With the development of the blockchain technology, and applications of blockchain technologies more and more widely, we can apply the Blockchains to Industrial Control System(ICS) for network security. The key technology of blockchain include: distributed ledge, asymmetric cryptography, consensus algorithm and smart contract. The goal of our works is to realize industrial control system network security and make that is reliable, safety, high efficiency and low cost. We will explain how to apply blockchain technology to industrial control system network for cybersecurity, and also explain how blockchains works and why blockchains technology can realize the cybersecurity of ICS, then describe how blockchains combine with IoT to realize IoT network security and build blockchain-based ICS cybersecurity architecture modal. We also point out a series of problems that should be considered before the deployment of a blockchains network in ICS and Jot Form data transfer to data storage and data management, blockchains technology can solve these problems well include data transfer insecurity, machine malfunction, data storage insecurity and so on. Our solution is that blockchains network replace Industrial Control systems Field network, our conclusion is that blockchains technology can resolve ICS network security and provide a solution for IoT security, Industrial control network security based on blockchain is very meaningful and feasible.
Healthcare data exists in silos. These siloed systems lack open standards surrounding how data is stored, labeled, and tagged. In turn, these data silos decrease data liquidity, or the ability of data to flow throughout the healthcare system. Undeniably, the healthcare industry sees the value in responsibly sharing health data to extract more value and new insights using predictive analytics, open science, and collaborative solutions. Effective collaboration requires collaborative data. Particularly with health-related data, “sending that data from one peer to another in a secure manner, in a compliant manner, and in a transparent manner” is vital. While organizations share this sentiment, a complex regulatory framework combined with data usage agreements and non-interoperable, proprietary databases add friction to this data exchange. Particularly in healthcare, blockchain enables greater transparency between healthcare professionals sharing data, and it empowers patients to have control over their data. First, this paper briefly discusses blockchain. Next, this paper outlines issues that plague the healthcare industry including the laws that serve as the framework. Finally, this paper discusses architecture considerations for a blockchain based healthcare data exchange that also respects the current regulatory environment.
Nowadays the cryptocurrency industry is constantly growing and developing. Each year it attracts a big number of investors and businessmen from all over the world. Since the creation of Bitcoin in 2009, more than a thousand new cryptocurrencies with different features were created. Most countries are already working on an effective regulatory mechanism for the cryptocurrency industry. However, the question is whether the regulation will not contradict the essential features of digital currency, such as decentralization, independence and anonymity. This MA thesis analyzes the issue of cryptocurrency regulation as an important stage in their development and evolution. I compare the regulatory frameworks, developed by Canada, the USA, Great Britain and China, which are considered to be the world leaders in the cryptocurrency industry and the ICO sector. In this MA thesis I also try to explain how cryptocurrencies are perceived both by the cryptocurrency community and the regulators in order to give an answer to the question "What is a cryptocurrency?". Finally, this thesis also discusses the issue of cryptocurrency lobbying as an important part of the communication between the state and the third sector.
This study investigates the possible diversification benefits of multiple cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin, Ethereum and Litecoin) in a diversified portfolio from the perspective of a South African investor over the period 30 July 2015 to 20 December 2017. Cryptocurrencies are mostly still in their infancy, and reliable information regarding their usefulness as an asset class in a diversified portfolio is scarce to come by. This study adopts a quantitative research methodology which incorporates the following statistical methods: i) mean-semivariance optimisation; ii) Kendall Tau-b correlations; and, iii) autocorrelation function for serial correlations. The JSE All Bond Index is used as bond investment proxy, a combination of the JSE Top 40, Resources Index and Financial-Industrials Index is used as an equity investment proxy, and the LBMA Gold PM is used as a gold investment proxy. The study found that all three cryptocurrencies under investigation yielded risk-return benefits for a diversified portfolio. The alternative cryptocurrencies (Ethereum and Litecoin) exhibited higher levels of downside risk (semideviation) than Bitcoin, but proportionately greater returns. Hence, the addition of these two cryptocurrencies to a portfolio that includes Bitcoin and traditional assets resulted in an expansion of the efficient frontier. Ethereum exhibited slightly lower correlations to Bitcoin than Litecoin, which is most likely attributed to its greater technological differences, but performed worse as a diversifier. All three cryptocurrencies yielded similar low to very low correlations to all traditional assets, including gold - representative of the potential diversification benefits. The autocorrelation function resulted in high positive serial correlations for all three cryptocurrencies, indicative of strong trending behaviour and high volatility.
Blockchain, as the backbone of the future "Internet of Value," is considered to have the potential to considerably alter the economy and society that we have today. This paper focuses on explaining the state-of-the-art of blockchain technology and its applications, especially presenting the challenges of using blockchain widely in different domains and from the perspective of technology. We conclude this paper by providing suggestions for enforcing the further development of blockchain technologies in China.
M.O. van Deventer, Frank Berkers, Martijn de Vos, A. Zandee · 12 authors
This paper presents initial results of the Techruption Consortium Blockchain experiment. The purpose of the experiment is to learn what it takes to run a permissioned consortium blockchain infrastructure together, not only from a technical perspective, but also governance and business model. The experiment turned out to be surprisingly complex, running into buggy open-source software, extensive firewall and connectivity issues, a complex legal context, a plethora of governance issues, many business model alternatives, and an ever-present human resource limitation. Based on our experiences, we conclude that instead of developing dedicated technical infrastructure, governance and business models for each blockchain application individually, there is a need for a shared blockchain infrastructure with basic governance and business models to spur further innovation in blockchain applications and enabling technologies.
Widersprüchliche Meinungen und Beurteilungen der Blockchain Technologie und ihrer Kryptowährungen werden momentan medial stark diskutiert. Die Komplexität des Konzepts und die weite Bandbreite an Themen die es begleiten, erschweren ein Urteil über sein Potential und seine Risiken. Da bereits Zeitungen, wie die New York Times oder die Financial Times regelmäßig über Kryptowährungen berichten und sowohl die Marktkapitalisierung als auch das Handelsvolumen eine erwähnenswerte Größe erreicht haben, ist die Leitfrage, ob Kryptowährungen eine neue Anlageklasse bilden, gerechtfertigt. Um diese Frage zu beantworten, sammelt diese Arbeit vorangegangene Studien, die Eigenschaften beschreiben, die Risiko und Rendite betreffen, und Kryptowährungen mit bereits etablierten Anlageklassen vergleichen und in Beziehung setzen. Gemäß dieser Analyse, können digitale Währungen durchaus als Anlageklasse betrachtet werden. Um das Bild zu vervollständigen, beleuchtet diese Arbeit auch Gegenargumente, wie das ernstzunehmende Problem von Marktmanipulation und fehlender Regulierung. Diese Belange müssen in naher Zukunft noch besser geklärt werden, doch die Blockchain Technologie und Kryptowährungen werden eine wesentliche Rolle in Finanzmärkten spielen.
A proof system is a protocol between a prover and a verifier over a common input in which an honest prover convinces the verifier of the validity of true statements. Motivated by the success of decentralized cryptocurrencies, exemplified by Bitcoin, the focus of this thesis will be on proof systems which found applications in some sustainable alternatives to Bitcoin, such as the Spacemint and Chia cryptocurrencies. In particular, we focus on proofs of space and proofs of sequential work. Proofs of space (PoSpace) were suggested as more ecological, economical, and egalitarian alternative to the energy-wasteful proof-of-work mining of Bitcoin. However, the state-of-the-art constructions of PoSpace are based on sophisticated graph pebbling lower bounds, and are therefore complex. Moreover, when these PoSpace are used in cryptocur- rencies like Spacemint, miners can only start mining after ensuring that a commitment to their space is already added in a special transaction to the blockchain. Proofs of sequential work (PoSW) are proof systems in which a prover, upon receiving a statement χ and a time parameter T, computes a proof which convinces the verifier that T time units had passed since χ was received. Whereas Spacemint assumes synchrony to retain some interesting Bitcoin dynamics, Chia requires PoSW with unique proofs, i.e., PoSW in which it is hard to come up with more than one accepting proof for any true statement. In this thesis we construct simple and practically-efficient PoSpace and PoSW. When using our PoSpace in cryptocurrencies, miners can start mining on the fly, like in Bitcoin, and unlike current constructions of PoSW, which either achieve efficient verification of sequential work, or faster-than-recomputing verification of correctness of proofs, but not both at the same time, ours achieve the best of these two worlds.
The virtual currencies or cryptocurrencies are growing rapidly in developed economies like UK, USA,and Japan. The motives of these currencies to create an efficient method of digital payment system which is globally accepted and their traders’ belief that these coins have some value, either a physical value or have a money value in terms of their native currency. The first cryptocurrency, Bitcoin (BTC) is facing competition today with newly launched ‘Altcoins’ or ‘Alternative coins”, like Ripple (XRP), Ethereum (ETH) etc., the market captured (market cap) by BTC is continuously decreasing and ranging between 30 to 35% of the total market cap. The newly launched ‘Altcoins’ are technically efficient and have an audience with different motives compare to BTC, also these coins have a huge potential of growth level within a time compare to BTC, Because BTC prices are very high and its growth level is low compares with newly genesis coins. This article deals some important aspects of cryptocurrency worldwide with an addition to explore its role in the Indian Economy because India is not apart from this emerging trend. Many Indian trading exchanges are started within last few years, rather Government of India is not in favor of crypto trading. The aim of this article to critically examine working features of cryptocurrencies, eg; Mining, how crypto Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) are working, their exchange markets, and how this peer-to-peer (P2P) currency blockchain works. This article also critically evaluate Indian crypto traders’ motives and try to find out a way to deal with the related issues of cryptocurrencies for Indian Economy.
Electromobility, electric vehicles (EVs) and charging infrastructure are major building blocks for a sustainable energy future.With the emergence of sustainable IS topics, energy informatics as the comprising research discipline receives increasing attention.One of the most contemporary research areas in this context is the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and their integration into the smart power grid of the future.Blockchain is a promising technology to complement lack in charging infrastructure by disrupting existing business models and enabling peer-to-peer sharing of charging stations (CSs).In this paper we investigate how to store and validate EV charging-related data on blockchain and how to process EV charging payment transactions in a blockchain-based IS.Within the ongoing research activity, we evaluate blockchain technologies regarding their applicability for this scenario.Further we implement the presented decentralized app (dApp) design and its smart contracts as a proof-of-concept for the technical feasibility of the solution, considering factors such as interoperability, data storage, trust and scalability.
Darcy W E Allen, Alastair Berg, Brendan Markey‐Towler
We apply institutional cryptoeconomics to the information problems in global trade, model the incentives under which blockchain-based supply chain infrastructure will be built, and make predictions about the future of supply chains. We argue blockchain may fundamentally change the patterns and dynamics of how, where and what we trade by: (1) facilitating new forms of economic organisation governing supply chain coordination (e.g. the V-form organisation) (2) shifting economic power towards the ends of supply chains (e.g. primary producers) by decreasing information asymmetries (3) de-commoditising goods and disaggregating price signals by changing the dimensions along which goods may be reliably differentiated and (4) lowering reliance on proxies (e.g. production within national borders) for the quality of goods.
The purpose of this research is to investigate is it possible to receive extra profit in crypto market by using technical analysis methods. The oldest and the most famous cryptocurrency bitcoin has been selected as a subject. A test was executed during two-year period from 1.10.2016 to 1.10.2018. \n \n The research describes a nature of bitcoin and explains why it raises interest as an investment. Then from technical analysis methods are selected widely used indicators and developed three strategy based on them. First strategy is based on the moving average crossover, second one is based on the crossover of the RSI and the Bollinger Bands and third one is based on stochastic oscillator. Every strategy is tested with a trend filter and without it. A benchmark in the test is traditional buy & hold strategy. \n \n According to empirical test, every strategy can show greater return compared to buy & hold strategy. It was also observed that if both “Only Long” and “Only Short” versions are profitable, combined “Long & Short” version shows much higher profit, than the simple sum of the results of “Only Long” and “Only Short” versions. Strategy 1 provided the best performance and Strategy 3 the worst both in terms of profit and in terms of risk. The results of adding the trend filter were ambivalent in terms of profit, but totally worthwhile in terms of risk.
All contracts are necessarily incomplete. The inefficiencies of bargaining over every contingency, coupled with humans’ innate bounded rationality, mean that contracts cannot anticipate and address every potential eventuality. One role of law is to fill gaps in incomplete contracts with default rules. The blockchain is a distributed ledger that allows the cryptographic recording of transactions and permits “smart” contracts that self-execute automatically if their conditions are met. Because humans code the contracts of the blockchain, gaps in these contracts will arise. Yet in the world of “smart contracting” on the blockchain, there is no place for the law to step in to supply default rules — no legal intervention point. The lack of a legal intervention point means that law on the blockchain works in a fundamentally different way from law in the corporeal world. Business organizational law provides a prime example of how the law uses default rules to fill gaps in an incomplete contract and how the law works differently in the blockchain context.
Cryptocurrencies has become a very hot topic recently, with Bitcoin being the most popular. The increase in interest has led to an incentive to create payment systems for the currency that makes it easier to use for day-to-day shopping. A lot of companies are inves- tigating possible solutions for credit cards that are used for cryptocurrencies. This thesis aims to present and perform a security analysis on an already created concept of a credit card payment system for Bitcoin. The security analysis is done in a systematical approach where the modules were analyzed with predetermined restrictions and assumptions. The restricitons and assumptions are then removed one-by-one to find potential threats in the system. The outcome of the analysis is then evaluated in an attempt to find possible im- plementation methods that would mitigate or prevent the discovered threats. The possible implementations are also evaluated in terms of how they would affect the system.
The CPS system senses and recognizes the physical world through numerous node devices and processes the collected data accordingly, then it can achieve the interconnection of the physical world and the virtual network world. However, under the existing conditions, the CPS system has not yet realized the interconnection between nodes and nodes and the physical world. Block chain technology is a distributed ledger in which nodes can freely enter and exit. This article proposes to combine the block chain with the CPS system to improve the efficiency and security of the CPS system. Through theoretical analysis and experiments, it is proved that the combination of block chain and CPS system can effectively improve the scalability of CPS system and improve the ability of CPS system to communicate with the physical world. Through the combination of the public chain and private chain of the block chain, the production speed of the block is improved, and the actual demand of the CPS system is better satisfied.