Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT) are blockchain-based tokens that individually stand for a particular asset, such as a piece of media or digital data. A digital or physical asset can have an NFT as an irrevocable certificate of ownership and authenticity (Wang et al., 2021). Digital forms of certifications can consider using NFT and blockchain technology (Franceschet, 2021). Technological advancement made it possible for people to create fraud certificates, such as university degrees that the buyers do not actually possess. This is unethical and alarming. The current credentials from certificates are difficult to verify as legitimate, which encourages educational fraud. Blockchain technology with NFTs empowers a solution to certificate fraudulence. In this study, the demand of a handful of Malaysians towards buying fraud certificates and the ideas behind those that supply such certificates are scrutinized. Potential use cases and challenges on how NFTs can be used to combat certificate fraudulence and enhance education systems are studied by gathering information from past literatures and conducting interviews with people involved in certification fraud. The ethnography approach applied focuses on the occurrence of fake certificates in society that involves using certificates to seek employment or permit for incomes. Convenience sampling is applied to access the perspectives of respondents, who are also aware of NFT technology. The lack of coordination in Malaysia between multiple parties such as certificate issuers, companies hiring employees and government authorities allows certification fraud to occur. An increase of NFT public penetration and blockchain technology can counter this issue.
The Lightning Network (LN), a second-layer protocol built atop Bitcoin, promises swift, low-cost transactions, thereby addressing blockchain scalability and enhancing user privacy. As the global financial technology landscape evolves, the LN’s importance in the future of fintech and the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) becomes increasingly pivotal. The anticipated rise of blockchain-based payments and smart contracts in businesses demands a more agile and secure payment system. However, the LN’s early stage raises valid concerns about security and reliability, especially when implemented on a huge asymmetric network such as the Internet, potentially hindering its broader adoption. Malicious nodes could intentionally cause payment failures or initiate attacks, such as DDoS attacks, by overwhelming other nodes in the network with channel-opening requests. As a result, users will be discouraged from using the LN; hence, the technology will become obsolete as individuals will not waste the time and power investment required for using this technology. Addressing these issues, this paper proposes an innovative invitation model protocol (IMP) to reinforce the LN’s security and reliability. The IMP creates an exclusive ‘Club’ within the LN, admitting only nodes verified as honest, thereby bolstering network security and reliability. The protocol empowers Club Founders to expel members exhibiting malicious activities, thereby preserving the invested time, energy, and funds of the network’s users. The IMP was rigorously tested using Amazon Web Services Virtual Machines within the Bitcoin and Lightning Network’s Testnet environment, which is a highly asymmetric network. The results demonstrated the protocol’s efficacy in fulfilling its objectives, marking a significant step towards a safer and more efficient blockchain transaction network. As the blockchain continues to revolutionize the financial sector, implementing robust security measures such as the IMP becomes essential. This research paper introduces a novel approach to enhancing the reliability and security of a Lightning Network (LN), and thus distinguishes itself from the existing literature, by introducing an additional step before establishing or joining such a network. The research underscores the critical role of such protocols in realizing the potential of the LN in powering the next wave of fintech and industrial innovation.
The education management model refers to the system and processes that colleges and universities use to manage and oversee their academic programs and operations. However, with the advent of digital technologies, there has been a growing trend towards the Internet+ college education management model, which integrates digital technologies into all aspects of college education management. This model includes the use of online learning platforms and tools, such as learning management systems (LMS), to deliver courses and manage student progress. It also includes the use of digital technologies for administrative tasks such as admissions, enrolment, and financial aid. However, the educational management model is subjected to the challenge of security for educational data management. Hence, this paper constructed a secure framework model of the Ethereum SDN Cloud Architecture (ESDNarc). The ESDNarc model uses the Software-defined Network (SDN) for the decentralized management of the network, secure transactions, and improved efficiency. The ESDNarch model incorporates the SDN with the cryptography scheme the secure the data. The constructed model uses the double-hashing Elliptical Curve Cryptography (DHECC) for the data stored in the Ethereum blockchain. The performance of the constructed model is evaluated with the KDD data set. Simulation analysis stated that ESDNarch significantly increases the data security in the cloud model for the attacks in the network.
Musharraf N. Alruwaill, Saraju P. Mohanty, Elias Kougianos
In smart healthcare, blockchain technology addresses existing concerns with security, privacy, and electronic healthcare records. In addition, utilizing edge devices with IoMT devices is very advantageous for addressing security, computing, and storage challenges. Symmetric and asymmetric keys are used to conceal sensitive information from unauthorized parties. Moreover, the hash function SHA256 helps for data alteration detection. The proposed system uses a blockchain-based smart healthcare system using IoMT devices for continuous patient monitoring. The edge device is used to hash and encrypt data and provide additional computational capability. A symmetric key maintains data privacy in the blockchain, allowing patients to safely share data through smart contracts while preventing unauthorized physicians from seeing it. A verification node and blockchain sign and validate patient data in the healthcare provider system using an asymmetric key. Location-based authentication is addressed to ensure the authenticity and data source.
Ballots security and reliability is two of the crucial things that makes digital based ballots system not widely implemented. Paper-based ballots have the downsides of environmental impact on making paper. Blockchain has one of the advantages on the security aspect where the blocks are secured using cryptographic protocol that makes it hard to be hacked. This paper will be examining the possibility of ballots implementation using a microcontroller-based ballots system. The microcontroller is used because it is cheap to implement and it has the capability to sign the blockchain transaction. This paper is a proof of concept for a smaller scale ballots system for a small organization with two candidate option. The blockchain network used in this paper is a Ethereum test network provided by Ropsten. The number of testing done is 60 times total for the two candidate. The smaller scale testing proven to be successful with the transaction confirmed successful in etherscan.io.
A. Ezil Sam Leni, Rajendran Shankar, R. Thiagarajan, Vishal Ratansing Patil
The medical sector actively changes and implements innovative features in response to technical development and revolutions.Many of the most crucial elements in IoT-connected health services are safeguarding critical patient records from prospective attackers.As a result, BlockChain (BC) is gaining traction in the business sector owing to its large implementations.As a result, BC can efficiently handle everyday life activities as a distributed and decentralized technology.Compared to other industries, the medical sector is one of the most prominent areas where the BC network might be valuable.It generates a wide range of possibilities and probabilities in existing medical institutions.So, throughout this study, we address BC technology's widespread application and influence in modern medical systems, focusing on the critical requirements for such systems, such as trustworthiness, security, and safety.Furthermore, we built the shared ledger for blockchain-based healthcare providers for patient information, contractual between several other parties.The study's findings demonstrate the usefulness of BC technology in IoHT for keeping patient health data.The BDSA-IoHT eliminates 2.01 seconds of service delay and 1.9 seconds of processing time, enhancing efficiency by nearly 30%.
The problem of resource-saving scheduling in a fog environment is considered in this paper. The objective function of the problem in question presupposes the fog nodes’ reliability function maximizing. Therefore, to create a schedule, the following is required: the history of the fog devices’ state changes and the search space, which consists of preselected nodes of the cloud-fog broker neighbourhood. The obvious approach to providing the scheduler with this information is to poll the fog nodes, yet this can consume the unacceptable time because of the QoS requirements. In this paper, the system architecture and general methods for efficient resource-saving scheduling is presented. The system is based on distributed ledger element usage, which provides the nodes with the proper awareness about the surroundings. The usage of the distributed ledger allows not only for the creation of the resource-saving schedule but also the reduction of the scheduling problem-solving time, which frees addition time that can be used for the solving of user tasks. The latter also affects the overall resource-saving via reliability. The novelty of this paper consists in the development of the hybrid ledger-based system, which integrates and arranges the elements of various ledger types to solve the newly formulated problem.
The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is a network of healthcare devices such as wearables, diagnostic equipment, and implantable devices, which are linked to the internet and can communicate with one another. Blockchain (BC) technology can design a secure, decentralized system to store and share medical data in an IoMT-based intelligent healthcare system. Patient records were stored in a tamper-proof and decentralized way using BC, which provides high privacy and security for the patients. Furthermore, BC enables efficient and secure sharing of healthcare data between patients and health professionals, enhancing healthcare quality. Therefore, in this paper, we develop an IoMT with a blockchain-based smart healthcare system using encryption with an optimal deep learning (BSHS-EODL) model. The presented BSHS-EODL method allows BC-assisted secured image transmission and diagnoses models for the IoMT environment. The proposed method includes data classification, data collection, and image encryption. Initially, the IoMT devices enable data collection processes, and the gathered images are stored in BC for security. Then, image encryption is applied for data encryption, and its key generation method can be performed via the dingo optimization algorithm (DOA). Finally, the BSHS-EODL technique performs disease diagnosis comprising SqueezeNet, Bayesian optimization (BO) based parameter tuning, and voting extreme learning machine (VELM). A comprehensive set of simulation analyses on medical datasets highlights the betterment of the BSHS-EODL method over existing techniques with a maximum accuracy of 98.51%, whereas the existing methods such as DBN, YOLO-GC, ResNet, VGG-19, and CDNN models have lower accuracies of 94.15%, 94.24%, 96.19%, 91.19%, and 95.29% respectively.
Rayan A. Alsemmeari, Mohamed Yehia Dahab, Abdulaziz A. Alsulami, Badraddin Alturki · 5 authors
The growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) devices in the healthcare sector enables the new era of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). However, IoT devices are susceptible to various cybersecurity attacks and threats, which lead to negative consequences. Cyberattacks can damage not just the IoMT devices in use but also human life. Currently, several security solutions have been proposed to enhance the security of the IoMT, employing machine learning (ML) and blockchain. ML can be used to develop detection and classification methods to identify cyberattacks targeting IoMT devices in the healthcare sector. Furthermore, blockchain technology enables a decentralized approach to the healthcare system, eliminating some disadvantages of a centralized system, such as a single point of failure. This paper proposes a resilient security framework integrating a Tri-layered Neural Network (TNN) and blockchain technology in the healthcare domain. The TNN detects malicious data measured by medical sensors to find fraudulent data. As a result, cyberattacks are detected and discarded from the IoMT system before data is processed at the fog layer. Additionally, a blockchain network is used in the fog layer to ensure that the data is not altered, enhancing the integrity and privacy of the medical data. The experimental results show that the TNN and blockchain models produce the expected result. Furthermore, the accuracy of the TNN model reached 99.99% based on the F1-score accuracy metric.
We propose a novel framework, Vacledger, for supply chain traceability and counterfeit detection of COVID-19 vaccines using a blockchain network. It includes four smart contracts on a private-permissioned blockchain network for supply chain traceability and counterfeit detection of COVID-19 vaccine, more specifically to (i) handle the rules and regulations of vaccine importing countries and provide authorization for cross the borders (regulatory compliance and border authorization smart contract), (ii) register new and imported vaccines in the Vacledger system (vaccine registration smart contract), (iii) find the number of stocks that have arrived in the Vacledger system (stock accumulation smart contract), and (iv) identify the exact location of the stock (location tracing update smart contract). Our results show that the proposed system keeps track of all activities, events, transactions, and all other past transactions, permanently stored in an immutable Vacledger connected to decentralized peer-to-peer file systems. We observe no algorithm complexity differences between the proposed Vacledger system and existing supply chain frameworks based on different blockchain types. In addition, based on four use cases, we estimate our model’s overall gasoline cost (transaction or gas price). The Vacledger system empowers distribution companies to manage their supply chain operations effectively and securely using an in-network, permissioned distributed network. This study employs the COVID-19 vaccine supply chain (the healthcare industry) to demonstrate how the proposed Vacledger system operates. Despite this, our proposed approach might be implemented in other supply chain industries, such as the food industry, energy trading, and commodity transactions.
G. Nanthakumar, Sarah Alex, V Nandhini, Mr. K .Pazhanivel
The sixth generation of wireless networks, or 6G, is expected to provide unprecedented levels of connectivity and communication capabilities. It is essential to make sure that the underlying infrastructure is dependable, secure, and trustworthy in order to meet the growing demand for high-speed and low-latency communication services. A flexible and scalable solution is also provided by the proposed infrastructure, which is essential to meet future demand for high-speed and low-latency communication services. Blockchain technology has been recognized as a possible option due to its capacity to offer security, accountability, and transparency. The proposed infrastructure is designed using permissioned distributed ledgers, which provide an efficient and secure solution to improve accountability, transparency, and security in the delivery of wireless services. The proposed method makes use of the benefits of permissioned distributed ledger technology and blockchain technology to provide a dependable and trustworthy infrastructure for 6G wireless networks. The proposed solution is modular and easily extendable, allowing for the integration of new services and applications as they become available
Many researchers have been interested in healthcare cybersecurity for a long time since it can improve the security of patient and health record data. As a result, a lot of research is done in the field of cybersecurity that focuses on the safe exchange of health data between patients and the medical setting. It still has issues with high computational complexity, increased time consumption, and cost complexity, all of which have an impact on the effectiveness and performance of the complete security system. Hence this work proposes a technique called Consultative Transaction Key Generation and Management (CTKGM) to enable secure data sharing in healthcare systems. It generates a unique key pair based on random values with multiplicative operations and time stamps. The patient data is then safely stored in discrete blocks of hash values using the blockchain methodology. The Quantum Trust Reconciliation Agreement Model (QTRAM), which calculates the trust score based on the feedback data, ensures reliable and secure data transfer. By allowing safe communication between patients and the healthcare system based on feedback analysis and trust value, the proposed framework makes a novel contribution to the field. Additionally, during communication, the Tuna Swarm Optimization (TSO) method is employed to validate nonce verification messages. Nonce message verification is a part of QTRAM that helps verify the users during transmission. The effectiveness of the suggested scheme has been demonstrated by comparing the obtained findings with other current state-of-the-art models after a variety of evaluation metrics have been analyzed to test the performance of this security model.
the framework of relevant moral, safety, and ethical governance, we can generate various transportation planning schemes, different traffic application scenarios, and various ma nagement a nd control algorithms through only a few words.Gone are those days when we had to draw pictures one by one, set parameters one by one, and write code line by line.Meantime, the decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) is on the way.With no doubt, in the near future, with a clear sign of vitality, DAO and decentralized science (DeSci) will gradually become a new stream of scientific research and management organization mode, showing great
Shayan E Ali, Noshina Tariq, Farrukh Aslam Khan, Muhammad Ashraf · 6 authors
Numerous sensitive applications, such as healthcare and medical services, need reliable transmission as a prerequisite for the success of the new age of communications technology. Unfortunately, these systems are highly vulnerable to attacks like Sybil, where many false nodes are created and spread with deceitful intentions. Therefore, these false nodes must be instantly identified and isolated from the network due to security concerns and the sensitivity of data utilized in healthcare applications. Especially for life-threatening diseases like COVID-19, it is crucial to have devices connected to the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) that can be believed to respond with high reliability and accuracy. Thus, trust-based security offers a safe environment for IoMT applications. This study proposes a blockchain-based fuzzy trust management framework (BFT-IoMT) to detect and isolate Sybil nodes in IoMT networks. The results demonstrate that the proposed BFT-IoMT framework is 25.43% and 12.64%, 12.54% and 6.65%, 37.85% and 19.08%, 17.40% and 8.72%, and 13.04% and 5.05% more efficient and effective in terms of energy consumption, attack detection, trust computation reliability, packet delivery ratio, and throughput, respectively, as compared to the other state-of-the-art frameworks available in the literature.
The pharmaceutical company is key to having a strong healthcare system, and excellent healthcare is essential for every society and economy. However, there are significant concerns with medication safety and security as a result of fake and inferior medical items, which constitute a significant hazard and harm to consumers’ health. Globally, drug counterfeiting is a severe problem that endangers the public’s health as well as the health of consumers. The global business of manufacturing fake medications generates enormous annual revenue. To have a quality healthcare system, the pharmaceutical industry is of great importance and plays a vital role in medicine and pharmaceutical supplies. With emerging computer technologies like blockchain and IoT cutting across several industries and sectors and revolutionizing the world, a systematic literature review of various articles chosen from different databases was carried out in this study to analyze and evaluate application areas of this technology in the pharmaceutical industry and existing frameworks that have been proposed to solve problems faced in the pharmaceutical industry. The outcome of this review showed that the application of the blockchain and IoT hybrid framework can assist in reducing the drug counterfeit problem and provide solutions to most of the problems faced in the pharmaceutical industry. This study also proposed a framework that addressed the drawbacks of existing frameworks in the pharmaceutical industry.
Blockchain or distributed ledger technology has attracted great interest from companies in the energy industry. The combination of blockchain and energy is undoubtedly one of the most striking technological innovations in recent years. A typical application area of blockchain in the energy industry is trading and credit. Stakeholders use blockchain technology to promote distributed or wholesale energy transactions and create virtual grids. Consumers can trade between their own devices and resources, with their neighbors and with the grid. The whole process can be automated through smart contracts. In this article, we will discuss some use cases related to the application of blockchain in the energy field.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Internet of Things and AI
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
The huge headway of new advances like the Web of Things and wearable innovation, the medical services industry is extending rapidly these days. To guarantee far off persistent observing, these devices are generally used. Client/server engineering is utilized in the ongoing execution. Due of the security and protection issues raised by this, medical care frameworks are currently more helpless against different assaults. The utilization of a dispersed engineering is expected to resolve these issues and submit to security rules. Block chain has drawn in a ton of interest as a modern innovation to address the security issues in IoT-based frameworks in light of its conveyed nature and its security ensures. With the new presentation of block chain and IoT, the medical care area is supposed to develop altogether and experience an expansion in monetary potential as well as security, protection, effectiveness, and straightforwardness. The client/server engineering is the underpinning of the ongoing execution. In this paper, various protection and security gives that make medical services frameworks more powerless against different assaults.
The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) plays an important role in strengthening sustainable healthcare systems. IoMT significantly influences our healthcare because it facilitates monitoring and checking patient medical information before transferring the data to a cloud network for future use. The IoMT is a big-data platform which is growing rapidly, so it is critical to maintain all data safely and securely. In this study, Blockchain-Assisted Cybersecurity (BCCS) for the IoMT in the healthcare industry is proposed. Blockchain is a decentralized digital ledger that allows end-to-end communication and provides interaction between untrustworthy persons. BCCS uses a conventional in-depth approach and blockchain to create a procedure for collecting medical information from the IoMT and integrated devices. The proposed system utilizes blockchain to record and extract the accumulated information in a secure and distributed manner within a closed environment suitable for healthcare professionals, such as nursing homes, hospitals, and the healthcare industry where data exchange is needed. The experimental outcomes show that the proposed system has a high security rate of 99.8% and the lowest latency rate of 4.3% compared to traditional approaches. In all, the reliability of the proposed system gives the highest rate of 99.4%.
The healthcare industry generates vast amounts of data that must be managed and stored securely. Blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize healthcare data management by providing a secure, decentralized, and tamper-proof way to store and share data. Today's medical data management systems require data transparency, traceability, Immutability, auditing, lineage, flexible access, trust, privacy, and security. Also, most of the existing Healthcare systems used to manage data are centralized and pose potential risks in the event of a single point of failure Natural disaster. Blockchain is an emerging and disruptive decentralized technology that has the potential to become an important technology. This research will show you the use of blockchain for medical data management systems can stimulate innovation and make great strides in improvement. It also describes the key benefits of hiring Opportunities in blockchain technology and the healthcare industry. The purpose of this research is to explore the implementation of blockchain technology in health data management and identify related challenges.
Blockchain technology is a distributed ledger with records of data containing all details of the transactions carried out and distributed among the nodes present in the network. All the transactions carried out in the system are confirmed by consensus mechanisms, and the data once stored cannot be altered. Blockchain technology is the necessary technology behind Bitcoin, which is a popular digital Cryptocurrency. ''Cloud computing is a practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer and high computational power. It is still facing many challenges like data security, data management, compliance, reliability. In this article, we have mentioned some of the significant challenges faced by the cloud and proposed solutions by integrating it with blockchain technology. Many devices connected to grid help in exchange of information with power system using cloud computing. INDEX TERMS Cloud computing, Blockchain Technology, data security, decentralization.
Ahmed Mohsen Yassin, Heba K. Aslan, Islam Tharwat Abdel Halim
The automotive industry currently is seeking to increase remote connectivity to a vehicle, which creates a high demand to implement a secure way of connecting vehicles, as well as verifying and storing their data in a trusted way. Furthermore, much information must be leaked in order to correctly diagnose the vehicle and determine when or how to remotely update it. In this context, we propose a Blockchain-based, fully automated remote vehicle diagnosis system. The proposed system provides a secure and trusted way of storing and verifying vehicle data and analyzing their performance in different environments. Furthermore, we discuss many aspects of the benefits to different parties, such as the vehicle’s owner and manufacturers. Furthermore, a performance evaluation via simulation was performed on the proposed system using MATLAB Simulink to simulate both the vehicles and Blockchain and give a prototype for the system’s structure. In addition, OMNET++ was used to measure the expected system’s storage and throughput given some fixed parameters, such as sending the periodicity and speed. The simulation results showed that the throughput, end-to-end delay, and power consumption increased as the number of vehicles increased. In general, Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) can implement this system by taking into consideration either increasing the storage to add more vehicles or decreasing the sending frequency to allow more vehicles to join. By and large, the proposed system is fully dynamic, and its configuration can be adjusted to satisfy the OEM’s needs since there are no specific constraints while implementing it.
Blockchain, the backbone of Bitcoin, has lately gained a lot of attention.Blockchain functions as an inflexible record that enables decentralized deals.Blockchain-grounded operations are sprouting up in a variety of diligence, including fiscal services, character systems, and the Internet of Things (IoT), among others.still, numerous hurdles of blockchain technology, including scalability and security issues, have to be overcome.Numerous diligences, including finance, drug, manufacturing, and education, use blockchain operations to subsidize this technology's unique set of parcels.Blockchain technology (BT) has the implicit to ameliorate responsibility, collaboration, association, identity, credibility, and translucency.We give an overview of the blockchain armature, different kinds of blockchain as well as information about the Decentralized apps which are also known as Dapps.An in-depth analysis of blockchain technology is provided in this study.