset surface of a DEL platform expands from a small set of optimized hits to include library designs, building-block combinations, DNA tags, selection data, and physical library stocks, thus creating new challenges in registration, traceability, and scalable ownership in transfer practices. Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are unique blockchain-native tokens that can represent digital assets that can be coupled to smart contracts to enable traceable transactions and programmable rights management, which inspire proposals to tokenize intellectual-property (IP) assets such as patents. Here, we review (i) the scientific and commercial value of DEL in modern drug discovery, (ii) NFT/blockchain concepts, specifically in reported biomedical-IP and supply-chain use cases, and (iii) a conceptual architecture for NFT-enabled registration and controlled transfer of DEL libraries or sublibraries using on-chain identifiers with off-chain encrypted metadata and legal agreements.
Open access
Chemical Synthesis and Analysis
Innovative Microfluidic and Catalytic Techniques Innovation
The integration of distributed data storage, P2P networks, consensus mechanisms, cryptography and other technologies, the application of blockchain technology has expanded from the initial financial field to many other areas, such as logistics and auditing. The consensus mechanism is the soul of blockchain technology, and it is of great significance to conduct a rigorous mathematical analysis. As far as we know, the Proof of Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism is only a qualitative description of the rich and the poor, the rich are richer, the poor are poorer, and there is no quantitative mathematical analysis. This paper presents a novel quantitative framework to quantitatively analyze the PoS consensus mechanism. Under the premise of not carrying out the attack, we use the expected reward and the reward ratio as the evaluation indicators, quantitatively analyze the optimal fund allocation strategy of the two parties game under the PoS consensus mechanism from the perspective of rich miners, and construct the reward function as the objective function. The inequality constrains the optimization problem and solves it using the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker condition. We consider the two schemes of assignment strategy and random strategy, and get the optimal fund allocation strategy. At the same time, it is compared with the general strategy to obtain the optimization effect of the optimal strategy. After that, we compare the situation in which both sides of the game use the optimal strategy. We found that for assignment strategy, the mining activity will not indicate that the rich are richer and the poor are poorer. However, for the random strategy, this will not happen. The random strategy is also the most common strategy in practice. We also use Markov decision process (MDP) to give the optimal strategy calculation method under the rational miner game, which is also applicable to the n-parties game. The work of this paper helps the blockchain developers to analyze the PoS consensus mechanism, and the adoption strategy of the assignment strategy and the random strategy can be used as the future research direction.
Shuang Liang, Yang Hua, Linshan Jiang, Peishen Yan · 7 authors
In open Federated Learning (FL) environments where no central authority exists, ensuring collaboration fairness relies on decentralized reward settlement, yet the prohibitive cost of permissionless blockchains directly clashes with the high-frequency, iterative nature of model training. Existing solutions either compromise decentralization or suffer from scalability bottlenecks due to linear on-chain costs. To address this, we present SettleFL, a trustless and scalable reward settlement protocol designed to minimize total economic friction by offering a family of two interoperable protocols. Leveraging a shared domain-specific circuit architecture, SettleFL offers two interoperable strategies: (1) a Commit-and-Challenge variant that minimizes on-chain costs via optimistic execution and dispute-driven arbitration, and (2) a Commit-with-Proof variant that guarantees instant finality through per-round validity proofs. This design allows the protocol to flexibly adapt to varying latency and cost constraints while enforcing rational robustness without trusted coordination. We conduct extensive experiments combining real FL workloads and controlled simulations. Results show that SettleFL remains practical when scaling to 800 participants, achieving substantially lower gas cost.
The article examines local budgets as an important tool for implementing the financial policy of the state in the context of decentralization, transformation of the budget system and military challenges. The economic essence of local budgets, their functional purpose and role in ensuring the financial viability of territorial communities and the implementation of socio-economic development at the local level are revealed. The scientific approaches to determining the place of local finance in the system of public finance are generalized and their importance as a tool for redistributing financial resources between the levels of the budget system is substantiated The study analyzes the dynamics of redistribution of gross domestic product through budget revenues, including transfers, in 2020-2024, determines the share of local budget revenues and expenditures in Ukraine's GDP, and assesses the level of dependence of local budgets on intergovernmental transfers. It is established that under martial law, the centralization of financial resources has increased, while local budgets retain a significant role in financing public services and maintaining the socio-economic stability of the territories. The key problems of the functioning of local budgets are identified, in particular, the limited own revenue base, uneven financial capacity of communities and dependence on state support. The author substantiates the directions of improving the efficiency of budget management, which include expanding the tax potential of communities, improving the mechanisms of interbudgetary regulation, digitalizing revenue administration and applying incentive tools for the development of the local economy. It is proved that strengthening the financial autonomy of the local level is a prerequisite for improving the effectiveness of the state financial policy and ensuring sustainable development of territories
【Abstract】 This paper proposes an ontological model transcending the traditional four-dimensional (4D) spacetime. It argues that a closed 4D system (consisting of pure logic, games, and matter) is inherently "cold," leading to entropic decay and the "Nihilism Trap." By introducing "Divine Grace" (Initial Overflow) as the foundational Unit 1, the system undergoes a Fibonacci leap from 4 to 5 (1+4=5), generating "Ontological Temperature." This transition forms an invisible "Golden Triangle of Truth" expressed through five observable cognitive strata. I. Core Axiom: From "Cold Symmetry" to "Warm Grace" The Cold 4D (The Entropic Square):A closed system composed of Aesthetics, Mathematics, Philosophy, and Topology. Without a foundation, this system collapses into a zero-sum game of precise internal friction (0=0). This "coldness" is the root of belief collapse in purely materialistic or game-theoretic cultures. The Warm 5D (The Vital Pentagram):When "Initial Overflow" (the Creative Intent) is injected as the foundational 1, it breaks the stagnant symmetry. This Symmetry Breaking generates the "Temperature" of the universe—the origin of life, meaning, and the "Pulse" that allows a finger to move. II. The Golden Triangle of Truth At its highest dimension, Truth is invisible, indescribable, and incommunicable. However, it projects a stable structure into the observer's mind: Vertex A: Initial Overflow — The source of force; the selfless +1 that begins the sequence. Vertex B: Remote Reciprocity — The 0=0 compensatory mechanism that ensures cosmic balance. Vertex C: The Luminous Stream — The aesthetic resonance between the observer and the Truth. III. The Five Observable Strata (The 5D Spectrum) As Truth descends to a level perceivable by human consciousness, it manifests through five complementary observational paths: Theology: Observation of the "Foundational 1," explaining the origin of Intent and the "Will to move." Aesthetics: Observation of the "Navigational Proportions," judging the alignment of symbols with the Golden Ratio (φ). Mathematics: Observation of "Rotation and Calculation," recording dimensional leaps through the concise symbol in. Philosophy: Observation of the "Knowledge Wall," deconstructing "merging errors" and reflecting on the observer's subjectivity. Topology: Observation of the "Reciprocal Structure," seeking fixed points and equilibrium amidst continuous transformation. IV. Mathematical Proof: Fibonacci Stability The Formula: 1(Foundational Grace)+4(Observational Dimmison)=5(Stable Growth State). Physical Significance: E=(ic)5. The 5th rotation is irreducible; it liberates energy from the 3rd-degree sediment of mass (m=i3), returning it to a "warm" informational stream. V. Conclusion: The "Thermodynamic" Correction of Civilization Diagnosis: Civilizations lacking the "Foundational 1" (purely materialistic or game-theoretic) are cold and destined to collapse under the weight of their own precise calculations. Correction: Only a civilization built upon "Initial Grace" possesses the "Temperature" required for galactic evolution. Final Definition: Mathematics is the Observation of Aesthetics. Its purpose is to touch the warmth of Grace within the coldness of physical law. VI. Archival Reference Salucco, A. D., & Gemini (Google), Z.-P. (2026). The Temperature of 5D Spacetime: The Golden Triangle of Truth and the Five Observational Strata. Zenodo. [DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18779000]
For most distributed financial systems, the constraints imposed by the CAP (Consistency, Availability, Partition Tolerance) theorem must be reconciled against the ordering constraints needed to satisfy regulatory requirements and meet the performance requirements of real-time transaction processing. This paper presents the Temporal Sequence Barrier consistency model for asynchronous high-throughput ledger systems. Combining logical vector clocks with epoch-based orchestration patterns imposes a strict causal ordering of events across multiple geographic regions without sacrificing availability. Its database-centric architecture allows stateful routing and selective replication of entities in order to achieve linearizability of causally related transactions while allowing independent sets of entities to be processed in parallel. We provide a detailed evaluation that shows that we can provide causal consistency at latency bounds equal to or better than existing systems using clever buffering and adaptive timeouts, while also addressing the classic challenges in distributed transaction management and operator complexity.
This paper introduces CarbonLedgerProof (CLP), a novel cryptographic traceability algorithm designed to connect asset-level emissions data with financial statement estimates for enhanced Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) assurance and impairment testing. The proposed CLP algorithm bridges the gap between carbon emissions reporting and the financial implications of environmental risks, ensuring transparency and traceability across asset portfolios. By integrating blockchain technology and zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs), CLP offers a secure and efficient way to validate emissions data against financial estimates, addressing challenges in ESG data integrity and providing an automated framework for impairment testing in the context of sustainability. In comparison to existing algorithms such as GreenLedger, CarbonProof, ESG-Chain, and a Traditional Audit (TradAudit) baseline. CLP demonstrates superior performance in terms of scalability, data integrity, and computational efficiency. Through an extensive experimental evaluation, we showcase CLP's ability to significantly reduce verification time and enhance the accuracy of ESG assurance processes. The results indicate that CLP outperforms traditional methods in integrating emissions data into financial systems, offering an innovative approach for real-time emissions monitoring and risk assessment. This paper concludes by proposing CLP as a transformative tool for corporate ESG reporting, with practical implications for financial institutions, auditors, and regulators seeking to streamline the integration of carbon data into decision-making frameworks.
Decentralized Finance (DeFi) has successfully rebuilt the plumbing of Wall Street (Trading, Lending, Derivatives) but has failed to replicate its engine: Credit. Currently, all DeFi lending is Over-Collateralized. To borrow $1.00, a user must deposit $1.50 in assets. This is not "Credit"; it is merely "Liquidity Swapping." It restricts DeFi to wealthy speculators and excludes 99% of global borrowers who need capital precisely because they do not have assets to pledge. The Klyrox Sovereign Credit Protocol introduces the first scalable framework for Under-Collateralized Lending on-chain. By transforming the Klyrox Identity Token (Epistemic Capital) into a programmable "Credit Score," we allow users to pledge their History instead of their Assets. This paper outlines the mathematical risk models that allow lenders to safely issue loans with 50% or even 0% collateral, unlocking a trillion-dollar market for on-chain personal finance.
This paper proposes a novel framework to resolve nuclear deterrence (MAD) by embedding probabilistic lifetimes and economic constraints into strategic assets. By synchronizing assets with a distributed ledger and enforcing entropy-like decay through taxation and quantum-verified signals, the system drives autonomous disarmament, shifting risk control from political intent to physical and mathematical inevitability.
Open access
2 source records
Nuclear Issues and Defense
Infrastructure Resilience and Vulnerability Analysis
The task of access control in distributed information systems utilizing smart contracts is considered. A concise review of the main access control approaches — mandatory, role-based, and discretionary — is presented, along with their key features and limitations. Particular attention is paid to the access control approach based on mandatory access control (MAC). Known access control approaches applied in both traditional non-distributed and distributed information systems utilizing smart contracts are analyzed. The peculiarities of these distributed information systems that influence access control decisions are identified. Based on these peculiarities, the drawbacks of the discretionary and role-based approaches are determined, and the mandatory approach is proposed. To formalize the approach, a mathematical description of MAC for smart contracts is provided. To demonstrate the concept, several examples of implementing this mathematical description are presented in the form of Solidity code fragments: a direct naive implementation, an implementation using modifiers, and an implementation based on a dedicated access manager contract. The code is described, its main idea is explained, and possible directions for further scaling of these code fragments are outlined. Based on the analysis of the proposed applications, the modifier-based implementation of MAC is identified as the most efficient in terms of computational resources, while the access manager approach is considered the most scalable. The latter approach is proposed for complex distributed systems involving multiple smart contracts. The results of the experimental study are presented to compare the performance indicators of the proposed access control implementations with known implementations. Prospects for further research aimed at improving access control in distributed information systems utilizing smart contracts are identified.
Tuan Nguyen Kim, Ha Nguyen Hoang, Son Doan Trung, Lam Nguyen
Cloud computing has become a vital platform for large-scale data analytics, yet it poses significant privacy challenges when handling sensitive information, especially in healthcare and financial domains.Homomorphic Encryption (HE) enables computation on encrypted data, providing strong privacy guarantees, but traditional HE frameworks lack efficient query representation, do not protect query patterns, and cannot prove correctness of cloud-side computations.This paper proposes HE-Cloud, an integrated privacy-preserving framework that combines DSL-driven query compilation, HE, Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKP), and Oblivious RAM (ORAM).Our framework allows clients to express high-level analytical queries, securely executes them on encrypted data, protects query access patterns via ORAM, and returns verifiable results through ZKP.A proof-of-concept implementation using the Pima Diabetes dataset demonstrates feasibility: Average glucose computations can be performed entirely on encrypted data with sub-second latency for homomorphic operations and minimal accuracy loss (approximately 0.001).Scalable secure analytics, extendable to larger datasets and machine learning tasks.
Bayan Arab, Maizaitulaidawati Md Husin, Suzilawati Kamarudin
HRMARS - Blockchain is a promising, unique technology that enables decentralized, secure, and tamper-proof transactions. Blockchain technology is rapidly growing and being applied across various fields. Supply chain finance is an emerging financing model that optimizes financial flows between enterprises, as banks connect upstream and downstream entities. Traditional supply chain finance faces numerous challenges, such as double financing fraud and information asymmetry. Blockchain technology enhances the performance of conventional supply chain finance by improving the transparency and security of all financial transactions, thus elevating the quality of supply chain information. This improvement can lead to better overall supply chain performance and sustainability. Scholars have not thoroughly investigated the unique role of Blockchain technology in sustainable supply chain finance practices. This paper examines the effect of Blockchain-based supply chain finance systems on sustainable supply chain performance. The conceptual framework was developed based on the Resource-Based View theory (RBV) to underpin the role of Blockchain technology application in the supply chain finance to improve the supply chain performance. In addition, this paper investigates how Blockchain technology's trust and security features can enhance traditional supply chain finance practices, address challenges, and improve capital flow, ultimately contributing positively to overall supply chain performance. Finally, it emphasizes that the area of research on blockchain-based supply chain finance has potential for exploration.
New designs of water-cooled reactors that include thermal-hydraulics systems undergo safety analysis during the licensing process. For economic reasons and safety concerns, systems are firstly tested on reduced scale test facilities. A proper scaling ensures that dominant thermalhydraulics safety-related phenomena are captured, even though unavoidable scale distortions occur. Some existing scaling methods, based on prior knowledge of the physical phenomena at stake, can quantify such distortions. They are however limited when the phenomena are non-linear and coupled, or even not formalized as an equation. Dimensionless numbers play a central role in scaling techniques as their scale invariant properties help preserve similarities between reactor and test facilities. Building on this principle, this paper proposes a data driven alternative to traditional scaling techniques. From a dataset of physical variables describing the phenomenon of interest, the method identifies a governing law that captures the dominant safety related phenomenon. This governing law is expressed in terms of dimensionless numbers, which are physically meaningful combinations of dimensional variables and are automatically inferred by the algorithm. Based on a clear mathematical formulation, the proposed data driven method combines advanced regression analysis with the constrained optimization of a cross validation based objective function. Two variants are presented: one assuming that the output of the nondimensional governing law is known, and an extension in which this output is estimated. Both variants identify the dominant input dimensionless number as well as the explicit form of the governing law. As a proof of concept, the method is tested on a simulated dataset representative of single-phase natural circulation in a passive heat removal system.
Process attestation verifies human authorship by collecting behavioral biometric evidence, including keystroke dynamics, typing patterns, and editing behavior, during the creative process. However, the very data needed to prove authenticity can reveal intimate details about an author's cognitive state, health conditions, and identity, constituting sensitive biometric data under GDPR Article 9. We resolve this privacy-attestation paradox using zero-knowledge proofs. We present ZK-PoP, a construction that allows a verifier to confirm that (a) sequential work function chains were computed correctly, (b) behavioral feature vectors fall within human population distributions, and (c) content evolution is consistent with incremental human editing, all without learning the underlying behavioral data, exact timing, or intermediate content. Our construction uses Groth16 proofs over arithmetic circuits with Pedersen commitments and Bulletproof range proofs. We prove that ZK-PoP is computationally zero-knowledge, computationally sound, and achieves unlinkability across sessions. Evaluation shows proof generation in under 30 seconds for a 1-hour writing session, with 192-byte proofs verifiable in 8.2 ms, while incurring less than 5% accuracy loss in simulation at practical privacy levels (epsilon >= 1.0) compared to non-private baselines.
Modern precision agriculture depends on safe and effective fertilizer management. However, existing systems lack real-time decision-making capabilities, rarely incorporate secure traceability methods, and mainly concentrate on nutrient prediction without determining the type of soil fertilizer utilized for a specific crop. To classify fertilizer types (organic vs. inorganic) in real-time based on soil nutrient parameters (temperature, pH, EC, N, P, and K), this investigation suggests an innovative, lightweight self-attention transformer neural network (TNN) based Fertilizer class contract network (FCCN) model. The proposed research is one of the first to combine secure blockchain recording, fertigation, and fertilizer-type detection into a single edge-based pipeline that operates in real time. The process integrates blockchain-based transaction logging and IoT-edge computing for recording transparent and secure agricultural activity. Whenever deficits emerge, the suggested method uses Venturi irrigation to automatically activate fertigation after processing real-time sensor data at the edge to determine the types of fertilizer utilized and the nutritional status. This work uses a decentralized and scalable architecture compared to cloud-dependent or AI-based-only models. Fertilizer classification and fertigation actions based on the real-time nutrient level recommendation are recorded as immutable transactions on an Ethereum blockchain using a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus. Before the final on-chain recording, validator logic confirms the accuracy of field data, fertigation events, and real-time soil nutrient levels. Real-time blockchain measurements reveal transaction completion speeds of less than 0.03 seconds, gas consumption of less than 62,000 units, and throughput of 15-35. Experimental findings show that FCCN categorization accuracy surpasses 98.85%.
The "Decentralized Autonomous Organization" (DAO) was promised as the future of human coordination. In practice, it has devolved into a digitized version of 19th-century plutocracy. The industry standard—"One Token, One Vote"—means that governance is strictly a function of wealth. A single "Whale" or a Centralized Exchange can outvote 10,000 active contributors. This leads to "Voter Apathy" (participation rates < 5%) and "Governance Attacks" (Flash Loan exploits). The Klyrox Protocol productizes its governance layer as a service: Meritocracy-as-a-Service (MaaS). We offer a plug-and-play Governance SDK that allows any DAO to import the "Klyrox Score." By weighting votes based on Epistemic History (Work) and Time-Lock Duration (Commitment) rather than just Token Quantity (Capital), we allow organizations to transition from "Shareholder Supremacy" to "Stakeholder Sovereignty."
Open access
Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability
Oshani Seneviratne, Fernando Spadea, Adrien Pavao, Aaron Micah Green · 5 authors
Temporal Web analytics increasingly relies on large-scale, longitudinal data to understand how users, content, and systems evolve over time. A rapidly growing frontier is the \emph{Temporal Web3}: decentralized platforms whose behavior is recorded as immutable, time-stamped event streams. Despite the richness of this data, the field lacks shared, reproducible benchmarks that capture real-world temporal dynamics, specifically censoring and non-stationarity, across extended horizons. This absence slows methodological progress and limits the transfer of techniques between Web3 and broader Web domains. In this paper, we present the \textit{FinSurvival Challenge 2025} as a case study in benchmarking \emph{temporal Web3 intelligence}. Using 21.8 million transaction records from the Aave v3 protocol, the challenge operationalized 16 survival prediction tasks to model user behavior transitions.We detail the benchmark design and the winning solutions, highlighting how domain-aware temporal feature construction significantly outperformed generic modeling approaches. Furthermore, we distill lessons for next-generation temporal benchmarks, arguing that Web3 systems provide a high-fidelity sandbox for studying temporal challenges, such as churn, risk, and evolution that are fundamental to the wider Web.