Abstrak Perkembangan teknologi yang ditandai dengan keberadaan era revolusi industri terus mendorong pendayagunaan artificial intelligence pada berbagai sektor termasuk sektor hukum di Indonesia. Perkembangan pemanfaatan teknologi saat ini di bidang hukum dengan memfokuskan pada penggunanan kecerdasan buatan di bidang hukum kontrak. Pendayagunaan artificial intelligence pada sektor hukum kontrak bertujuan untuk memperoleh efisiensi serta akurasi dalam membuat rancangan kontrak. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, penulis tertarik untuk melakukan penelitian lebih dalam mengenai konsep pendayagunaan kecerdasan buatan dan cara kerjanya pada sektor hukum kontrak, serta perkembangan pendayagunaan kecerdasan buatan tersebut dalam mewujudkan efisiensi, akurasi, serta dampaknya pada sektor hukum kontrak di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penulisan hukum normatif. Jenis data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder dengan menggunakan teknik analisis kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menerangkan bahwa artificial intelligence pada sektor hukum disebut legal tech untuk memudahkan para contract drafter dalam merancang, melakukan review, dan menganalisa kontrak melalui fitur smart contract. Fitur smart contract memiliki kemampuan sebagai contract generator systems untuk membuat rancangan kontrak lengkap beserta dengan analisis hukum atas kontrak tersebut. Namun, terdapat beberapa resiko penggunaannya berupa pengambilan keputusan secara bias kemanusiaan, kebocoran data dan penyerangan siber. Tantangan yang dihadapi adalah profesi hukum akan terdisrupsi dan berpotensi mengurangi peran beberapa profesi hukum yang sudah ada. Abstract Technological developments marked by the existence of the industrial revolution era continue to encourage the utilization of artificial intelligence in various sectors, including the legal industry in Indonesia. The development of the current use of technology in the legal field by focusing on artificial intelligence in contract law. The utilization of artificial intelligence in the contract law sector aims to obtain efficiency and accuracy in making contract designs. Based on this, the authors are interested in conducting more profound research on the concept of utilizing artificial intelligence and how it works in the contract law sector. The utilization of artificial intelligence in the contract law sector aims to obtain efficiency and accuracy in making contract designs. This research uses the normative law writing method. The type of data used is secondary data using qualitative analysis techniques. The research results explain that artificial intelligence in the legal sector is called legal-tech to facilitate contract drafter in designing, reviewing, and analyzing contracts through the smart contract feature. The smart contract feature has the ability as a contract generator system to create a complete contract design along with a legal analysis of the contract. However, there are some risks of using it in human biased decision making, data leakage, and cyber-attacks. The challenge faced is that the legal profession will be disrupted and potentially reduce the role of some existing legal jobs.
Irvan Arif Kurniawan, Dede Yusman, Indri Okshana Aprilia
KTP is a proof of identification issued by the implementing agency that applies throughout the territory of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. The existence of KTP is recognized as very important in daily life because it is used in all activities or any series of administrative transactions. Field studies found the number of cases of Asphalt ID cards (original but fake) used as a means of media fraud. Because ID cards are very easy to falsify this makes it difficult to identify cases of data misappropriation. The focus of the research was the utilization of Blockchain, by applying distributed consensus and cryptography in improving the administration management system of KTP to identify the existence of fake IDs and double data. The research method used is descriptive analysis method and literature study. By implementing the decentralization and cryptographic system owned by Blockchain, it is expected to minimize the occurrence of identity misappropriation, as well as be able to be a technology capable of contributing to the success of aspects of state administration governance systems.
Abstract This article aims to analyze how the implementation of the principle of freedom of contract in smart contract e-commerce. Using the normative juridical method, this article concludes that the standard e-commerce agreement has not fulfilled the principle of freedom of contract and has not reflected the values of justice, balance, and proportionality. The contents of the agreement have been made unilaterally. Therefore, further studies are needed to provide space for the parties to negotiate the e-commerce sale and purchase agreement.Abstrak Tujuan dari penulisan artikel ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana penerapan asas kebebasan berkontrak dalam perjanjian baku smart contract e-commerce. Dengan menggunakan metode yuridis normatif, maka kesimpulan dari artikel ini adalah bahwa perjanjian baku smart cotract e-commerce tersebut belum memenuhi asas kebebasan berkontrak dan belum mencerminkan nilai keadilan, keseimbangan dan proporsionalitas karena isi perjanjian telah dibuat secara sepihak. Oleh karena itu diperlukan kajian lebih lanjut untuk memberikan ruang agar para pihak dapat bernegosiasi dalam perjanjian jual beli e-commerce.
The technology of smart contract is a new technology applied in online trading. This technology has the possibility of errors and its arrangement that results in losses to buyers. This study was aimed to examine the legal certainty for the users smart contract in e-commerce transactions in Indonesia. The method used was the normative juridical method. The results of the study indicate that the privacy policy on smart contracts in e-commerce transactions based on national and international laws still has a legal vacuum in which the aspect of national law is guided by the ITE Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning Amendments to Law Number 11 of 2008 and the Regulation of the Minister of Communication and Information Number 20 of 2016 concerning Personal Data Protection in Electronic Systems. Then, in the aspect of international law referring to the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce (MLEC), it also establishes the rules for the formation and validity of contracts made electronically and for attribution.
Dewanti Arya Maha Rani, I Nyoman Gede Sugiartha, Ni Made Sukaryati Karma
The continuation of the electronic media that is widely discussed today is virtual money, commonly known as cryptocurrency. Cryptocurrency can also be referred to as an unformed commercial object; actually in digital form which can be used in electronic transactions. This study aims to analyze the existence of virtual money (cryptocurrency) in stock trading in Indonesia and to find out the responsibilities of money laundering offenders who use virtual money (cryptocurrency) in stock trading. The research method used is normative legal research. The results show that the existence of virtual money (cryptocurrency) in stock trading in Indonesia when used as currency unification, transact, trade or as a means of payment with businesses in this case, especially stock trading in Indonesia can be said to be invalid in terms of Law Number 7. 2011 concerning Currency. Users of virtual money (cryptocurrency) in Indonesia are quite widely used in business, which can be seen in Indonesia itself that virtual money (cryptocurreny) such as Bitcoin and Centcoin are circulating. Then, the responsibility of the perpetrators of money laundering who use virtual money (Cryptocurrency) in stock trading, where this action has a very negative impact on the Indonesian State, especially in terms of business because people who have committed these crimes take advantage of technological advances unwise so that the perpetrators can be ensnared based on Law No. 8 of 2010 concerning the prevention and eradication of the crime of money laundering.
Blockchain is an emerging technology that has recently been the focus for many researchers who have highlighted its diverse applications including healthcare. Transparency in managing unsolicited patient complaints is important in healthcare for both patients and healthcare providers; in addition, patient complaints analysis is significant to the continued quality improvement. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to understand the nature of patient complaints management in the healthcare settings, explore the implications of blockchain on the management of patient complaints, and identify limitations in the usage of blockchain. Structured qualitative review and content analysis of the literature methods were used through multiple inclusion and exclusion phases for the scope of this research. Blockchain technology characteristics have been analyzed and approximated with desired features in the patients’ complaint management. Patient complaints provide valuable information to drive continuous improvements in healthcare. Blockchain is described as transparent, decentralized, immutable and anonymous. Results of this research found that a complaint Management system that is built on blockchain technology might have desired features that involve data integrity, security and transparency. Blockchain does have certain limitations that involve cybersecurity, scalability, confidentiality, readiness to adopt it, and is uncertainty about its impact. As a conclusion, implementing a system to manage patient complaints that is based on blockchain technology is promising, due to its desired possible features.
Current technological developments have digital money or cryptocurrency which is currently being used as an investment by the world community. Seeing this, the government has now issued CoFTRA Regulation Number 5 of 2019 concerning Technical Provisions for the Implementation of the Physical Asset Market in the Futures Exchange to ensure legal protection for investors and legal certainty in the event of a dispute. This study aims to analyze protection The law against Cryptocurrency Investors is reviewed based on Bappebti Regulation Number 5 of 2019 and analyzes the legal efforts made in the event of a dispute in cryptocurrency investment. The research method in this study uses normative legal research methods with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The results of this study show that the Indonesian Government has accommodated the interests of crypto asset trading as well as a guideline and clarity for the public regarding the government's recognition of the presence of bitcoin and virtual currancy, namely through Bappebti Number 5 of 2019 and dispute disputes that occur between cryptocurrency investors and cryptocurrency marketplaces by way of non-litigation and arbitration through the Commodity Futures Trading Arbitration Board (BAKTI). Perkembangan teknologi saat ini telah terdapat uang digital atau cryptocurrency yang saat ini dijadikan sebagai investasi oleh masyrakat dunia. Melihat hal tersebut kini pemerintah telah mengeluarkan Peraturan Bappebti Nomor 5 Tahun 2019 Tentang tentang Ketentuan Tekhnis Penyelenggaraan Pasar Fisik Asset Kripto (Crypto Asset) di Bursa Berjangka untuk memastikan adanya perlindungan hukum bagi para investor dan kepastian hukum apabila terdapat sengketa. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa perlindungan Hukum terhadap Para Investor Cryptocurrency dikaji berdasarkan Peraturan Bappebti Nomor 5 Tahun 2019 serta menganalisa upaya Hukum yang dilakukan apabila terjadi sengketa dalam investasi cryptocurrency. Metode penelitian dalam studi ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Hasil studi ini menunjukkan bahwa Pemerintah Indonesia telah mengakomodir kepentingan perdagangan kripto aset serta sebagai suatu pedoman dan kejelasan bagi masyarakat terkait pengakuan pemerintah terhadap kehadiran bitcoin dan virtual currancy yaitu melalui Bappebti Nomor 5 Tahun 2019 dan perselisihan sengketa yang terjadi antara investor cryptocurrency dengan marketplace cryptocurrency dapat diselesaikan dengan jalan non-litigasi dan abitrase melalui Badan Arbitrase Perdagangan Berjangka Komoditi (BAKTI).
<p>Abstract<br />This article aims to know the use of cryptocurrency can replace conventional money as a means of payment in Indonesia. This article belongs to the type of normative legal research that is prescriptive to produce a new concept in resolving the problems faced by supported by a legal approach and a case approach. The data used is secondary data with primary binding and fundamental material. Data collection techniques using library studies. The data analysis technique used by the authors is a silogism analysis. The results showed that cryptocurrencies are difficult to substitute for conventional currency use as a means of payment in Indonesia because there is no centralized authority governing as well as the value of a relatively unstable cryptocurrency from Conventional currency that has been circulating in Indonesia is the rupiah, it is difficult to use cryptocurrency as a means of payment at the least level of Use daily.<br />Keywords: Payment Tools; Paymeny Systems; Conventional Currency; Cryptocurrency.</p><p>Abstrak<br />Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penggunaan cryptocurrency dapat menggantikan uang konvensional sebagai alat pembayaran di Indonesia. Artikel ini termasuk ke dalam jenis penelitian hukum normatif yang bersifat preskriptif untuk menghasilkan konsep baru dalam menyelesaikan permasalahan yang dihadapi, didukung dengan pendekatan undang-undang dan pendekatan kasus. Data yang digunakan merupakan data sekunder dengan bahan hukum primer yang sifatnya mengikat dan mendasar. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan studi kepustakaan. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan penulis merupakan analisis silogisme. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa cryptocurrency sulit untuk menggantikan kegunaan mata uang konvensional sebagai alat pembayaran di Indonesia karena tidak ada otoritas terpusat yang mengatur serta nilai dari cryptocurrency yang relatif tidak stabil dari mata uang konvensional yang sudah beredar di Indonesia yaitu rupiah, maka sulit untuk menggunakan cryptocurrency sebagai alat pembayaran di tingkat paling kecil yaitu penggunaan sehari-hari.<br />Kata Kunci: Alat Pembayaran; Sistem Pembayaran; Uang Konvensional; Cryptocurrency.</p>
Associated with the current development of the emergence of many technologies that have increased in the world, especially in industry, one of which is the blockchain which is a new technology that is undergoing drastic density, this technology has data that is difficult to manipulate so that the blockchain has data security very trusted, and every record of all the contents of the transaction data can be known from one server to another server so that both parties know each other what the activities are carried out. The recording of transactions in this blockchain technology is connected in one block that is secured directly by a computer network, the blockchain itself has several applications such as Cryptocurrency or can also be called digital currencies, and Smart Contracts. This Smart Contracts is an application owned by blockchain technology that carries out an agreement or digital agreement in the computer program code that is entrusted by both parties stored in the blockchain database, so that it cannot be changed by anyone or the help of other parties, then no longer needed entities that can be trusted in using Smart Contracts. These Smart Contracts help to process the exchange of money, shares and property. Currently there are many industries that use Smart Contracts, such as the business industry that records financial services, the health industry which records data on patient health history, even the insurance and government industries also use Smart Contracts, therefore the existence of Smart Contracts is useful to avoid an intermediary service so that a transaction process will be trtransparent.
INDONESIA:
Artikel ini membahas tipologi dan karakteristik smart contract dengan peraturan perundang-undangan tentang kontrak, peraturan tentang ITE (informasi dan transaksi elektronik) di Indonesia, undang-undang tentang perlindungan konsumen dan unsure perjanjian syariah dalam bingkai maqosid syariah. Tidak seperti kontrak normal, yang dirancang oleh pengacara, ditandatangani oleh pihak yang ikut serta, dan ditegakkan oleh hukum, Smart Contract menetapkan hubungan dengan kode kriptografi.Untuk menemukan jawaban atas problematika tersebut, tipe penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah normatif dengan pendekataan statute approach (undang-undang) dan konseptual perjanjian syariah. Adapun hasil dari penelitian ini adalah Smart Contract merupakan kontrak sah dan dapat diaplikasikan dengan berpedoman pada regulasi mengenahi kontrak, khususnya kontrak elektronik dengan mengedepankan asas kebebasan berkontrak, itikad baik, saling ridlo dan kemaslahatan.
ENGLISH:
This article discusses characteristics of the smart contract with theclaws and regulations concerning contracts, information and electronic transactions in Indonesia, consumer protection and elements of sharia agreements in the sharia maqosid frame. Unlike normal contracts, designed by lawyers, signed by participating parties, and enforced by law, Smart Contract establishes a relationship with cryptographic codes. To find answers to these problems, researchers used a type of normative research with a legislative approach and a conceptual approach to sharia agreements. The result of this research is that Smart Contract is a legal contract and can be applied by referring to regulations concerning the contract, especially the electronic contract by prioritizing the principles of freedom of contract, good faith, mutual respect and benefit.
Autentifikasi arsip, terutama pada arsip elektronik, masih dianggap sebagai isu di dunia kearsipan. Teknologi Blockchain, yang terlebih dahulu digunakan pada mata uang digital, dianggap dapat menjadi penyelesai masalah tersebut. Blockhain dianggap dapat membawa dampak yang signifikan pada pengelolaan kearsipan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi penerapan teknologi Blockchain di bidang kearsipan, meliputi; cara kerja, contoh penerapan, peluang, dan tantangannya hingga kontradiksi teknologi blockchain pada ilmu kearsipan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan sumber data literatur di berbagai bidang dikaitkan dengan konsep dasar ilmu kearsipan sebagai dasar analisis. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat beragam peluang yang dapat dikembangkan dengan blockhain. Tantangan dalam implementasi, khususnya di Indonesia serta kontradiksi teknologi blockchain dengan konsep dasar ilmu kearsipan. Secara umum penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa perlu kajian lebih mendalam agar teknologi blockchain dapat memenuhi kepatuhan pada konsep dan prinsip dasar pada ilmu kearsipan, utamanya dalam hal autentisitas.ABSTRACTThe archival authentication is still considered as an important issue. Blockchain technology, which was previously used in digital currencies, is considered to be the solution to the issue. This study discusses the application of blockchain technology in the archival field; how it works, its implementation, opportunities, challenges, and the contradiction of blockchain technology in the archival field. This study uses a qualitative method with literature sources obtained from various fields with the basic concept of archival science used as the basis for analysis. The study indicated that there vary of opportunities that can be developed with blockchain. The challenges in implementation, especially in Indonesia and the contradiction of blockchain technology with the basic concept of archival science. In conclusion, it needs deeper study to be done so that the blockchain technology can meet the needs of the basic concepts and principles of archival science, which are related to authenticity.
Bitcoin is widely used and accepted by many countries. The features that are being offered and the positive uprising of its price have made made it popular among its users and investors. The value of Bitcoin started from less than a dollar in 2009 and raking up to over two thousand dollar within 2017. In Indonesia, Bitcoin became popular in 2013; a group of people began to form a community and online forum where people with similar interest can gather and conduct exchange of Bitcoin. In early 2014, the community had formed the first professional Bitcoin brokerage service in Indonesia which also known as bitcoin.co.id and over fifty thousand members were registered. With the daily transaction valuing over five hundred million Rupiah, bitcoin.co.id has made its name on South East Asia. However, despite the positive response in Indonesia, the lack of legal framework regulating cryptocurrencyand the risk of misusing it to fund illicit activity has become a national concern. This paper provides an analysis of legal problems that are being encountered by Indonesia government and thorough comparison with America’s laws on cryptocurrency. By stipulating a law on cryptocurrency, Indonesia’s government would have show support for cryptocurrency in Indonesia through reducing the volatility risk and the possible illicit activities derived from the usage of cryptocurrency.
Tulisan ini akan mengkaji bagaimana perlindungan hukum bagi pengguna bitcoin dan syarat atau standar keamanan yang harus dipenuhi oleh pelaku usaha bitcoin ditinjau dari hukum yang berlaku di Indonesia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian yuridis normatif. Hasil dari penelitian ini ialah bitcoin telah dinyatakan sebagai komoditas, maka dari itu pemilik bitcoin dapat menuntut kerugian berdasarkan ketentuan dalam UU Perdagangan Berjangka Komoditi dan juga dapat melakukan upaya hukum sesuai dengan ketentuan Peraturan Bappebti, kemudian untuk melindungi pemilik bitcoin pedagang aset kripto wajib memiliki sertifikasi ISO 27001 (Information Security Management System), ISO 27017 (Cloud Security) dan ISO 27018 (Cloud Privaxy) sebagai standar keamanan penyelenggara transaksi elektronik.
Penerapan Teknologi Blockchain guna memberikan keamanan terhadap keamanan sertifikat di era digital 4.0 agar tidak terjadinya manipulasi oleh pihak yang tidak bertanggung jawab. Dengan menggunakan metode perumusan masalah, perancangan penelitian, pengumpulan data, pengolahan & penyajian data, analisa & laporan penelitian dan metode penelitian 7 (tujuh) literature review. Hal ini diharapkan agar dapat menyelesaikan permasalahan keamanan sertifikat itu sendiri. Saat ini keamanan dalam sertifikat masih sangat minim, oleh karena itu dibutuhkan adanya teknologi blockchain untuk mengamankan sertifikat dari proses manipulasi oleh pihak yang tidak bertanggung jawab. Secara khusus, terdapat 2 (dua) manfaat dari penelitian ini yang menggunakan teknologi blockchain, (1) Sertifikat menjadi lebih aman dengan adanya kode enkripsi, (2) Sertifikat menjadi lebih transparan dengan adanya blockchain. Penelitian ini mengimplementasikan kode enkripsi ke dalam sistem keamanan sertifikat menggunakan teknologi blockchain dimana saat ini banyaknya kasus manipulasi data di dalam sertifikat.
Dunia saat ini sedang menghadapi fenomena disrupsi, dimana pergerakan dunia industri bergerak sangat cepat dari tatanan lama menuju tatanan yang baru. Dalam perkembangan di bidang ekonomi pada era ini sejalan dengan perkembangan teknologi, dan salah satu perkembangan di bidang ekonomi adalah munculnya Bitcoin. Bitcoin adalah uang virtual yang menggunakan teknologi Cryptocurrency, sebagai salah satu uang virtual yang terkenal menjadi tren baru sebagai pembayaran internasional dengan semua manfaatnya. Di antara Cryptocurrency yang ada yang paling menonjol adalah Bitcoin. Di Indonesia, Bitcoin telah menarik perhatian dikarenakan beberapa kelebihan yang dimilikinya serta sudah mulai melakukan ekspansi besar dan sudah tersedia marketplace tersendiri. Dalam peredarannya di Indonesia Bitcoin menjadi polemik tersendiri di dunia maupun Indonesia. Ada beberapa negara di dunia yang melegalkan peredaran Bitcoin serta memiliki regulasi hukum dan juga ada negara yang melarang keras peredarannya. Di Indonesia sendiri belum ada kejelasan apakah Bitcoin boleh digunakan atau tidak sebagai suatu mata uang, serta sikap pemerintah yang menyatakan bahwa segala resiko penggunaan Bitcoin ditanggung oleh pemilik dan penggunaan Bitcoin di Indonesia yang justru bertentangan dengan pasal 28 UUD 1945 yang menyatakan bahwa negara harus menjamin kepastian hukum dan perlindungan hukum bagi setiap warga negaranya.
The existence of cryptocurrency has attracted controvercies world wide. Many people, including Indonesian, had benefit from cryptocurrency, meanwhile there were also more people suffered lost from “investment” in cryptocurrency. The aim of this research was to make clear the legal status of cryptocurrency in Indonesia. This research was a normative legal research. It conducted literature review to obtain the required data. Data obtained and used in this research were secondary data, which consisted of primary, secondary and tertiary legal documents. Data obtained from literature review were analysed using normative comparative method with qualitative approach. The result proved that as currency, the existence of cryptocurrency for payment was legally prohibited. The involvement of Indonesian citizen in the “investment” in form of crytocurrency can be treated as against public policy even though the issuance of such cryptocurrency was subject to foreign applicable laws.
Hasil studi yang dilakukan oleh IlmuOne Data menyatakan bahwa e-commerce platform di Indonesia mengalami rata-rata pertumbuhan sekitar 100 persen dan kenaikan tertinggi yaitu 135 persen pada periode Januari sampai dengan Juni 2017. Salah satu contoh potensi penerapan smart contract adalah dalam bisnis jual beli dalam e-commerce, mengingat teknologi blockchain kini berkembang pesat tidak hanya pada cryptocurrency, tetapi juga dalam layanan keuangan dan pembayaran dengan smart contract. Namun, belum ditemukan pengaturan mengenai smart contract dalam hukum kontrak dan hukum jual-beli di Indonesia. Kemudian, perlindungan hukum para pihak dalam smart contract perlu untuk ditelusuri guna mewujudkan keadilan dan kepastian hukum dalam berkontrak. Dalam rangka menjawab permasalahan tersebut, peneliti menggunakan tipe penelitian normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti menghubungkan karakteristik smart contract dengan peraturan perundang-undangan mengenai kontrak, informasi dan transaksi elektronik di Indonesia. Peneliti juga menelusuri peraturan perundang-undangan mengenai perlindungan konsumen, serta asas-asas hukum kontrak yang dapat diterapkan untuk mewujudkan keadilan dan kepastian hukum para pihak smart contract. Dari penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa smart contract merupakan bentuk kontrak yang sah dan dapat diterapkan di Indonesia dengan adanya peraturan mengenai kontrak, khususnya kontrak elektronik. Kemudian, penerapan Asas Proporsionalitas dan Asas Itikad Baik dapat mewujudkan smart contract yang berkeadilan dan menguntungkan para pihak.
Bitcoin adalah salah satu macam alat bayar yang diciptakan dan dikembangkan tidak di bawah otoritas apapun. Penggunaan Bitcoin berkembang dari tahun ke tahun dengan nilai pertukaran yang tinggi. Bahkan pada tahun 2018, nilai Bitcoin mencapai USD 19,783.06 per 1 (satu) Bitcoin yang mana nilai tersebut bersifat fluktuatif karena jumlah Bitcoin tersebut terbatas yakni hanya mencapai maksimal 21 juta (dua puluh satu juta). Terhadap popularitas Bitcoin tersebut, Bank Indonesia mengeluarkan pernyataan bahwa Bitcoin bukanlah alat pembayaran yang sah dan risiko penggunaan akan ditanggung sendiri oleh pengguna. Penelitian ini membahas mengenai keabsahan transaksi yang menggunakan Bitcoin jika alat bayarnya tersebut tidak sah. Penulis akan meninjau karakteristik Bitcoin sebagai uang virtual, Bitcoin sebagai mata uang dalam berbagai sisi, serta keabsahan transaksi Bitcoin jika dikaitkan dengan syarat perjanjian berdasarkan Kitab Undangundang Hukum Perdata. Terhadap transaksi menggunakan Bitcoin tersebut bertentangan dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku. Dalam menjawab isu hukum yang ada, Penulis menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif dengan melakukan penelitian yang dikaji dari sumber hukum yang berlaku dengan menggunakan metode pendekatan konseptual dan pendekatan Undangundang.
Purpose The innovation of cryptography technique and blockchain has made cryptocurrency an alternative medium of exchange due to its safety, transparency and cost effectiveness. But its main feature cannot be separated from the users who use cryptocurrency for their illegal transactions. There are several arguments related to the legality of cryptocurrency. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the nature of cryptocurrency based on characteristics of money, legal perspective, economic perspective and Sharia perspective. Design/methodology/approach In this study, the methodology used is descriptive with a qualitative approach. The object of this research is cryptocurrency. The data are secondary data obtained from peer-reviewed journal articles, conference papers review, working paper and Sharia consultant reports addressing the legality of cryptocurrency. The literature review analysis includes the following steps: material collection, descriptive analysis, discussion with people in Sharia competency and intuitive-subjective material evaluation. Findings Regarding the characteristic of money, cryptocurrency is acceptable. But in terms of the legal perspectives, cryptocurrency does not meet the criteria as currency. From the economic perspective, cryptocurrency does not fully meet the characteristic currency due to high price volatility, and from the Sharia perspective, cryptocurrency can be considered property (mal) but not as a monetary value (thamanniyah). Research limitations/implications The research findings are based on the journal articles, working paper and Sharia consultant report, and it may lack Sharia’s opinion. Any further discussion related to Sharia perspectives will be a great input to enrich the study. Practical implications This study also includes the implications related to the opportunities and the risks of cryptocurrency that can be discussed for the development of the cryptocurrency in the future. Social implications This study includes the implication cryptocurrency is using as nature of money and not as speculative instrument. Originality/value This study argued the legality of cryptocurrency in four perspectives such as the nature of money, legal, economy and Sharia perspective.
<p>Abstract<br />This article writing aims to study the bitcoin buying and selling transactions that are facilitated by the Indodax website according to the rule of law in Indonesia and protection for those who conduct bitcoin buying and selling transactions in Indonesia.This legal research is normative legal research that acts prescriptively and applied. Request submitted to the user. The technique of obtaining legal material used uses basic materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials. Legal materials analysis techniques draw conclusions from a debate that draws general attention to the concrete problems needed.Bitcoin buying and selling transactions facilitated by the first Indodax website are in accordance with the principles of agreement and the legal requirements contained in the Civil Code, the first in accordance with Law No. 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions and Government Regulations Number 82 of 2012 concerning the Implementation of Systems and Electronic Transactions, and the third in accordance with Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. With the issuance of the Commodity Futures Trading Regulatory Agency Regulation No. 5 of 2019 concerning the Technical Provisions for the Implementation of the Physical Market of Crypto Assets (Crypto Assets) on the Futures Exchange, the bitcoin buying and selling transaction has been approved and supported by law in Indonesia. Regulations on how to buy bitcoin, the requirements for establishing the physical market for crypto assets or exchanges, and the procedure for disputing approval. Legal protection of bitcoin buying and selling transactions is divided into several aspects of privacy, the intensity of legal subjects, object transactions, and the responsibility of the parties.<br />Keywords : bitcoin; buy and sell; indodax</p><p>Abstrak<br />Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keabsahan perjanjian transaksi jual beli bitcoin yang difasilitasi website Indodax menurut kaidah hukum di indonesia dan perlindungan bagi para pihak yang melakukan transaksi jual beli bitcoin di indonesia. Penelitian hukum ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif yang bersifat preskriptif dan terapan. Pendekatan yang penulis gunakan adalah pendekatan perundang-undangan. Teknik pengumpulan bahan hukum yang penulis gunakan yakni dengan cara pengumpulan bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder, dan bahan hukum tersier. Teknik analisis bahan hukum dilakukan secara deduktif yakni menarik kesimpulan dari suatu permasalahan yang bersifat umum terhadap permasalah konkret yang dihadapi.Transaksi jual beli bitcoin yang difasilitasi website Indodax yang pertama telah sesuai dengan asas-asas perjanjian dan syarat sah perjanjian yang terkandung dalam Kitab UndangUndang Hukum Perdata, yang kedua telah sesuai dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik serta Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 82 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyelenggaraan Sistem dan Transaksi Elektronik, dan yang ketiga adalah telah sesuai dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen. Dengan dikeluarkannya Peraturan Badan Pengawas Perdagangan Berjangka Komoditi Nomor 5 Tahun 2019 tentang Ketentuan Teknis Penyelenggaraan Pasar Fisik Aset Kripto (Crypto Asset) di Bursa Berjangka, maka transaksi jual beli bitcoin sudah resmi diakui dan mempunyai dasar hukum di indonesia. Peraturan ini memuat berbagai hal tentang tata cara jual beli bitcoin, persyaratan pendirian pasar fisik aset kripto atau exchange, dan prosedur penyelesaian sengketa. Perlindungan hukum transaksi jual beli bitcoin dibagi dalam beberapa aspek meliputi privasi, otentisitas subjek hukum, objek transaksi, dan tanggung jawab para pihak.<br />Kata kunci: bitcoin; jual beli; indodax</p>
Penggunaan blockchain dalam kehidupan manusia kini telah menyentuh sektor pertanian dengan diperkenalkannya agri-blockchain pada awal 2018. Salah satu aspek pemanfaatan agri-blockchain adalah integrasi Smart Contract dalam asuransi pertanian yang menghasilkan generasi asuransi pertanian otomatis dan efektif. Di Indonesia, meskipun Smart Contract belum digunakan dalamasuransi pertanian, penggunaan asuransi pertanian untuk memastikan kesejahteraan petani telah dirumuskan melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2013 tentang Perlindungan dan Pemberdayaan Petani. Namun, dalam pemanfaatannya, asuransi pertanian di Indonesia masih terhambat oleh prosesverifikasi dan klaim asuransi pertanian yang kompleks. Masalah ini dapat diselesaikan melalui penggunaan Smart Contract dalam asuransi pertanian yang mampu menjalankan klausul asuransi pertanian secara otomatis dan memangkas waktu pemrosesan agar klaim kompensasi menjadi lebihpendek. Dalam hukum kontrak Indonesia dan hukum asuransi, penggunaan Smart Contract masih belum diatur. Dengan masalah yang ada, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penggunaan Smart Contract dalam asuransi pertanian berdasarkan hukum Indonesia.
Indonesia's recent development in legal policy toward cryptocurrency is pertinent to ask whether this new investment market has any more risk to throw over Indonesia than how to protect the existing variable parties by overall structural formation. This tendency has prevented the government to implement the machinery of more fundamental keynote of policy. Against this backdrops, this research first analyzes the existing laws and regulations to examine the current legal status of virtual currency in Indonesia with the method of conceptual analysis. Despite the Government's skeptical stance about economic soundness that cryptocurrency market leads, however, how to protect the various parties in the existing market is a different issue which still needs an urgent attention from policy makers, legal practitioners, judiciary and academic researchers. Therefore, this paper further studies the relevant laws and regulations governing the actual operation of cryptocurrency exchange in Indonesia to discuss the more practical aspects by interviewing an Indonesian cryptocurrency exchange and professional lawyers at Dentons HPRP. Subsequently, the most worrisome legal risks in the industry are diagnosed by interviewing a global cryptocurrency exchanges. This study concludes that BAPPEBTI Regulation No. 5 of 2019 cannot be the good answer to minimize the risk and will only harm bona fide market participants without a good-standing authority.
<p>Abstract<br />This review is to analyze the validity of electronic contracts in e-commerce transactions using bitcoin in <br />terms of civil law. This study is based on the results of the normative legal study that is descriptive by using <br />the law approach. The types and sources of legal materials used are secondary data. The technique <br />of collecting legal materials using literature study. The technique of analysis of legal materials used is <br />qualitative with deductive method in drawing conclusion. The result of research shows the validity of <br />electronic contract in e-commerce transaction with bitcoin payment method must fulfill the provisions of <br />Article 1320 KUH Perdata regarding the validity of the agreement. In e-commerce transactions by bitcoin <br />payment methods the terms of validity in Article 1320 KUH Perdata are very difficult to fulfill, so contracts <br />born in e-commerce transactions by method of payment through bitcoin are invalid and can be canceled <br />through a court decision if the parties or wrong one party wishes, but if the parties do not request a <br />cancellation then the contract remains valid and binds the parties involved. The responsibilities of each <br />party involved in this transaction ie the seller, the buyer, the payment system provider, and the expedition <br />must be viewed in terms of the respective parties’ liabilities and also seen from the disadvantages caused <br />by the fault of the parties involved.<br />Keywords: Electronic Contract; E-Commerce Transaction; Bitcoin</p><p>Abstrak<br />Kajian ini untuk menganalisis keabsahan kontrak elektronik dalam transaksi e-commerce menggunakan <br />bitcoin ditinjau dari aspek hukum perdata. Kajian ini didasarkana atas hasil kajian hukum normatif yang <br />bersifat deskriptif dengan menggunakan pendekatan undang- undang. Jenis dan sumber bahan hukum <br />yang digunakan adalah berupa data sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan bahan hukum menggunakan studi <br />kepustakaan. Teknik analisis bahan hukum yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan metode deduktif <br />dalam penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan keabsahan kontrak elektronik dalam transaksi <br />e-commerce dengan metode pembayaran bitcoin haruslah memenuhi ketentuan Pasal 1320 KUH Perdata <br />mengenai syarat sahnya perjanjian. Dalam transaksi e-commerce dengan metode pembayaran bitcoin <br />syarat-syarat keabsahan dalam Pasal 1320 KUH Perdata sangatlah sulit untuk dipenuhi, sehingga kontrak <br />yang lahir dalam transaksi e-commerce dengan metode pembayaran melalui bitcoin tidak sah dan dapat <br />dibatalkan melalui putusan pengadilan apabila para pihak atau salah<br />satu pihak menghendaki, namun apabila para pihak tidak meminta pembatalan maka kontrak tersebut <br />tetap berlaku dan mengikat para pihak yang terlibat. Tanggung jawab masing-masing pihak yang terlibat <br />didalam transaksi ini yakni penjual, pembeli, penyelenggara sistem pembayaran, dan pihak ekspedisi <br />harus dilihat dari segi kewajiban masing-masing pihak dan juga dilihat dari kerugiaan tersebut disebabkan <br />oleh kesalahan pihak yang terlibat.<br />Kata Kunci : Kontrak Elektronik, Transaksi E-Commerce, Bitcoin</p>
The existence of cryptocurrency has attracted controvercies world wide. Many people, including Indonesian, had benefit from cryptocurrency, meanwhile there were also more people suffered lost from “investment” in cryptocurrency. The aim of this research was to make clear the legal status of cryptocurrency in Indonesia. This research was a normative legal research. It conducted literature review to obtain the required data. Data obtained and used in this research were secondary data, which consisted of primary, secondary and tertiary legal documents. Data obtained from literature review were analysed using normative comparative method with qualitative approach. The result proved that as currency, the existence of cryptocurrency for payment was legally prohibited. The involvement of Indonesian citizen in the “investment” in form of crytocurrency can be treated as against public policy even though the issuance of such cryptocurrency was subject to foreign applicable laws.