Nowadays, special attention is directed to trust issues in the Decentralized Online Social Network (DOSN). In a distributed system for social networking, interactions and collaborations can be unreliable because some users resort to malicious behaviors in order to increase their trust values in the network to be chosen later by others, and launch trust-related attacks. In this unreliable situation, users will not be able to estimate the trustworthiness of the received social services’ list of recommendations. Hence, a trust management model becomes a necessity in order to overcome its trust-related attacks and to recommend trustworthy social services. In this respect, we propose a new trust management model that helps prevent trust-related attacks in order to ensure a reliable environment. Towards this end, our suggested model implements a new technology, called blockchain. Based on the studied trust-related attacks, we intend to add logical security to blockchain since this technology takes into account only the physical security. Evaluation values show the effectiveness of our model.
Auto electronic insurance policy and electronic maintenance list record the entire process of auto owners purchasing auto insurance and repairs after accident, respectively. They play a vital role in auto owners’ applications for claims and insurance company’s judgment on whether to settle the claims. However, the privacy of insurance policy and the “information island” resulting from the nonsharing of data between users make the claim has low efficiency. The notable features of blockchain technology are decentralization and tamper‐proof, which can well solve data sharing and privacy protection. This paper proposes a blockchain‐based auto insurance data sharing scheme to improve the existing auto insurance claim system. The scheme includes four main bodies: auto owner, insurance company, 4S Shop, and government authority. In the proposed scheme, the data sharing of authorized users is realized through proxy reencryption. Finally, we have analyzed the security and performance of the solution. The analysis results show that the proposed scheme can meet many security features such as user access control and data tamper resistance and has an ideal calculation and communication cost.
Blockchain is a technology that provides security features that can be used for more than just cryptocurrencies. Blockchain achieves security by saving the information of one block in the next block. Changing the information of one block will require changes to all the next block in order for that change to take effect. Which makes it unfeasible for such an attack to happen. However, the structure of how blockchain works makes the last block always vulnerable for attacks, given that its information is not saved yet in any block. This allows malicious node to change the information of the last block and generate a new block and broadcast it to the network. Given that the nodes always follow the longer chain wins rule, the malicious node will win given that it has the longest chain in the network. This paper suggests a solution to this issue by making the nodes send consistency check messages before broadcasting a block. If the nodes manage to successfully verify that the node that generated a new block hasn’t tampered with the blockchain than that block will be broadcasted. The results of the simulation show suggested protocol provided better security compared to the regular blockchain.
The smart city is a technological framework that connects the city’s different components to create new opportunities. This connection is possible with the help of the Internet of Things (IoT), which provides a digital personality to physical objects. Some studies have proposed integrating Blockchain technology with IoT in different use cases as access, orchestration, or replicated storage layer. The majority of connected objects’ capacity limitation makes the use of Blockchain inadequate due to its redundancy and its conventional processing-intensive consensus like PoW. This paper addresses these challenges by proposing a NOVEL model of a lightweight Blockchain framework (IoT-SmartChain), with a lightweight consensus and a lightweight structure. The framework architecture presents a role hierarchy of connected objects according to their computational and storage capacity. This organization allows all things to be linked even indirectly via different interfaces and to benefit from the power of high-capacity objects such as Fog and Edge computing nodes. Data is validated and added to the blockchain ledger by running a lightweight consensus called Proof of Random Participation (PoRP), which reduces the blockchain nodes’ high computing power requirement. The TOPIC subscription-based data storage strategy called Assisted Selected Relevant Data in Local Ledger (ASRDLL) reduces the data size of a node’s local ledger and the entire network’s data size. This strategy is assisted by a centralized algorithm that optimizes the overall network size by adjusting the choice of TOPICS. The storage capacity, computational power, and energy consumption have been evaluated by a proof of concept implementation under NodeJS.
This paper proposes a method for improving the data security of wireless sensor networks based on blockchain technology. Blockchain technology is applied to data transfer to build a highly secure wireless sensor network. In t... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on Tech Science Press
The underlying technology of Bitcoin is Blockchain, which was initially designed for financial value transfer only. Nonetheless, due to its decentralized architecture, fault tolerance and cryptographic security benefits such as pseudonymous identities, data integrity, and authentication, researchers and security analysts around the world are focusing on the Blockchain to resolve security and privacy issues of IoT. For enhancing security, Blockchain has emerged with IoT which is also called the integration of Blockchain and IoT. In this paper, we present the integration of IoT with Blockchain and the need of Blockchain has been discussed, to understand more about B-IoT, solutions available in the IoT environment and its integration challenges have been explained and an explanation has been provided about the benefit of this integration and Blockchain-based marketplaces. We have identified the gaps by mapping the security and performance benefits inferred by the Blockchain technologies and some of the Blockchain-based IoT applications against the IoT requirements.
Lingling Guo, Qingfu Liu, Ke Shi, Yao Gao · 6 authors
In the era of paper-based contract, a lot of time, human labor and expenses are required to handle the process of contract drafting, contract signing, contract execution, and payment settlement. The emerging of electronic contract enhances the tedious signing process of paper-based contract and improves the efficiency of contract management. However, due to the centralized system architecture and the database-based storage schema, the stored contract data is at high risk of information leaking, data tampering and hacker attacks. In this study, we introduce Blockchain technology to the contract management, and develop a process-oriented contract management system (BEcontractor) for a Hangzhou-located power grid enterprise X, aiming to solve a series of security issues existing in the traditional electronic contract system. By deploying BEcontractor, procurement activities could be resumed online among X and its nation-widely commodity suppliers during COVID-19 epidemic. Up to September 2020, 6336 electronic contracts have been signed, with an accumulated amount of$\yen ~6.5$billion. It is showed that the cost for accomplishing the contract signing process was significantly reduced, and the payment period was shortened from three months to around one month.
Blockchain technology represents a paradigm shift in digital infrastructure, offering decentralized, immutable, and transparent frameworks for recording transactions and ensuring data integrity. Originating as the backbone of Bitcoin, it has evolved into a versatile tool with applications spanning finance, healthcare, and supply chain management. This review examines the core architecture of blockchain, encompassing distributed ledgers, cryptographic hashing, and consensus protocols, alongside its real-world deployments that enhance efficiency, traceability, and trust. It also scrutinizes persistent challenges, including scalability bottlenecks, privacy trade-offs, and security risks, through comparative analyses and case studies. Ultimately, the analysis reveals blockchain's capacity to foster resilient, intermediary-free systems while underscoring the imperative for adaptive solutions to realize its full transformative potential.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a widely used technology in the last decade in different applications. The Internet of things is wirelessly or wired to communicate, store, compute and track various real-time scenarios. This survey mainly discussed the core problems of Internet of things security and access control to unauthorized users and security requirements for IoT. The Internet of things is a heterogeneous device and has low memory, less processing power because of the small sizes. Nowadays, IoT systems are not sure and powerless to protect themselves against cyber attacks. It is mainly due to inadequate space in IoT gadgets, immature standards, and the lack of protected hardware and software design, development, and deployment. To meet IoT requirements, the authors discussed the limitations of traditional access control. Then the authors examined the potential to spread access control by implementing the safe architecture accommodated by the Blockchain. The authors also addressed how to use the Blockchain to work with and resolve some of the standards relevant to IoT security issues. In the end, an analysis of this survey shows future, open-ended problems, and challenges. It offers how the Blockchain potentially ensures reliable, scalable, and more efficient security solutions for IoT and further research work.
Tooba Faisal, Mischa Döhler, Simone Mangiante, Diego López
It is widely expected that future networks of 6G and beyond will deliver on the unachieved goals set by 5G. Technologies such as Internet of Skills and Industry 4.0 will become stable and viable, as a direct consequence of networks that offer sustained and reliable mobile performance levels. The primary challenges for future technologies are not just low-latency and high-bandwidth. The more critical problem Mobile Service Providers (MSPs) will face will be in balancing the inflated demands of network connections and customers' trust in the network service, that is, being able to interconnect billions of unique devices while adhering to the agreed terms of Service Level Agreements (SLAs). To meet these targets, it is self-evident that MSPs cannot operate in a solitary environment. They must enable cooperation among themselves in a manner that ensures trust, both between themselves as well as with customers. In this study, we present the BEAT (Blockchain-Enabled Accountable and Transparent) Infrastructure Sharing architecture. BEAT exploits the inherent properties of permissioned type of distributed ledger technology (i.e., permissioned distributed ledgers) to deliver on accountability and transparency metrics whenever infrastructure needs to be shared between providers. We also propose a lightweight method that enables device-level accountability. BEAT has been designed to be deployable directly as only minor software upgrades to network devices such as routers. Our simulations on a resource-limited device show that BEAT adds only a few seconds of overhead processing time -- with the latest state-of-the-art network devices, we can reasonably anticipate much lower overheads.
Internet of Things (IoT) aims to simplify the collection of the distributed data in a global manufacturing business, sharing and processing of information and knowledge across many collaborating partners using appropriate information system architecture. As with the IoT, convergence with blockchain technology that processes data, privacy and security-related issues, and data policies (e.g., regulatory compliance) may apply to data and software artefacts. Besides, blockchain technology could contribute to the more intelligent and flexible handling of transactional data through appropriate convergence with IoT technology in supporting data integration and processing. This paper examines this hybrid architecture’s privacy, security, and policy-related issues to appreciate the convergence and understand the integration of IoT and blockchain technology. This paper primarily identifies common trends focusing on relevant topics in blockchain-based IoT technology research and by highlighting the need to explore security issues further – for example, data privacy challenges in the manufacturing industry.
Abdullah Lakhan, Mazhar Ali Dootio, Ali Hassan Sodhro, Sandeep Pirbhulal · 7 authors
These days, healthcare applications on the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) network have been growing to deal with different diseases via different sensors. These healthcare sensors are connecting to the various healthcare fog servers. The hospitals are geographically distributed and offer different services to the patients from any ubiquitous network. However, due to the full offloading of data to the insecure servers, two main challenges exist in the IoMT network. (i) Data security of workflows healthcare applications between different fog healthcare nodes. (ii) The cost-efficient and QoS efficient scheduling of healthcare applications in the IoMT system. This paper devises the Cost-Efficient Service Selection and Execution and Blockchain-Enabled Serverless Network for Internet of Medical Things system. The goal is to choose cost-efficient services and schedule all tasks based on their QoS and minimum execution cost. Simulation results show that the proposed outperform all existing schemes regarding data security, validation by 10%, and cost of application execution by 33% in IoMT.
Jan 1, 2021·Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on ICT for Digital, Smart, and Sustainable Development, ICIDSSD 2020, 27-28 February 2020, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
Mohammed Shuaib, Shadab Alam, Salwani Mohd Daud, Sadaf Ahmad
Blockchain technology has emerged as a major technological platform that can record the various transaction and records in a secure and immutable format. It is being used in all sorts of transaction and record management in multiple fields. Social security is a domain that requires a system to corre
The right to privacy is the most fundamental right of a citizen in any country. Electronic Health Records (EHRs) in healthcare has faced problems with privacy breaches, insider outsider attacks and unauthenticated record access in recent years, the most serious being related to the privacy and security of medical data. Ensuring privacy and security while handling patient data is of the utmost importance as a patient’s information should only be released to others with the patient’s permission or if it is allowed by law. Electronic health data (EHD) is an emerging health information exchange model that enables healthcare providers and patients to efficiently store and share their private healthcare information from any place and at any time as required. Generally, cloud services provide the infrastructure by reducing the cost of storing, processing and updating information with improved efficiency and quality. However, the privacy of EHRs is a significant hurdle when outsourcing private health data in the cloud because there is a higher risk of health information being leaked to unauthorized parties. Several existing techniques can analyse the security and privacy issues associated with e-healthcare services. These methods are designed for single databases, or databases with an authentication centre and thus cannot adequately protect the data from insider attacks. In fact, storing EHRs on centralized databases increases the security risk footprint and requires trust in a single authority. Therefore, this research study mainly focuses on how to ensure patient privacy and security while sharing sensitive data between the same or different organisations as well as healthcare providers in a distributed environment. This research successfully proposes and implements a permissioned blockchain framework named Healthchain, which maintains the security, privacy, scalability and integrity of the e-health data. The blockchain is built on Hyperledger Fabric, a permissioned distributed ledger solution by employing Hyperledger Composer and stores EHRs by utilizing InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) to build the decentralized web applications. Healthchain builds a two-pronged solution (i) an on-chain solution implemented on the secure network of Hyperledger Fabric which utilizes the state database Couch DB, (ii) an off-chain solution to securely store encrypted data via IPFS. The Healthchain architecture employs Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) as the distributed network consensus processes to determine which block is to be added to the blockchain. Healthchain Hyperledger Fabric leverages container technology to host smart contracts called “chaincode” that comprises the application logic of this system. This research aimed at contributing towards the scalability in blockchain by storing the data hashes of health records on chain and the actual data is stored cryptographically off chain in IPFS, the decentralized storage. Moreover, the data stored in the IPFS will be encrypted by using special public key cryptographic algorithms to create robust blockchain solutions for EHD. This research study develops a privacy preserving framework with three main core contributions to the e-Health ecosystem: (i) it contributes a privacy preserving patient-centric framework namely Healthchain; (ii) introduces an efficient referral mechanism for the effective sharing of healthcare records; and (iii) prevents prescription drug abuse by performing drug tracking transactions employing smart contract functionality to create a smart health care ecosystem. The results demonstrates that the developed prototype ensures that healthcare records are not traceable to illegal disclosure as the model only stores the encrypted hash of records and is proven to be effective in terms of enhanced data privacy, data security, improved data scalability, interoperability and data integrity when accessing and sharing medical records among stakeholders across the Healthchain network. This research develops a foolproof security solution against cyber-attacks by exploiting the inherent features of the blockchain, thereby contributing to the robustness of healthcare information sharing systems and also unravels the potential for blockchain in health IT solutions.
Adil El Mane, Marouane Chihab, Omar Bencharef, Younes Chihab
The blockchain represents structured and shared data. Instantly, it is a modern method of distributed databases controlled by a group of individuals. The goal is to store information, create a digital ledger of data, and dispatch them to each network-independent party. Blockchain technology gets used in many fields like government, transportation, healthcare, etc. This article will focus on the blockchain in the agricultural supply chain, especially the multi-blockchain scheme to enhance efficiency and track products. This kind of scheme requires the existence of two chains at least in one system. The article analyzes previous researches on how implementing this model and cites its various steps. Also, this research will offer a novel theoretical architecture inspired by the previous ones. The novel structure will avoid the errors that exist in previous experiments. This novel theoretical scheme uses sensors to provide us with environmental data. Subsequently, we use the multi-blockchain structure to stock our data in blocks. After that, we build Smart Contracts to control all the transactions and make decisions based on the conditions inside the source code of these automated contracts. This scheme would be more effective than the cloud and the simple blockchain storage.
Amit Kumar Tyagi, S Aswathy, G. Aghila, N. Sreenath
The enhancement (in the past decade) in electronics devices/technology, a rise in most of the accidents concerning security and surveillance intruding the private lives of the users question the existing systems being used to combat this challenge wherein, the third-parties gather and handle large amounts of individual details. As part of the constant evolution of the cyber physical system architecture, one of the goals of our system is to reduce the latency time for enrollment of new information. Generally, the efficiency and benefit of a Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) depends heavily on interconnection of individual devices or nodes. Exchange of data and information relevant to an overall task or functionality is the key to many applications such as smart grids, smart cities, and many others. Trustworthiness of data is needed to make such systems (especially in MCPS systems) successful. To be able to fulfill policies to guarantee the safety of all entities within a Medical Cyber Physical Systems (MCPS) and to provide security measures to enforce these cryptographic solutions have to be embedded. This paper describes a decentralized e-healthcare application framework for personal data management that ensures that users own and access their data. This work proposes a novel mechanism to secure Medical Cyber Physical Systems (MCPS), i.e., as an automated access-control manager (including building trust in a third party). This work also integrates some features in security building blocks in ultra-small devices to provide essential properties to secure embedded systems.
This paper proposes a blockchain based trust management method for agents in a multi-agent system (MAS). In this work, three objectives are achieved: trust, cooperation and privacy. The trust of agents depends on the credibility of trust evaluators, which is verified using the proposed methods of trust distortion, consistency and reliability. To enhance the cooperation between agents, a tit-3-for-tat (T3FT) repeated game strategy is developed. The strategy is more forgiving than the existing tit-for-tat (TFT) strategy. It encourages cheating agents to re-establish their trust by cooperating for three consecutive rounds of play. Also, a proof-of-cooperation consensus protocol is proposed to improve agents' cooperation while creating and validating blocks. The privacy of agents is preserved in this work using the publicly verifiable secret sharing mechanism. The proposed methods are implemented using MATLAB R2018a while the MAS is simulated using Java Agent DEvelopment framework (JADE). Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed work. From the simulation results, the proposed trust method outperforms an existing fuzzy logic trust method in terms of detecting the cheating behavior of agents in the system. Besides, the proposed T3FT strategy is effective as compared to the existing tit-for-2-tat and TFT strategies in the literature. Moreover, the security analysis of the proposed method is performed. The analysis shows that the proposed work is safe from bad-mouthing and on-off trust related attacks.
Vehicle Tracking Systems give an instantaneous location or travel history to form a comprehensive picture of visited locations, stopping points, vehicle speeds, acceleration, etc. We propose a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) requiring low processing power, reduced need for internet connectivity only to Base-Stations (sink node of WSN), and eliminate the use of constant GPS tracking. Geotagged Roadside Units (nodes of WSN), at regular intervals, capture vehicle movement via RFID tags and update the movement of each vehicle into a decentralized Blockchain Network formed at the Base-Stations (BSs). This network forms a detailed distributed ledger providing the license plate numbers of every vehicle, the location coordinates of the Roadside Units (RSUs) passed, and the instantaneous time at which the vehicle passes it. Similarly, data for all vehicles that pass a certain node, in a given time interval, can be retrieved. An immutable private Blockchain network secures data, maintains uniform databases at all BSs, and protects the privacy of the commuters by allowing such data access only to authorized personnel. In case of the collapse of an RSU the data is transmitted via an alternate path to another BS until the fault is repaired. Our solution focuses on optimization and fault tolerance of nodes and the security of gathered data. We also focus on various applications where this architecture can be deployed efficiently.
Nowadays, smart cities are using advanced technologies to control and coordinate physical, social, and commercial enterprise systems to deliver high-quality services to their residents while guaranteeing the effective usage of available resources. Numerous major corporations, as well as government bodies, are involved in the construction of smart cities because smart city activities also need information that is obtained from organizations. Blockchain-based technology allows for peer-to-peer exchanges as a public ledger that maintains records of transactions, smart contracts, agreements, and shipments without third-party mediators. In the future, smart cities will be equipped with several innovative technologies, a huge amount of data, a lot of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, and a heterogeneous environment. However, data processing among IoT devices in futuristic smart cities is a challenging task. In this paper, the author proposed a blockchain-based big data integrity service framework for IoT devices data processing in smart cities. The author collected the necessary data from various resources and applied three experiments to evaluate the key performance indicators. K-mean algorithm was used to classify the data, and blockchain strategy was applied to ensure secure communication among IoT devices. The framework was simulated and tested using 100 devices. The proposed framework allowed IoT devices to efficiently use information collected from different resources to engage in operational processes and exchange information.
The concept of smart city refers to the improvement of the quality of life of the city by making full use of idle resources by sharing. However, limited by the technical level, the current resource sharing system mostly adopts centralized data storage mode. Systems managed in this way are vulnerable to multiple threats. The tested blockchain technology with the characteristics of decentralization and tamper resistance can effectively prevent various risks. Starting with the architecture of blockchain intelligent contract, this paper puts forward a structural optimization factor model of intelligent contract. To optimize the structure of blockchain intelligent contract, the gas optimization theory is put forward by changing the order, reducing the use of costly EVM data fields, reducing redundant fields, and optimizing intelligent contract codes. Experimental analysis of the proposed model is carried out, and the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by comparing the transaction execution time of cost calculation with the cost of executing gas, which can provide reference for the selection of intelligent contract organization structure of smart city resource sharing system.
The future mobile communication system is expected to provide ubiquitous connectivity and unprecedented services over billions of devices. The flying drone, also known as unmanned aerial vehicle, is prominent in its flexibility and low cost, and has emerged as a significant network entity to realize such ambitious targets. However, the distributed nature makes the operation of a large-scale drone network confront many challenges, such as vulnerability to security threats and privacy leakage. To address these problems, in this article, we propose to utilize the blockchain concept to the development of drone network. Under the proposed blockchain-empowered drone networks (BeDrone), drones that are deployed for service provisioning can act as the miners of blockchain, and acquire the computing resources from each other or an edge computing node whenever needed. Recommendations and future research directions for designing BeDrone are introduced with a focus on the game theoretic incentive mechanism for resource allocation and acquisition. Performance evaluations are conducted to illustrate the benefits of the proposed architecture on developing blockchain-envisioned drones.