Shiva Kazemi Taskou, Mehdi Rasti, Pedro H. J. Nardelli
Network function virtualization (NFV) is a promising technology to make 5G networks flexible and agile. NFV decreases operatorsâ OPEX and CAPEX by decoupling the physical hardware from the functions they perform. In NFV, usersâ service request can be viewed as a service function chain (SFC) consisting of several virtual network functions (VNFs) which are connected through virtual links. Resource allocation in NFV is done through a centralized authority called NFV Orchestrator (NFVO). This centralized authority suffers from some drawbacks such as single point of failure and security. Blockchain (BC) technology is able to address these problems by decentralizing resource allocation. The drawbacks of NFVO in NFV architecture and the exceptional BC characteristics to address these problems motivate us to focus on NFV resource allocation to usersâ SFCs without the need for an NFVO. To this end, we assume there are two types of users: users who send SFC requests (SFC requesting users) and users who perform mining process (miner users). For SFC requesting users, we formulate NFV resource allocation (NFV-RA) problem as a multi-objective problem to minimize the energy consumption and utilized resource cost, simultaneously. To address this problem, we propose an Approximation-based Resource Allocation algorithm (ARA) using Majorization-Minimization approximation method to convexify NFV-RA problem. Furthermore, due to the high complexity of ARA algorithm, we propose a low complexity Hungarian-based Resource Allocation (HuRA) algorithm using Hungarian algorithm for server allocation. Through the simulation results, we show that our proposed ARA and HuRA algorithms achieve near-optimal performance with lower computational complexity. Also, ARA algorithm outperforms the existing algorithms in terms of number of active servers, energy consumption, and average latency. Moreover, the mining process is the foundation of BC technology. In wireless networks, mining is performed by resource-limited mobile users. Since the mining process requires high computational complexity, miner users cannot perform it alone. So, in this article, we assume that miner users can perform mining process with participating of other users. For mining process, the problem of minimizing the energy consumption and cost of usersâ processing resources is formulated as a linear programming problem that can be optimally solved in polynomial time.
Youness Tribis, Abdelali El Bouchti, Houssine Bouayad
Initially developed for Bitcoin cryptocurrency, Blockchain Technology (BCT) is a decentralized transaction managing technology that provides security, anonymity and data integrity in transactions without the need of any trusted third party. The interest in BCT has been grown, as research topic for many fields, such as finance, health, government, agriculture and many particular Supply Chain (SC) industries. However, there is a lack of systematic literature reviews (SLR) on existing research concerning how BCT is well relevant in SC. This paper conducts a systematic review in order to examine all pertinent research on SC based on BCT. The main inspiration for this work was to synthesize existing evidence, classify research tendencies available in the literature, and identify open themes and gaps for development in this discipline. However, 45 primary papers have been extracted from scientific databases. This systematic review provides direction for future research regarding the applications of BCT for SC
Nisita Weerasinghe, Tharaka Hewa, Maheshi B. Dissanayake, Mika Ylianttila · 5 authors
Local 5G Operator (L5GO) concept is one of the most prominent versatile applications of the 5G in the near future. The popularity of L5GOs will trigger a greater number of roaming and offloading events between mobile operators. However, existing static and the operator-assisted roaming and offloading procedures are inefficient for L5GO ecosystem due to poor service quality, data privacy issues, data transferring delays, excessive costs for intermediary parties and existence of roaming fraud. To address these challenges, we propose a blockchain / Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) based service platform for L5GOs to facilitate efficient roaming and offload services. As the key contribution, blockchain-based smart contract scheme is proposed to establish dynamic and automated agreements between operators. By using smart contracts, we introduce several novel features such as universal wallet for subscribers, service quality based L5GO rating system, user-initiated roaming process and the roaming fraud prevention system to improve the operational quality of a L5GO. A prototype of the proposed platform is emulated with the Ethereum blockchain platform and Rinkeby Testnet to evaluate the performance and justify the feasibility of the proposal. Upon an extensive evaluation on the prototype, it was observed that the proposed platform offered benefits such as cost effective, more secure and reliable experience.
With advancements in connected technology, the number of ambitious applications involving Internet of Things (IoT) are drastically growing. This increases concerns related to security, scalability, and interoperability of IoT. As the network of connected devices grows, decentralized technologies become inevitable. Within this trend towards decentralization, distributed ledger technology (for instance IOTA) will be a significant driving force. IOTA is an innovative distributed ledger technology targeted towards low power devices, where energy efficiency is a high priority. Public research regarding security threats against IOTA especially denial-of-service (DoS) is essentially non-existent. In this paper we focus on exploring a DoS attack against IOTA. The proposed attack methodology takes advantage of the lack of fees along with the ability to transfer minuscule amounts. By sending many conflicting transactions as it results in a high number of re-attachments. The high number of re-attachments threatens IOTA's suitability for the IoT sphere. The implications of such attack, as well as the future of this issue in terms of the planned removal of the centralized coordinator are discussed.
Hanlin Zhang, Peng Gao, Jia Yu, Jie Lin · 5 authors
Linear Regression (LR) is a classical machine learning algorithm which has many applications in the cyber physical social systems (CPSS) to shape and simplify the way we live, work and communicate. This paper focuses on the data analysis for CPSS when the Linear Regression is applied. The training process of LR is time-consuming since it involves complex matrix operations, especially when it gets a large scale training dataset In the CPSS. Thus, how to enable devices to efficiently perform the training process of the Linear Regression is of significant importance. To address this issue, in this paper, we present a secure, verifiable and fair approach to outsource LR to an untrustworthy cloud-server. In the proposed scheme, computation inputs/outputs are obscured so that the privacy of sensitive information is protected against cloud-server. Meanwhile, computation result from cloud-server is verifiable. Also, fairness is guaranteed by the blockchain, which ensures that the cloud gets paid only if he correctly performed the outsourced workload. Based on the presented approach, we exploited the fair, secure outsourcing system on the Ethereum blockchain. We analysed our presented scheme on theoretical and experimental, all of which indicate that the presented scheme is valid, secure and efficient.
Houshyar Honar Pajooh, Mohammad A. Rashid, Fakhrul Alam, Serge Demidenko
Providing security and privacy to the Internet of Things (IoT) networks while achieving it with minimum performance requirements is an open research challenge. Blockchain technology, as a distributed and decentralized ledger, is a potential solution to tackle the limitations of the current peer-to-peer IoT networks. This paper presents the development of an integrated IoT system implementing the permissioned blockchain Hyperledger Fabric (HLF) to secure the edge computing devices by employing a local authentication process. In addition, the proposed model provides traceability for the data generated by the IoT devices. The presented solution also addresses the IoT systems' scalability challenges, the processing power and storage issues of the IoT edge devices in the blockchain network. A set of built-in queries is leveraged by smart-contracts technology to define the rules and conditions. The paper validates the performance of the proposed model with practical implementation by measuring performance metrics such as transaction throughput and latency, resource consumption, and network use. The results show that the proposed platform with the HLF implementation is promising for the security of resource-constrained IoT devices and is scalable for deployment in various IoT scenarios.
Pooja Gupta, Volkan Dedeoglu, Salil S. Kanhere, Raja Jurdak
The unprecedented rate of IoT adoption presents an opportunity for device owners to trade their IoT data with interested buyers. A blockchain-enabled data marketplace can democratize the trading of private IoT data by empowering data owners to choose what they want to share and with whom. However, some properties of IoT make it difficult to trade the generated data in conventional centralized markets. This research focuses on developing a marketplace framework to address design challenges imposed by IoT characteristics, such as limited resource and computational capabilities, mobility, data privacy and reselling issues. We propose a three-tiered framework to effectively tackle these challenges from elemental, functional and managerial aspects.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is expected to improve the individualsâ quality of life. However, ensuring security and privacy in the IoT context is a non-trivial task due to the low capability of these connected devices. Generally, the IoT device management is based on a centralized entity that validates communication and connection rights. Therefore, this centralized entity can be considered as a single point of failure. Yet, in the case of distributed approaches, it is difficult to delegate the right validation to IoT devices themselves in untrustworthy IoT environments. Fortunately, the blockchain may provide decentralization of overcoming the trust problem while designing a privacy-preserving system. To this end, we propose a novel privacy-preserving IoT device management framework based on the blockchain technology. In the proposed system, the IoT devices are controlled by several smart contracts that validate the connection rights according to the privacy permission settings predefined by the data owners and the stored record array of detected misbehavior of each IoT device. In fact, smart contracts can immediately detect the devices that have vulnerabilities and have been hacked or pose a threat to the IoT network. Therefore, the data ownerâs privacy is preserved by enforcing the control over the own devices. For validation purposes, we deploy the proposed solution on a private Ethereum blockchain and give the performance evaluation.
As Internet of Things (IoT) revolutionized over the years, it has become a crucial part in many application such as smart city and smart transportation, ensuring smooth functioning of the human life in a more reliable manner. As the amount of data that is to be collected, stored and analyzed increases, there is need for a system that perform these tasks in a more efficient manner. Artificial intelligence plays a crucial part in delivering these requirements. But when AI is involved, it will also result in the use of big tools that are necessary for tackling the issue at hand. Hence in order to ensure that AI can function in a smooth manner, blockchain support is introduced such that it develops a decentralized architecture. Block chain will provide a safe and secure environment to share the information and resources and can also address the drawbacks of Artificial intelligence. The purpose of this proposed work is to develop a hybrid architecture, combining the advantages of blockchain and artificial intelligence to enable big data analysis. We have performed an analysis and results have been observed to conclude the impact of blockchain in Artificial Intelligence in the aspect of latency and accuracy. The results indicate that the proposed architecture excels over the other architectures and can also overcome some of the challenges prevalent.
Blockchain enabled Internet of Things has exhibited high potential in establishing consensus and trust mechanism. To design this type of system, it is necessary to have a better knowledge about blockchain and how it can be used with internet of things. Moreover, it will be easier to gauge the requirements of the system based on the performance constraints that are imposed on the other parts. In the proposed work, we have used spatial domain Poisson distribution to determine the arrival rate at the transaction node and the full function node. The signal to interference and noise is calculated to determine throughput as well as transmission success rate. Based on performance analysis, we have developed an algorithm that is can be used to determine the apt FN deployment, under the condition of maximum transaction throughput. Results indicate the accuracy of the proposed algorithm with theoretical values.
Ăngel JesĂșs VarelaâVaca, Antonia M. Reina Quintero
Blockchain is a disruptive technology that has attracted the attention of the scientific community and companies, as proven by the exponential growth of publications on this topic in recent years. This growing interest is mainly due to the promise that the use of blockchain enables it to be verified, without including any trusted intermediaries, that the information received from the network is authentic and up-to-date. In this respect, blockchain is a distributed database that can be seen as a ledger that records all transactions that have ever been executed. In this context, smart contracts are pieces of software used to facilitate, verify, and enforce the negotiation of a transaction on a blockchain platform. These pieces of software are implemented by using programming languages, which are sometimes provided by the blockchain platforms themselves. This study aims to (1) identify and categorise the state-of-the-art related to smart contract languages, in terms of the existing languages and their main features, and (2) identify new research opportunities. The review has been conducted as a multivocal mapping study that follows the guidelines proposed by Garousi et al. for conducting multivocal literature reviews, as well as the guidelines proposed by Kitchenham and Charters for conducting mapping studies. As a result of the implementation of the review protocol, 4,119 papers were gathered, and 109 of them were selected for extraction. The contributions of this article are twofold: (1) 101 different smart contract languages have been identified and classified according to a variety of criteria; (2) a discussion on the findings and their implications for future research have been outlined. As a conclusion, it could be stated that a rigorous and replicable overview of the state-of-the-art of smart contract languages has been provided that can benefit not only researchers but also practitioners in the field, thanks to its multivocal nature.
Internet of Everything (IoE) has emerged as a promising paradigm for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data among physical objects and humans over the Internet, and it can be widely applied in the fields of industry, transportation, commerce, and education. Recently, the emergence of 6G-enabled cybertwin network architecture provides the technical and theoretical foundation for the realization of IoE paradigm. However, the IoE has three open issues in the 6G-enabled cybertwin architecture, i.e., data authenticity, data storage and node reliability. To address these issues, we propose a blockchain-based decentralized reputation management system (BC-DRMS) for IoE in 6G-enabled Cybertwin architecture. In the proposed BC-DRMS, the traffic data collected from end nodes is stored on the blockchain and the decentralized file system, i.e., InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), to resist data tampering, and then the data is further processed by the edge clouds and core clouds to provide services to users. Also, a multi-level reputation evaluation scheme is designed to compute the reputation scores of IoE nodes to prevent malicious node attacks. The experiment results and analysis demonstrate that, compared to the traditional centralized reputation management systems (CRMS), the proposed BC-DRMS cannot only address the issues of data authenticity and storage, but also provides high reliability for IoE in 6G-enabled cybertwin architecture.
In recent years, with many devices continuously joining the Internet of Things (IoT), data sharing as the main driver of the IoT market has become a research hotspot. However, the users are reluctant to participate in data sharing due to security concerns and lacking incentive mechanisms in the current IoT. In this context, blockchain is introduced into the data sharing of IoT to solve the trust problem of users and provide secure data storage. However, in the exploration of building a secure distributed data sharing system based on the blockchain, how to break the inherent performance bottleneck of blockchain is still a major challenge. For this reason, the efficient blockchain-based data sharing incentive scheme is studied for IoT. In the scheme, an efficient data sharing incentive framework based on blockchain is proposed, named ShareBC. Firstly, ShareBC uses sharding technology to build asynchronous consensus zones that can process data sharing transactions in parallel and deploy efficient consensus mechanisms on the cloud/edge servers and asynchronous consensus zones in sharding, thus improving the processing efficiency of data sharing transactions. Then, a sharing incentive mechanism based on a hierarchical data auction model implemented by a smart contract is presentedto encourage IoT users to participate in data sharing. The proposed mechanism can solve the problem of multi-layer data allocation involved in IoT data sharing and maximize the overall social welfare. Finally, the experimental results show that the proposed scheme is economically efficient, incentive-compatible, and real-time, with scalability, low cost, and good practicability.
Abstract Block chain technology had gained popularity because of its use in crypto-currencies like bitcoin. Today uses of blockchain are growing in number of areas like banking, industries, health centers and even security of IOT. Moreover, the use of IOT is growing exponentially every year with its aim in 5G technologies like e- health, smart homes, distributed intelligence etc. but it faces challenges in security and privacy. The privacy of a user data is at a risk because of its (i.e. IoT) centralized client-server model. This centralized approach of the server poses a serious vulnerability to the data security. This data at the server attracts the attackers to enter into the network and invade through the data and schedule attacks or inject a malware. It indicates that the central architecture of IoT possess a compromised confidentiality, integrity, and security of data which disrupts its use as the widespread adoption of this technology. Therefore, it is essential to evade the hostile centralized server architecture for IoT to enhance its security. It implies a need for decentralized architecture to maintain the data. The data can be kept at the different users without any central control with the help of blocks as suggested by Blockchain. This paper addresses the various security issues in IOT and how block chain helps in solving these issues.
As one of the most valuable technologies, blockchains have received extensive attention from researchers and industry circles and are widely applied in various scenarios. However, data on a blockchain cannot be deleted. As a result, it is impossible to clean invalid and sensitive data and correct erroneous data. This, to a certain extent, hinders the application of blockchains in supply chains and Internet of Things. To address this problem, this study presents a deletable and modifiable blockchain scheme (DMBlockChain) based on record verification trees (RVTrees) and the multisignature scheme. (1) In this scheme, an RVTree structure is designed and added to the block structure. The RVTree can not only ensure that a record is true and valid but, owing to its unique binary structure, also verify whether modification and deletion requests are valid. (2) In DMBlockChain, the multisignature mechanism is also introduced. This mechanism requires the stakeholdersâ signatures for each modification or deletion request and thus ensures that a record will not be modified arbitrarily. A userâs request is deemed valid only if it is dually verified by the RVTree and the multisignature mechanism. The analysis finds that DMBlockChain can provide a secure and valid means for modifying and deleting records in a block while ensuring the integrity of the block and that DMBlockChain can effectively save space in some scenarios that require frequent records modification.
In accordance with on-going progress related to network advances, 5G portrays the up and coming age of versatile systems that further guarantees astounding execution enhancements similar to the production of another worth chain. Corresponding with 5G, the Internet of Things (IoT) has additionally developed as the latest worldview for the combination of enormous correspondence proficient heterogeneous smart devices. 5G is conceived to expand the IoTâs extension and fields of pertinence. However, because current versatile systems and increasingly broad IoT frameworks depend on combined models, in this manner, it is foreseen that they will confront gigantic difficulties obtaining the prerequisites of future 5G-empowered IoT use cases. To address these unavoidable issues, blockchain stands apart as a promising innovation. Some of the contributions of blockchain innovation are its unchanging nature, non-revocation, confirmation of provenance, integrity and protection. Blockchainâs blend with 5G IoT still requires fundamental bits of knowledge concerning solid application spaces, adaptability, protection issues, execution and potential budgetary advantages. The chapter aims to expound and underscore the key parts of the utilization of blockchain for 5G and the IoT. To alleviate the previously mentioned issues, in this chapter, we present an inside and out review of the best in class proposition.
Anurag Gharat, Pratik Aher, Punit Chaudhari, Bhavana Alte
Public Healthcare issues have been the main focus of any governing body for the last decade. Each day a large amount of Healthcare data is generated by individual and Medical Organizations. This information is considered highly sensitive and private, which needed to be securely stored and protected against unauthorized access. In a traditional system, all the data is stored in a centralized system which comes with lots of drawbacks. This where blockchain technology comes in because of its Peer-To-Peer nature and Security. Several studies highlight the importance of blockchain and how it can be implemented in Electronic Medical Record(EMR) systems which face problems regarding privacy,security,decentralization and confidentiality.In this paper, We explain how blockchain technology may be utilised to improve EMR systems and how it could be a solution to these problems. We offer a framework for implementing blockchain technology in the healthcare industry for EMR.The aim of our proposed framework is first to implement blockchain technology for EHR and secondly to provide secure storage of electronic records by defining granular access rules for the users of the proposed framework. Moreover,this framework provides the EHR system with the benefits of a blockchain-based solution that is scalable, secure, and integrated.
Domain Name System (DNS) is a widely used infrastructure for remote control and batch management of IoT devices. As a critical Internet infrastructure, DNS is structured as a treeâlike hierarchy with single root zone authority at the top, which puts the operation of DNS at risk from single point of failure. The current root zone management is lack of transparency and accountability, since only the root zone file is published as the final outcome of operations inside the root zone authority. Towards distributed root zone operation in DNS, this paper presents a blockchainâbased root operation architectureâRootChain, composed of multiple root servers. On the basis of maintaining the single root authority for topâlevel domain (TLD), RootChain decentralizes TLD data publication by empowering delegated TLD authorities to publish authenticated data directly. The transparency and accountability of root zone operation are attained by smartâcontracting the whole life cycle of TLD operation and logging all operations on the chain. RootChain is transparent to recursive/stub resolver and DNS/DNSSECâcompatible. A proofâofâconcept prototype of RootChain has been implemented with Hyperledger Fabric and evaluated by experiments.
Xiaoge Huang, Xuesong Deng, Chengchao Liang, Weiwei Fan
To address the data security and user privacy issues in the task offloading process and resource allocation of the fog computing network, a blockchainâenabled fog computing network task offloading model is proposed in this paper. Furthermore, to reduce the network utility which is defined as the total energy consumption of the fog computing network and the total delay of the blockchain network, a blockchainâenabled fog computing network task offloading and resource allocation algorithm (TRâBFCN) is proposed to jointly optimize the task offloading decision and resource allocation. Finally, the original nonconvex optimization problem is converted into two suboptimization problems, namely, task offloading decisions and computational resource allocations. Moreover, a twoâstage Stackelberg game model is designed to obtain the optimal amount of purchased resource and the optimal resource pricing. Simulation results show that the proposed TRâBFCN algorithm can effectively reduce the network utility compared with other algorithms.
Since its revolution in the financial sector, the blockchain technology disrupted the majority of collaboration-based applications including supply chain management. The supply chain is one of the most important sectors benefiting from all the advantages of blockchain. Through this paper, we are mainly focusing on the practical aspects of integrating blockchain technology with traditional and existing business applications. Indeed, most businesses and corporations will find it hard to shift from traditional architectures to a decentralized one with fears related to upgrading risks, unknown tools, and resistance to change. Thus, we mainly propose several scenarios for blockchain integration focusing on the most used Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) platforms. Besides, we present our proof of concept integration that uses the HyperLedger Fabric blockchain platform and the Odoo ERP framework. The selection of these two solutions for our study was mainly influenced by the fact that Hyperledger is the most used open-source blockchain platform in the industry and that Odoo is the most used open-source ERP framework. Nevertheless, we believe that our proposed solution can easily be used with proprietary ERP platforms and business applications.
The scope of the Internet of Things (IoT) applications varies from strategic applications, such as smart grids, smart transportation, smart security, and smart healthcare, to industrial applications such as smart manufacturi... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on Tech Science Press
Abstract With assistance from Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Blockchain, networks have become more creative to build and maintain over the last few years. The inflexibility of modern network architecture is presenting researchers with a tough achievement. SDN replaces existing inescapable and complicated networks with a creative way of separating the control plane from the data plane and fixing those constraints, namely configurations done manually, monitoring, protection, usability, and functionality. This paper provides an overview of blockchain and SDN in healthcare. Various existing projects of their integration have been studied the benefits of the Blockchain provides security, privacy, integrity to the health care data has been discussed. The decentralization feature of blockchain provides access to data within and across the nation. Different use cases are discussed in the paper that provides the acceptability of blockchain and SDN in healthcare. This paper provides the overview and results that integration of blockchain and SDN in healthcare is a good research area and various initiatives have been taken to explore its integration.
This paper presents the first, novel, dynamic, resilient, and consistent Blockchain COngestion ContrOL (BCOOL) system for vehicular networks that fills the gap of trustworthy Blockchain congestion prediction systems. BCOOL relies on the heterogeneity of Machine Learning, Software-Defined Networks and Network Function Virtualization that is customized in three hybrid cloud/edge-based On/Offchain smart contract modules and ruled by an efficient and reliable communication protocol. BCOOL's first novel module aims at managing message and vehicle trustworthiness using a novel, dynamic and hybrid Blockchain Fog-based Distributed Trust Contract Strategy (FDTCS). The second novel module accurately and proactively predicts the occurrence of congestion, ahead of time, using a novel Hybrid On/Off-Chain Multiple Linear Regression Software-defined Contract Strategy (HOMLRCS). This module presents a virtualization facility layer to the third novel K-means/Random Forest-based On/Off-Chain Dynamic Service Function Chaining Contract Strategy (KRF-ODSFCS) that dynamically, securely and proactively predicts VNF placements and their chaining order in the context of SFCs w.r.t users' dynamic QoS priority demands. BCOOL exhibits a linear complexity and a strong resilience to failures. Simulation results show that BCOOL outperforms the next best comparable strategies by 80% and 100% reliability and efficiency gains in challenging data congestion environments. This yields to fast, reliable and accurate congestion prediction decisions, ahead of time, and optimizes transaction validation processing time. Globally, the Byzantine resilience, complexity and attack mitigation strategies along with simulation results prove that BCOOL securely predicts the congestion and provides real-time monitoring, fast and accurate SFC deployment decisions while lowering both capital and operational expenditures (CAPEX/OPEX) costs.