Blockchain, on the other hand, is a groundbreaking technology that provides a distributed and Decentralized environment in which nodes in a list of networks can connect to each other without the need for a central authority. It has the potential to overcome the limits of Electronic Health Record (EHR) management and create a more secure, Decentralized, and safer environment for exchanging EHR data. Further, blockchain is a distributed ledger on which data can be stored and shared in a cryptographically secure, validated, and mutually agreed-upon manner across all mining nodes. The blockchain stores data with a high level of integrity and robustness, and it cannot be altered. Electronic health records (EHRs) are digitally saved health records that provide information about a person’s health. EHRs are generally shared among healthcare stakeholders, and thus are susceptible to power failures, data misuse, a lack of privacy, security, and an audit trail, among other problems. The aim of our proposed framework is firstly to implement blockchain technology for EHR and secondly to provide secure storage of electronic records by defining granular access rules for the users of the proposed framework. Moreover, this framework also discusses the scalability problem faced by the blockchain technology in general via use of off-chain storage of the records. This framework provides the EHR system with the benefits of having a scalable, secure and integral blockchain-based solution.
Traditional covert transmission (CT) approaches have been hindering CT application while blockchain technology offers new avenue. Current blockchain-based CT approaches require off-chain negotiation of critical information and often overlook the dynamic updating of session keys, which increases the risk of message and key leakage. Additionally, in some approaches the covert transactions exhibit obvious characteristics that can be easily detected by third-parties. Moreover, most approaches do not address the issue of decreased reliability of message transmission in blockchain attack scenarios. Bitcoin-and Ethereum-based approaches also have the issue of transaction linkability, which can be tackled by Monero-based approaches because of the privacy protection mechanisms in Monero. However, Monero-based CT has the problem of sender repudiation. In this paper, we propose a novel$M$onero-$B$ased CT approach (MBCT), which enables on-chain session key dynamically updating without off-chain negotiation. MBCT can assure confidentiality of on-chain session key, non-repudiation of transmission parties, reliability of message transmission under blockchain attack, unlinkability and obscurity of covert transactions. They are achieved by the three components in MBCT, namely, a sender authentication method, a dynamically on-chain session key updating method and a state feedback method. We implement MBCT in Monero-0.18.1.0 and the experiment results demonstrate its high embedding capacity of MBCT.
Dr.Karthick. M, N Anusri, Nithish kumar P, P Siva · 5 authors
Agriculture sector plays a pivotal role in the Indian economy, but farmers often face challenges like unpredictable weather, pest attacks, and erratic rainfall, leading to significant losses.Crop insurance is crucial to mitigate these risks and coverage for pre-sowing and post-harvest losses due to natural calamities.Block-chain based insurance system for farmers with smart contracts.The system is designed to provide farmers with insurance coverage against crop failure due to natural disasters.The system uses smart contract to automatically calculate and pay out insurance claims to farmers based on data from the weather cloud app.This approach involves using block-chain technology to create a decentralized and immutable ledger that records all insurance contracts, claims, and payouts.This system could greatly benefit farmers by providing them with more reliable and timely financial support in the event of adverse weather conditions or crop failures, thereby reducing their risk and encouraging greater investment in crop production.The crop index insurance is based on objectively measurable and verifiable data (e.g., weather data, satellite imagery) to determine insurance payouts, thus minimizing the need for on-the-ground assessments and reducing the risk of fraudulent claims.Furthermore, the model includes a decentralized application (DApp) interface for stakeholders to interact with the insurance policies seamlessly, view realtime data, and monitor the status of their coverage and claims.The utilization of Ethereum and Polygon networks ensures the scalability, sustainability, and accessibility of this solution, paving the way for a more resilient agricultural sector.
Blockchain is the underlying technology for cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. Blockchain is a robust distributed ledger that uses consensus algorithms to approve transactions in a decentralized manner, making malicious tampering extremely difficult. Ethereum, one of the blockchains, can be seen as an unstoppable computer which shared by users around the world that can run Turing-complete programs. In order to run any program on Ethereum, Ether (currency on Ethereum) is required. In other words, Ether can be seen as a kind of energy in the Ethereum world. We developed self-replicating and self-employed agents who earn the energy by themselves to replicate them, on the Ethereum blockchain. The agents can issued their token and gain Ether each time the tokens are sold. When a certain amount of Ether is accumulated, the agent replicates itself and leaves offspring. The goal of this project is to implement artificial agents that lives for itself, not as a tool for humans, in the open cyber space connected to the real world.
Ethereum 2.0 is the second-largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization and a widely used smart contract platform. Therefore, examining the reliability of Ethereum 2.0's incentive mechanism is crucial, particularly its effectiveness in encouraging validators to adhere to the Ethereum 2.0's protocol. This paper studies the incentive mechanism of Ethereum 2.0 and evaluates its robustness by analyzing the interaction between block proposers and attesters in a single slot. To this end, we use Bayesian games to model the strategies of block proposers and attesters and calculate their expected utilities. Our results demonstrate that the Ethereum 2.0 incentive mechanism is incentive-compatible and promotes cooperation among validators. We prove that a Bayesian Nash equilibrium and an ex ante dominant strategy exist between the block proposer and attesters in a single slot. Our research provides a solid foundation for further analysis of Ethereum 2.0's incentive mechanism and insights for individuals considering participation as a validator in Ethereum 2.0.
Lucian Trestioreanu, Flaviene Scheidt, Wazen M. Shbair, Jérôme François · 6 authors
With the large increase in the adoption of blockchain technologies, their underlying peer-to-peer networks must also scale with the demand. In this context, previous works highlighted the importance of ensuring efficient and resilient communication for the underlying consensus and replication mechanisms. However, they were mainly focused on mainstream, Proof-of-Work-based Distributed Ledger Technologies like Bitcoin or Ethereum. In this paper, the problem is investigated in the context of consensus-validation based blockchains, like the XRP Ledger. The latter relies on a Federated Byzantine Agreement (FBA) consensus mechanism which is proven to have a good scalability in regards to transaction throughput. However, it is known that significant increases in the size of the XRP Ledger network would be challenging to achieve. The main reason is the flooding mechanism used to disseminate the messages related to the consensus protocol, which creates many duplicates in the network. Squelching is a recent solution proposed for limiting this duplication, however, it was never evaluated quantitatively in real-life scenarios involving the XRPL production network. In this paper, our aim is to assess this mechanism using a real-life controllable testbed and the XRPL production network, to assess its benefit and compare it to alternative solutions relying on Named Data Networking and on a gossip-based approach.
On March 13, 2024, Ethereum implemented EIP-4844, an upgrade designed to enhance its role as a data availability layer. While this upgrade reduces data posting costs for rollups, it also raises concerns about its impact on consensus security due to the increased volume of propagated data. Moreover, the broader effects on rollup dynamics and the Ethereum ecosystem remain largely unexplored. In this paper, we conduct an empirical analysis of EIP-4844's impact on consensus security, Ethereum usage, rollup transaction dynamics, and the blob gas fee market. We investigate changes in slot sync time, provide quantitative assessments of rollup and user behaviors, and evaluate the efficiency of the blob gas fee market. Our findings reveal that EIP-4844 has successfully increased rollups' usage of Ethereum while lowering rollup transaction fees. However, we also observe a slight rise in the fork rate, though our analysis suggests that this increase is not attributed to blob propagation waiting time. Additionally, some rollup users experience delayed transaction inclusion in Ethereum blocks, which appears to be influenced by cost-minimizing batching strategies. These results demonstrate both the benefits and trade-offs of the upgrade, suggesting future directions for further research on Ethereum's scalability and consensus stability.
The complexity of organ donation and transplantation in today's healthcare systems need specialized methods at several stages, including registration, donor-recipient matching, organ retrieval, delivery, and transplantation. In order to ensure justice, efficiency, patient happiness, and confidence, a comprehensive solution is required to address the legal, clinical, ethical, and technical difficulties. This paper proposes to use a private Ethereum blockchain to create a decentralized, secure, traceable, auditable, private, and trustworthy system. By creating smart contracts and putting six algorithms into practice, we offer comprehensive insights into validation and testing. We demonstrate the efficacy of our suggested approach using a comparative analysis with current solutions andprivacy, security, and confidentiality studies. Adopting a private Ethereum blockchain- based solution also has benefits over conventional centralized systems. Decentralization lowers the possibility of bias or manipulation by ensuring that no one party controls the entire process. Furthermore, the immutability and transparency that come with blockchain technology improve confidence between all parties involved, including regulators, donors, beneficiaries, and medical experts. KEYWORDS: Blockchain, Organ Donation, Organ Transplantation, Decentralization, Smart Contracts, Ethereum, Traceability, Data Privacy And Security.
Abstract: The emergence of blockchain technology has spurred innovation in various domains, including decentralized communication systems. In this context, a decentralized chat application leveraging blockchain, Remix Ethereum IDE, Ganache blockchain, and MetaMask offers a novel approach to secure and privacy-centric messaging. The application harnesses blockchain's immutable ledger to store chat messages, ensuring data integrity and censorship resistance. Remix Ethereum IDE provides developers with a robust environment for crafting smart contracts, the backbone of the chat application's functionality. Developers can design and deploy smart contracts defining chatroom logic, message encryption, and user authentication. Ganache blockchain serves as a local testing environment, enabling developers to validate smart contracts and simulate blockchain interactions in a controlled setting. This facilitates rapid iteration and debugging during the development phase. MetaMask acts as the gateway for users to access the decentralized chat application. Through MetaMask, users authenticate securely using their Ethereum wallets, ensuring pseudonymous identity verification and enabling seamless interaction with the Ethereum blockchain. Together, these technologies form the foundation of a decentralized chat application that prioritizes privacy, security, and user control. By leveraging blockchain and associated tools, the application offers a compelling alternative to centralized messaging platforms, empowering users with sovereignty over their data and communication.
Hugo Prasetyo Winotoatmojo, Antonius Ary Setyawan, Akbar Ramadhan Hendraningrat, Jovita Grace Setiawati
Consumer demand for speed, comfort, and security in financial transactions is rising along with the globalization of the business. As a result, we require a payment method that is dependable and simple for bank clients. A payment system is a set of arrangements that facilitates the exchange of value between individuals and financial institutions on a national and international level in order to deliver payments. A literature review, or literature review, is the research design used here. A literature review is an explanation of the hypotheses, conclusions, and other research materials that are gleaned from reference works and used as the foundation for further study. The literature review includes summaries, reviews, and the author's observations about a variety of literature sources (books, papers, slides, online material, and so forth) that address the subject under discussion. As it stands, Bitcoin is still the most popular cryptocurrency in terms of user base, market value, and popularity. Though certain altcoins are supported due to their better or more sophisticated features than Bitcoin, virtual currencies like Ethereum and Ripple, which are more commonly utilized as other enterprise solutions, are currently growing in popularity. Based on the current trajectory, cryptocurrencies are here to stay, but as time goes on, only a select handful will stand out as leaders in the face of growing competition and more visibility. The world of cryptocurrency may prove to be quite promising in the future as long as the bitcoin options market continues to gain traction, even with all the drawbacks that accompany it.
Sid Bhatia, Samuel Gedal, H. Lee, Ravinder Chopra · 6 authors
This paper examines the dynamics of the cryptocurrency market and proposes a novel blockchain-based protocol for real estate transactions. Our analysis includes a detailed review of price trends, volatility, and correlations within the cryptocurrency market, focusing on major assets like Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Tether. We provide a critical assessment of the impact of significant market events, such as the FTX bankruptcy, highlighting the vulnerabilities and resilience of the crypto market. The study also explores the potential of blockchain technology to innovate real estate transactions by enabling the secure and transparent handling of property deeds without traditional intermediaries. We introduce a blockchain protocol that reduces transaction costs, enhances security, and increases transparency, making real estate transactions more accessible and efficient. Our proposal aims to leverage the inherent benefits of blockchain to address real-world challenges in real estate transactions, providing a scalable and secure platform for property sales in a global market.
Student, CSE, Sir MVIT, B Sumangala, Aman Raj, Amritanshu Bhardwaj · 6 authors
Abstract - CrypticReport is a decentralized crime reporting system designed to make public reporting safer, more transparent, and free from identity risks. Citizens often avoid reporting crimes due to fear of exposure, harassment, or data misuse. CrypticReport overcomes these challenges by combining blockchain technology, decentralized IPFS storage, artificial intelligence or zero-knowledge–based authentication. Using Anon Aadhaar, users can verify their identity without revealing any personal information. AI models classify reports to block spam and detect duplicate submissions. All verified reports and evidence are stored in IPFS, and their hashes are recorded on the blockchain for tamper-proof storage. The platform uses a React interface for reporting, a Flask backend for AI processing, Ethereum smart contracts for record immutability, and the Waku protocol for real-time updates between citizens and authorities. Testing shows that the system improves trust, preserves anonymity, and ensures that no data can be altered once submitted. CrypticReport proves that decentralized systems can make crime reporting more secure, reliable, and citizen-friendly. Key Words: Blockchain, IPFS, Anonymous Reporting, AI Classification, Zero-Knowledge Proof, Decentralized Systems
Blockchains protect an ecosystem worth more than $500bn with strong security properties derived from the principle of decentralization. Is today's blockchain decentralized? In this paper, we empirically studied one of the least decentralized parts of Ethereum, its builder market. The builder market was introduced to fairly distribute Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) among validators and avoid validator centralization. As of the time of writing, two builders produced more than 85% of blocks in Ethereum, creating a concerning centralization factor. However, a common belief is that such centralization "is okay," arguing that builder centralization will not lead to validator centralization. In this empirical study, we quantify the significant proposer losses within the centralized builder market and challenge the belief that this is acceptable. The significant proposer losses, if left uncontrolled, could undermine the goal of PBS. Moreover, MEV mitigation solutions slated for adoption are affected too because they rely on the builder market as an "MEV oracle," which is made inaccurate by centralization. Our investigation reveals the incentive issue within the current MEV supply chain and its implications for builder centralization and proposer losses. Finally, we analyze why the proposed mitigation cannot work and highlight two properties essential for effective solutions.
This work introduces a framework for evaluating onchain order flow auctions (OFAs), emphasizing the metric of price improvement. Utilizing a set of open-source tools, our methodology systematically attributes price improvements to specific modifiable inputs of the system such as routing efficiency, gas optimization, and priority fee settings. When applied to leading Ethereum-based trading interfaces such as 1Inch and Uniswap, the results reveal that auction-enhanced interfaces can provide statistically significant improvements in trading outcomes, averaging 4-5 basis points in our sample. We further identify the sources of such price improvements to be added liquidity for large swaps. This research lays a foundation for future innovations in blockchain based trading platforms.
The advent of cryptocurrencies has introduced a paradigm shift in the financial ecosystem, offering a novel approach to traditional banking and financial transactions. This Master's thesis titled "Cryptocurrency Adoption in Traditional Banking: Challenges and Opportunities" provides a comprehensive analysis of the integration process of cryptocurrencies into the traditional banking sector. It scrutinizes the multifaceted challenges banks face in adopting cryptocurrencies while highlighting the unprecedented opportunities this new form of currency presents. The study commences with a detailed overview of the cryptocurrency market, emphasizing its growth, volatility, and the technological underpinnings that distinguish it from conventional banking systems. It delves into the historical perspective of cryptocurrencies, with a specific focus on Bitcoin, Ethereum, and other significant players, to understand their evolution, current market dynamics, and potential future trajectories.
In blockchains such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, transactions represent the primary mechanism that the external world can use to trigger a change of blockchain state. Transactions serve as key sources of evidence and play a vital role in forensic analysis. Timed transaction refers to a specific class of service that enables a user to schedule a transaction to change the blockchain state during a chosen future time-frame. This paper proposes T-Watch, a decentralized and cost-efficient approach for users to schedule timed execution of any type of transaction in Ethereum with privacy guarantees. T-Watch employs a novel combination of threshold secret sharing and decentralized smart contracts. To protect the private elements of a scheduled transaction from getting disclosed before the future time-frame, T-Watch maintains shares of the decryption key of the scheduled transaction using a group of executors recruited in a blockchain network before the specified future time-frame and restores the scheduled transaction at a proxy smart contract to trigger the change of blockchain state at the required time-frame. To reduce the cost of smart contract execution in T-Watch, we carefully design the proposed protocol to run in an optimistic mode by default and then switch to a pessimistic mode once misbehaviors occur. Furthermore, the protocol supports users to form service request pooling to further reduce the gas cost. We rigorously analyze the security of T-Watch and implement the protocol over the Ethereum official test network. The results demonstrate that T-Watch is more scalable compared to the state of the art and could reduce the cost by over 90% through pooling.
A Confirmation Rule is an algorithm run by network nodes to determine whether a block will remain permanently in the canonical chain. The only Confirmation Rule currently available in Ethereum's consensus protocol, Gasper, is FFG finalization. While it tolerates asynchronous network conditions, it is slow: in the best case, a transaction takes 13 to 19 minutes to confirm, depending on when it is submitted. We devise a Fast Confirmation Rule (FCR) for Gasper that, under synchrony and the assumptions stated in this paper, achieves a best-case confirmation time of 12 seconds, a single slot, providing an order-of-magnitude improvement over FFG finalization. The rule is complementary to finalization: users who trust synchrony obtain fast confirmations, while finalization remains available as a fallback that tolerates asynchrony. Gasper is an ebb-and-flow protocol: it combines LMD-GHOST, a fork-choice rule providing fast progress under synchrony, with FFG-Casper, a finality gadget providing finality under partial synchrony. The main technical difficulty is to reason jointly about these two components, so that a block confirmed by LMD-GHOST cannot be filtered out by FFG-Casper's rules. We prove that the rule satisfies both safety, confirmed blocks remain canonical, and monotonicity, a confirmed block remains confirmed at all future times.
Akhmad Maariz, Muhammad Aqil Wiputra, Muhammad Randika Dafa Armanto
This study explores the transformative impact of blockchain technology on data integrity and security in digital environments. Through a comprehensive assessment of data integrity metrics across prominent blockchain networks, including Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Hyperledger Fabric, we unveil nuanced differences in immutability and reliability. Our security analysis delves into the cryptographic strength and resistance to unauthorized access, showcasing the outstanding security features of Hyperledger Fabric and Bitcoin, with Ethereum exhibiting commendable yet moderate security levels. The discussions underscore the multifaceted nature of blockchain technology, emphasizing the importance of selecting a platform aligned with specific use cases. Hyperledger Fabric and Bitcoin emerge as strong contenders for applications requiring high integrity and robust security, while Ethereum offers a reliable but moderate alternative. As blockchain technology continues to evolve, this study provides valuable insights for practitioners and researchers, guiding the strategic selection of blockchain platforms to harness their transformative potential in diverse digital environments.
Primavera De Filippi, Morshed Mannan, Sofia Cossar, Tara Merk · 8 authors
While the evolution of the World Wide Web has taken various turnsaway from its original vision, the advent of Web3 promises a newera focused on user ‘ownership’ and ‘decentralization.’ Theconcept of Web3, introduced in 2014 by Ethereum co-founder andPolkadot creator Gavin Wood, focuses on a new infrastructurebased on decentralized networks and technologies. This newinfrastructure enhances user ownership and autonomy by movingaway from centralized operators and trusted intermediaries.Blockchain technology is a cornerstone of Web3, initiallydeveloped as an innovative means to record transactions digitally.The collective choices of individuals and organizations drive theevolution of blockchain technology and its diverse applications.These entities form what are known as ‘blockchain systems’:complex techno-social structures that operate across multipleintertwined layers. Beyond the capabilities of blockchaintechnology to store data across multiple nodes, the governancedynamics within blockchain systems are complex and nuanced. Tofully grasp the opportunities and challenges of Web3, it is essentialto analyze the governance practices of its fundamentalcomponents, including blockchain networks.This report is a collaborative effort between BlockchainGov andProject Liberty Institute to analyze the governance dynamics ofprominent blockchain networks through an interdisciplinary andcomparative lens. It focuses on eleven blockchain networks:Avalanche, Bitcoin, Cardano, Cosmos, Ethereum, Filecoin,Optimism, Polygon, Polkadot, Tezos, and Zcash. Through acomprehensive empirical analysis built on previous academic workand practitioners’ insights, the report offers six key findings aboutthe governance dynamics of these blockchain systems.
Abstract This study examined the structural breakdowns and co-movements of Bitcoin (BTC) and Ethereum (ETH) cryptocurrencies from the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Bai-Perron test was used to determine the change in the mean and variance of the two principal actors regarding market capitalization in the cryptocurrency market. Wavelet coherence analysis was also used to detect the co-movements between BTC and ETH. As a result of the study, several similar breaks were seen in each BTC and ETH series. Only one break could be directly associated with the pandemic process. This means that the pandemic is internalized and normalized in the process. The wavelet coherence results indicate a strong positive dependency (dark warm colours) between BTC and ETH and in phase (in the same direction) in the short and long bandgaps.
Mrs. K. Divya Kalyani, S. Aimen Fathima, Sowndarya Lakshmi, K.S. Hemanth · 5 authors
This paper introduces a novel Digitalized Voting System designed to address the shortcomings of current voting methods employed in India. With a focus on enhancing transparency and trust in the electoral process, the system aims to overcome challenges present in both traditional and digital voting systems, including instances of mishaps and injustice. Leveraging blockchain technology, the proposed system seeks to ensure fair elections and minimise occurrences of injustice. While electronic voting has been introduced as a solution to paper-based voting, it has encountered obstacles primarily related to security and privacy concerns. To address these issues, our framework emphasises the effectiveness of various components such as the polling process, hashing algorithms, contract and block creation, data accumulation, and result declaration.Utilising an adjustable blockchain method, the system aims to provide a robust solution to the security and data management challenges inherent in blockchain technology. By incorporating elements such as blockchain, hashing algorithms, block creation, OTP verification, and Ethereum, our approach endeavours to digitalize the voting process comprehensively. This paper contributes to the advancement of electoral integrity by presenting an improved manifestation of electronic voting, paving the way for more transparent and secure elections
Open access
Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Modern finans teorisinin köşe taşlarından biri olan Etkin Piyasa Hipotezi, piyasada mevcut olan tüm bilginin kullanılması suretiyle piyasanın üzerinde getiri elde edilemeyeceğini öne sürmektedir. Bununla birlikte finansal piyasalarda yapılan çalışmaların birçoğu, yatırımcıların bazı dönemlerde normalin üzerinde getiri elde ettiğini gösteren bulgular ortaya koymaktadır. Etkin Piyasa Hipotezi ile çelişen ve bazı dönemlerde elde edilen getirilerin ve katlanılan riskin diğer dönemlere göre farklılaştığını ifade eden etkiler takvim anomalileri olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Takvim anomalileri içerisinde genellikle günlere, aylara ve yıllara göre farklılaşan etkiler incelenmektedir. Bu çalışmada Bitcoin ve Ethereum kripto para piyasasında takvim anomalilerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda haftanın günü, yılın ayı ve yıl dönümü anomalileri kukla değişken ile temsil edilerek Bitcoin ve Ethereum için belirlenen TGARCH(1,1) ve EGARCH(2,2) modeline ilave edilmiş ve Bitcoin için 18.07.2010 – 17.05.2023 dönemini, Ethereum için 10.03.2016 – 17.05.2023 dönemini kapsayan günlük veriler üzerinden analiz yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda elde edilen bulgular, Bitcoin ve Ethereum piyasasında haftanın günü ve yılın ayı anomalilerinin bulunduğunu göstermektedir.
Blockchain, a decentralized database safeguarded by cryptographic security, has gained prominence for its resistance to manipulation. Its application extends notably to ensuring the security of financial transactions, including the acquisition of digital currencies. This study endeavors to develop a system aimed at validating diplomas and academic transcripts, enhancing their authenticity and bolstering the security of document storage. Leveraging the Ethereum Blockchain and Smart Contracts, the methodology focuses on the utilization of specialized codes executed within the Ethereum network. The outcome of this research manifests as a system blueprint designed for the verification of diplomas and transcripts, integrated within a web-based Ethereum Network platform. By harnessing the Ethereum Blockchain's inherent security features and employing Smart Contracts, the proposed system endeavors to streamline the verification process, ensuring the integrity and reliability of academic credentials while fortifying document storage against potential breaches. Through this innovative approach, the study contributes to advancing the authentication and security standards within the realm of academic documentation management.