Topicality. It is caused by excessive centralization of powers and financial and material resources by the executive authorities, the inability of the territorial communities of the basic level to fulfill their powers, the deterioration of the quality and availability of public services due to the lack of financial and material provision. Aim and tasks. To investigate the economic aspects of administrative-territorial reform in Ukraine, to identify the main problems of financial provision of territorial communities of the baseline level. Research results. The model of budget relations implemented is aligned not by expenditures, but by income. Such a mechanism has a motivational component regarding the interest in increasing the revenue base of local budgets. At that time, the transition to equalization of local budgets by income led to an increase in the differentiation of communities. Most benefit was given to cities of regional significance whose incomes have increased significantly. Local government revenues consist of own revenues and transfers from the central level. Over the past 20 years, the tendency towards a decrease in the share of local budget revenues and the increase in the share of state budget revenues in the consolidated budget of Ukraine (without intergovernmental transfers) has been observed. The share of local budget revenues without transfers (own revenues) decreased by 1,5 times from 31,4 % in 2002 to 20,9 % in 2018. In the financing system of local self-government, during the study period, the share of transfers increased. The share of own revenues decreased almost 2 times, from 78,4 % in 2002 to 42,1 % in 2018, and the share of transfers increased from 21,6 % to 57,9 %, respectively. This dependence on transfers is of a serious scale: in 45 % of the united territorial communities (UTC) transfers in 2016 amounted to 75 % of revenues. The increase in the share of transfers in the budgets of local self-government, the dependence of the amount of transfers from central authorities and the inability to plan them, as well as the transfer of powers without adequate financial support, pose significant risks to the economic self-sufficiency of local communities. In 2016, 76 % of expenditures of local self-government bodies were performed on behalf of central authorities as financing of "delegated powers" (health care, education, social protection). At the same time, transfers from the central level accounted for only 57,9 % of local budget revenues. That is, a considerable part of delegated powers of local self-government bodies are forced to finance at the expense of their own income. As a result, they have little resources to fulfill their "own authority", namely the construction and repair of local roads and housing, the provision of utilities (water supply and sewerage, waste collection, heating, etc.), as well as local transport and development of " objects of culture and rest. Under the burden of current expenditures, the investment capacity of local self-government bodies is small. The authorities at the oblast and rayon level are not entirely self-governing, as regional and district levels act as local self-government bodies (regional and district councils), as well as executive bodies (oblast and rayon state administrations). The first few have very few powers, and their executive bodies are not created, although this is provided by the Concept. The latter are subordinate to the central authorities and they have a dominant role. All this complicates the assessment of changes at the regional and district levels in the context of financial decentralization. A prerequisite for the normal functioning and development of UTC is their economic self-sufficiency. This implies that the UTC revenues correspond to the expenditures necessary for the exercise of their own and delegated powers. An appropriate methodology is needed to carry out an assessment of the economic self-sufficiency of the communities. More than 4 years of decentralization reform have taken place, but there is no corresponding methodology. The lack of a methodology for assessing the economic self-sufficiency of the combined territorial is due to objective reasons. First, this is the lack of a clear and legally-established division of powers between the executive and local self-government bodies, as well as between the levels of the latter. Secondly, the lack of standards and norms of financial and infrastructural provision of public services (schools, kindergartens, paramedical outpatient departments, out-patient departments, engineering networks, etc.). Conclusions. The conducted study shows that Ukraine has a centralized system of incomes and expenditures, and the reform of financial decentralization has led to the opposite result, namely, to increase the dependence of local self-government on central authorities. The reform of financial decentralization in Ukraine tends to support a model that is more based on transfers than on its own revenue.
The article states that the cooperative movement has become widespread in order to overcome the socio-economic problems of rural communities and restructuring of the social system at the end of XIX at the beginning of the XX centuries in various regions of Ukraine, which subsequently became the national socio-economic phenomenon. The formation of service cooperatives was carried out through the creation of agricultural partnerships and their associations in cooperative unions, federations and development centers. It was proved that the formation of a cooperative movement did not take place without the intervention of public authorities, which in addition to the adoption of relevant normative documents constantly tried to impose their party ideology to the citizens through collaboration with cooperative system. It was established that at the same time the cooperative institutions influenced on the political life of the country through the financing of parties and fulfilling the propaganda work among the population. It was determined that the spread of cooperation was due to the mass involving of cooperatives and their institutions to the cultural-educational, information-educational and upbringing work. In particular, the special attention was paid to the creation of cooperative circles, schools, libraries, carrying out of demonstrative shows and exhibitions, organization of hire stations of agricultural machinery and equipment. The expediency of taking into account the historical experience of the formation and development of cooperation as a social and economic phenomenon in the state in the current conditions of the reform of decentralization of power and the emergence of rural united territorial communities was summarized. It was noted that it is necessary to focus the attention on the main ideological and organizational principles of the revival and development of the Ukrainian cooperative movement, education of nationally conscious members of society, raising the cultural-educational and financial-economic level of the population for the successful development of rural areas of Ukraine.
The article reveals the expected risks in the process of decentralization of power in Ukraine. The basic definitions of decentralization have been analyzed. The main risks of decentralization are as follows: lack of mechanisms envisaged by the draft Law "On the Association of Territorial Communities", for the implementation of administrative and territorial reform; weakening of state control over the implementation of extended powers by local self-government bodies; the threat of failure to finance the powers of local self-government bodies. Three important stages of the development of the National Support Strategy are identified: the first stage requires the characterization and understanding of the national NSP; the second stage provides for an analysis of the current situation in the country; The third stage involves refining the international strategy-response. It is proved that the new system of public administration in Ukraine should be created through administrative reform. Therefore, the content of administrative reform consists, on the one hand, in the complex reorganization of the existing system of public administration in all spheres of public life in Ukraine. On the other hand - in the development of some institutions of public administration, which Ukraine has not yet created as a sovereign state.
The reform of education in Ukraine has been found to be consistent with the reform of decentralization. It is determined that in the process of decentralization reform, communities have an important strategic task – creating education management. It has been stated that the transfer of financial authority to the local level can help Ukraine to move away from the previous system of planning and implementation of educational policy by reducing the gap between operational and financial management, and the involvement of local authorities and schools in the decision-making process should improve the allocation of budgetary resources. In turn, this should lead to increased access to quality education, especially in more remote areas of Ukraine. It is emphasized that in the context of decentralization, the decision to open and close schools is taken by the communities based on their capabilities and needs, and no one except the village, town or city mayor and his assistants knows where the school should be, where the kindergarten should be, which school provides quality knowledge and which does not have sufficient resources to provide quality educational services and no official from the regional state administration or the Ministry of Education has a better situation than them. Accordingly, the optimization of the school network is only partly an initiative of the central government – every community can refuse to close even the smallest schools if it can and wants to finance them. The financial aspect of decentralization of the education system in Ukraine is fundamental, because not all communities are currently capable. The main objective of the CTA is to reduce the costs of maintaining educational institutions along with improving the quality of educational services. For this purpose in Ukraine the process of creation of reference schools is actively proceeding. The article examines successful examples of management of educational networks of creation in some newly created RTGs of Zaporizhzhya region, namely Priazovskaya, Girsivska and Orikhovska. Supportive schools have already been established and are operating successfully in each of these integrated territorial communities. These steps have significantly reduced the cost of maintaining educational institutions. All educators who wanted to continue their work were employed in reforming.
Introduction. In Ukraine over the past decades there has been an extremely difficult situation with the renewal of fixed assets. The level of wear of fixed assets at the disposal of public authorities is more than 50%. In this circumstances, the issue of finding resources for financing capital expenditures for updating of the infrastructure, creation of new fixed assets becomes a topical issue. An important role in this process is given to local budgets, which, under decentralization, have broad powers in many areas, including those related to the implementation of capital expenditures. Local borrowing has a significant potential for revenue mobilization, which practically does not used by local authorities. Therefore, the study of this institute is an extremely important area of justification for further improvement of the budgetary system of Ukraine. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study legal norms and practices for the implementation of local borrowing, as well as to develop recommendations on how to improve this institution. Results. As a result of the review of the current legislation, it was discovered that the main drawbacks that inhibit the development of local borrowing in Ukraine are the lack of a methodology for issuing external local loan bonds and the limited access of local councils to the borrowing market. The analysis of statistical data showed a low state of development of the local borrowing market in Ukraine. The main reasons for this situation are the inability of local councils to compete on an equal footing with the state in the financial market; long period of the crisis state of the national economy; low level of experience in the issue of municipal bonds; a large number of bureaucratic procedures and restrictions. Conclusions. The research showed that the institution of local borrowing in Ukraine is, in fact, at the stage of formation. There are significant shortcomings both in the legislation and in the practice of local borrowing. The least developed in Ukraine is a segment of municipal bonds. The frequency of issuing such loans is low and they are carried out irregularly. The fact that the municipal bonds market is the most active segment in the market of municipal borrowings of developed countries, gives grounds to assert about its considerable untapped potential in Ukraine. Reforming the budgetary system of Ukraine and increasing the financial autonomy of local authorities can be an impetus for its development in Ukraine. In order to make this possible, it is necessary to stimulate the development of financial market institutions, especially the stock market. The ways of development of local borrowings are offered as follow: establishment of objective and flexible criteria for obtaining the opportunity to enter the loan market; increase in the number of types of bonds; creation of an intermediary underwriter for bond issue; developing a system of incentives for investors in municipal bonds. Implementation of the proposed directions, together with a set of measures designed to develop the financial market and increase financial literacy of the population, will ensure greater efficiency of the use of local budgets and the development of the economy.
Introduction. In the context of budget decentralization in Ukraine, local governments are trying to make effective use of their powers and financial potential of the territorial community in order to increase local budget revenues and funding of services at the local level. The purpose is to find out the essence of the financial potential of territorial communities and to analyze its current state in the context of existing and potential sources of financial resources that can be used by local governments for the realization of their goals and perspectives. Methods. To achieve goal, a system of general scientific and special methods of research was used: analysis, synthesis and generalization - in the processing of literary, statistical, legislative and Internet sources on the topic of research; methods of systematizing and generalizing data, comparing and detailing were used when conducting analysis of local budget revenues; graphical, tabular and visualization methods were used for visual representation of the processed data; abstract-logical method was used for summarize the material presented and formulate conclusions. Results. It has been found out that financial potential of a local community is a collection of available and potential sources of financial resources that local governments can attract through budgetary, investment, credit and grant mechanisms to ensure the effective functioning of the community. It is proved that budgetary funds is gradually increasing and prevail in the structure of financial resources of local self-government bodies in Ukraine. Despite the positive dynamics, local budget revenues have not yet become the basis of financial independence of territorial communities, and tax revenues make up 88% of the structure of local budget own revenues. Possibilities of attracting private sector investment funds on the basis of public-private partnership as a potential source of financial resources of territorial communities are analyzed. It has been found out that the sources of growth of the financial potential of local self-government are credits and grants, which provide financing for infrastructure projects for the development of territorial communities. It is proved that the specific reserve of resource provision of territorial communities is human capital, with the participation of which the formation, distribution and use of financial resources of the community takes place. Emphasis is placed on revenues from the disposal of municipal waste as an inexhaustible financial resource of territorial communities. Proposals for increasing the efficiency of utilization of the financial potential of territorial communities at the present stage of development have been developed. Conclusions. The subject of further scientific exploration is the search for and in-depth study of ways to effectively use the financial potential of local communities to improve the quality and accessibility of public services at the local level.
The article is devoted to the identification of the higher education development trends on the basis of the key analytical documents analysis of the following international organizations in higher education: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (ОЕCD), World Bank, European University Association. UNESCO documents are focused on the autonomy of higher education institutions and academic freedom. Autonomy means that degree of self-governance necessary for effective decision making by institutions of higher education regarding their academic work, standards, management and related activities consistent with systems of public accountability, especially in respect of funding provided by the state, and respect for academic freedom and human rights. However, the nature of institutional autonomy may differ according to the type of establishment involved. Autonomy is the institutional form of academic freedom and a necessary precondition to guarantee the proper fulfilment of the functions entrusted to higher-education teaching personnel and institutions. The World Bank Analytical reports are emphasized on the financial autonomy as an integral part of the higher education financing system. The OECD reports are devoted to the university autonomy in the context of financing, quality assessment and management of higher education institutions. The tendencies of the development of higher education systems in Europe are defined. They are increasing of the role of higher education in ensuring the competitiveness of countries in the world economic community; increasing of the universities competition in market economy and controlling over the public financial resources effective using; increasing demands for higher education quality; decentralization of higher education institutions management; development of the institutional autonomy and academic freedom; the interconnection of institutional autonomy, accountability and responsibility for the quality of higher education; the educational paradigm changing in terms of learning and teaching recognition as key institutional priorities.
James Gresham, Diego Ambasz, Suhas Parandekar, Moreno, Juan Manuel · 5 authors
Ukraine has embarked on an ambitious reform agenda with great potential to transform and reposition the education system as a driver for economic growth and social prosperity. The reforms introduced following the Euromaidan Revolution have generated great optimism by decentralizing and democratizing the education system, while laying the foundations for greater alignment and integration with European norms and standards in education. Despite Ukraine's impressive foundations in and history of education, the system appears misaligned with the changing needs of the economy and the population. Skills demanded by the expanding sectors of the economy are different than those supplied by the education system, and change has been slow. Despite high levels of educational attainment in Ukraine, human capital remains a small share of national wealth, suggesting disparities in quality and relevance of learning. Furthermore, the system remains inefficient and slow to adjust to the declining student-age population, which also allows equity gaps to persist. Although the ongoing reform agenda is moving in the right direction, systemic imbalances and the inertia of history threaten to undermine Ukraine's education reform agenda. This review identifies five priority areas for reform going forward related to vision, governance, financing, incentives, and information. Advancing the reform agenda while attending to these priority areas will help to ensure the transformation and modernization of the education system that Ukrainians want and deserve.
It has been identified that in the process of decentralization reform, united territorial communities have a very important strategic task - the creation of an educational management mechanism. It is stated that the purpose of reforming education under decentralization is first and foremost the transfer of powers and responsibility for managing education to local governments and directly to schools. An important aspect of the decentralization of the education system is the study of the principles of decentralization in education. The transfer of authority and responsibility for financing and managing education to territorial communities is a key aspect of reform. The decentralized type leaves most of the educational tasks to local governments and is based on the principle that each member of the community (parent, educator, teacher and teacher), as a taxpayer, alone addresses the educational needs of children in local communities and schools, and will be an impetus to improving the level of education in institutions of one community. It is established that the principles of decentralization in the management of education are based on: financial motives, efficiency motives, political motives. The financial aspect of the decentralization of the education system in Ukraine is fundamental, because not all communities are currently capable. The main objective of the CTA is to reduce the costs of maintaining educational institutions along with improving the quality of educational services. For this purpose, the process of establishing reference schools is actively ongoing in Ukraine. The problem of a small number of students in small towns and villages will be solved by such optimization of the school network. Decentralization of government diminishes the amount of decision-making by the state, delegating some powers in individual areas to nonexecutive and non-executive regional authorities. Decentralization of governance is one aspect of the application of European experience in the development of education. The redistribution of functions by the education system has a great influence on improving the level of higher education in Ukraine and bringing it closer to the European level of education. We believe that decentralization in the management of education can be accomplished only in complex: between the head of the educational institution and the educators, between the authorities and consumers of educational services, between the state and civil society, between the state executive power and local self-government.
It is substantiated that creation of regional tourist destination management organizations based on public-private partnership (in terms of combining funds and efforts) in the tourism industry can become an effective model of tourism management under conditions of decentralization of power in Ukraine. There are several key benefits for government authorities, civil society and business from combining their efforts and funds to develop the tourism industry. The conclusions are based on European and world experience, as well as recommendations of the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) on the success factors of destination management/marketing organization (DMO – term that defines regional tourist destination management organizations in Western countries). The current state of work of destination management organizations in the world has been challenged by changing the course from marketing to management as their leading function, which requires increasing responsibility and rethinking their activities. The essence of the term “destination” is revealed according to UNWTO recommendations and this term is determined as the main one used when determining the tourist region. The basic success factors, components of an effective regional tourist destination management organization are revealed, such as: leadership, institutional determination, integration of public and private budgets, effective management and strategic vision that is related to sustainable development of tourist destination. The possible ways of financing and legal subordination of regional tourist destination management organizations according to legislation of Ukraine are considered and it is substantiated that these issues require deeper study and development of practical recommendations on implementation, as today there is no transparent system that would allow financing of non-state institution from state funds.
Relevance. In modern conditions of integration with the EU countries, the regulatory framework of the socio-economic development of the regions of Ukraine is supplemented from the standpoint of decentralization of local authorities in accordance with European requirements for reforming the domestic economy. The main reasons for improving regional management, taking into account the experience of developed countries of the world, are: unsatisfactory level of financial support for the regions of Ukraine; improper delineation of administrative-territorial powers; unproductive distribution and redistribution of income and expenses between the state and regions; imperfect management of the processes of formation and use of financial resources at the local level. All this makes the balanced development of both the regions of Ukraine and territorial communities, the main subject of socio-economic progress of a certain territory, virtually impossible.Goal and tasks. Identification of challenges and threats to stimulate the socio-economic development of regions on the basis of financial decentralization.Results. The article presents the results of a theoretical and practical study of the process of stimulating the socio-economic development of the regions of Ukraine based on financial decentralization. The most significant problems of socio-economic development of Ukraine are identified. The role of state regional policy in solving these problems is revealed. The role of decentralization as a factor in regional development is substantiated. The essence of the concept of "decentralization" and its types is revealed, its mission is indicated. The results of observations of the processes of financial decentralization of local governments and territorial communities are presented. Positive changes and threats were identified regarding the stimulation of the socio-economic development of the regions based on financial decentralization.Findings. The financial decentralization of power has created new opportunities for the development of territories through new approaches to financing and managing the areas of community life (education and health), increasing the sources of local budgets, expanding the managerial powers of local governments and opportunities for publicprivate and inter-municipal partnerships, increasing the volume of supporting the implementation of projects of socio-economic and infrastructural development of territories. However, the issues of relations between such levels as the territorial community – district – region – state; financing of territorial development programs. The issue of economic self-sufficiency of territorial communities is not considered, which could, provided the rational use of the resource base, strengthen it and improve the financial situation. Consequently, the development of a territorial community at the local level is possible only if the correct state policy and the policy of local authorities based on financial decentralization are formed.
У статті на основі аналізу причин стрімкого падіння цінності криптовалют у 2018 р. і особливостей 17 альткоїнів з найбільшою ринковою капіталізацією зроблено висновки про вектори розвитку криптовалют і перспективи цього феномену. Виявлено вектори розвитку криптовалют: 1) валюти платформ для створення і функціонування децентралізованих додатків (Ethereum та альтернативні платформи: Eos (позиціонується як швидша, простіша, дешевша); Cardano (для фінансових додатків, що використовуються у щоденній діяльності); Neo (валюта платформи, дружньої до регуляторів (зокрема, китайських); Ehereum Classic – більш децентралізована, з більш строгою незворотністю транзакцій, ніж у Ethereum); 2) платформи для більш ефективних транскордонних платежів (Ripple та більш децентралізована альтернатива – Stellar); 3) вирішення технічних проблем біткоїна (Litecoin – більш зручна для дрібних трансакцій, Bitcoin Cash – альтернативне вирішення проблеми масштабування трансакцій); 4) полегшення торгівлі криптовалютами і вирішення проблеми їхньої волатильності – Tether; 5) внутрішні валюти криптовалютних бірж (Binance Coin); 6) збільшення анонімності трансакцій: Monero, Dash; 7) забезпечення транзакцій в Інтернеті Речей – IOTA; 8) універсальна валюта для віртуальних розваг – TRON. Обґрунтовано гіпотезу, що, не впоравшись з амбітною роллю альтернативи суверенним грошам ієрархічної природи, криптовалюти частково зійдуть до ролі віртуальних валют для локальних віртуальних просторів, а частково перенесуть частину своїх властивостей у традиційні платіжні системи, аби полегшити, скажімо, транскордонні транзакції. Загалом, процес поширення криптовалют синхронізується з процесом поширення інформаційно-мережевої економіки.
a rise in the standard of living of the population, subject to an increase in social spending and a significant share of the public sector; the field of education, especially primary and secondary education, through the delegation of educational functions to the local level and their financial support, as well as the active participation of the local community in the financing, management and control of these institutions; the health sector, which, given the inadequate management and low level of tax decentralization, will be characterized by a deterioration in the availability and quality of medical services for the rural population; improvement of local infrastructure due to the ability of communities to independently control costs, which will reduce the cost of work and maximize local needs. The prospects for the development of rural settlements in Ukraine due to the influence of financial decentralization implementation are substantiated.
У статті охарактеризовано основні виклики, що постали перед фінансовими системами країн світу з огляду на появу криптовалют, які здатні порушити монополію центральних банків щодо контролю грошової маси в обігу. Визначено наявні у світовій та вітчизняній практиці підходи до визначення сутності криптовалют. Розглянуто основні відмінності між електронними грошима і віртуальною валютою. Здійснено оцінку тенденцій на ринку криптовалют, динаміки капіталізації основних криптовалют, зокрема біткоіна, структури криптовалютного ринку. Проаналізовано ситуацію відносно визначення правового статусу криптовалюти в зарубіжних країнах та Україні, обґрунтовано наявність у світовій практиці п’яти основних підходів до регулювання ринку криптовалют. Визначено переваги та недоліки потенційного використання криптовалют як платіжного засобу, а також ризики, пов’язані із частковим заміщенням офіційних платіжних засобів криптовалютами. Визначено ключові передумови застосування ефективних регулятивних підходів до здійснення операцій з криптовалютами, напрями побудови законодавчо-нормативної бази таких операцій в Україні.
Alexander Ivanov, Yevhenii Babichenko, Hlib Kanunnikov, Paul Karpus · 8 authors
Blockchain as a technology is rapidly developing, finding more and more new entry points into everyday life. This is one of the elements of the technical Revolution 4.0, and it is used in the field of supply, maintenance of various types of registers, access to software products, combating DDOS attacks, distributed storage, fundraising for projects, IoT, etc.Nowadays, there are many blockchainplatforms in the world. They have one technological root but different applications. There are many prerequisites to the fact that in the future the number of new decentralized applications will increase. Therefore, it is important to develop a methodology for determining the optimal blockchainbased platform to solve a specific problem. As an example, consider the worldfamous platforms Ethereum, Nem, and Stellar. Each of them allows to develop decentralized applications, issue tokens, and execute transactions. At the same time, the key features of these blockchainbased platforms are not similar to one another. These very features will be considered in the article.Purpose. Identify the key parameters that characterize the blockchainbased platforms. This will provide an opportunity to present a complex blockchain technology in the form of a simple and understandable architecture. Based on these parameters and using the expertise of the article’s authors, we will be able to develop a methodology to be used to solve the problems of choosing the optimal blockchainbased platform for solving the problem of developing smart contracts and issuing tokens.Methods. Analysis of the complexity of using blockchainbased platforms. Implementation of token issuance, use of test and public networks, execution of transactions, analysis of the development team and the community, analysis of the user interface and the developer interface.Discussion. By developing a platform comparison methodology to determine optimal characteristics, we can take the development process to a new level. This will allow to quickly and effectively solve the tasks.Results. Creation of a methodology for comparison blockchainbased platforms.
Doctor of legal sciences, V.M. PASHKOV, Associate professor
The implementation of the health care reform in Ukraine is accompanied by the introduction of new technologies. The use of 3-D technologies in medicine can serve as an example thereof. Although, some innovations provide only the implementation of such technologies in the long run. Thus, the adoption of the Laws of Ukraine "On electronic documents and electronic document circulation", "On State Financial Guarantees of Medical Care of the Population" was a prerequisite for the adoption of the Order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine "On Amendments to the Order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine of 19 July 2005 No. 360," as of April 18, 2018, No. 735. In our opinion, the main novelty of this act is an introduction of "electronic recipe", issued under the same rules as the usual recipes by authorized person in the information (information and telecommunication) system of the business entity and signed with an electronic digital signature using the enhanced certificate of a public key via reliable electronic digital signature. At the same time, the business entity is free to decide on using of electronic prescriptions, except when the requirements for mandatory electronic prescription are specified by law. With the consent of the patient, the business entity may provide additional services related to the electronic recipe (recipe notification via mobile phone, e-mail, etc.). For example, medical institutions have to register a declaration between a patient and chosen medical institution (a doctor), and such information allows the National Health Service to keep records for the further financing of such medical facilities. And block-chain could be used to display such information, simultaneously simplifying the process since collecting and sharing of such information is automated and timely. In addition, block-chain is used in the healthcare sector in order to deliver high quality and effective medicines to patients. Some researchers believe that global pharmaceutical supply chains are complex and work with outdated platforms that do not provide effective partner collaboration in complying with regulatory guidelines, so that they cannot guarantee the security of medecines distribution. In this sense, according to experts, block-chain is a decentralized platform for transactions between equal partners in a secure environment protected from unauthorized access. This technology allows to safely performing homogeneous operations with information without intermediaries in displaying all transaction data. The above means that the benefit of using the block-chain system in healthcare is not in doubt, but there is a problem of legal support for such an innovation, and not only in health care, but also in general. Theoretical problems of legal regulation in healthcare and patients’ rights protection attract the attention of many scholars. They were researched, in particular, by R.A. Maydanyk, I.Ya. Senyuta, Z.S. Hladun, I.O Bohomazova, Ye.A. Hriekov, A.O. Harkusha, and others. However, the peculiarities of digital technologies’ use and the use of block-chain in particular has remained unscathed by scolars and medical law specialists. The purpose of this study is to analyze the potential impact of block-chain technology on healthcare, its legal nature and the possibility of legal protection of patients’ rights in the block-chain system. The author of the research used scientific publications of leading experts in the field of medical law, current and prospective Ukrainian legislation. The research is based on an organic combination of general scientific and special-legal research methods. From the experts’ point of view, the block-chain could be used at least in the following spheres. Firstly: as an instrument of patients’ data storage. Till now, for example vaccination records (and almost all medical data in general) have been stored mainly in hard copies, and only in some cases, in electronic databases of medical institutions. In this case, patients do not have any mechanisms for controlling what happens to personal data stored in various medical documents. Theoretically, such data can be transferred to unknown organizations or just being lost as a result of a system failure. Secondly: block-chain can be used for monitoring of the supply of pharmaceutical products, including medicines containing virulent substances. It should be noted that the technology of Supply Chain Management (SCM) has been used for a long time. Supply Chain Management (SCM) – is a relatively new term. This concept is complex and includes earlier used definitions such as ECR (Efficient Customer Response) and DRP (Distribution Resource Planning). Nowadays, the patient cannot track which drug is being sold to him or her, both in independent purchasing and in inpatient treatment. Although, the patient has the right to demand, for example, a quality certificate for a medicinal product, but nobody prevents an unscrupulous vendor or employee of a pharmacy institution from tampering with it. Thirdly: such technologies can be helpful for the execution of smart contracts by legal entities including but not limited to insurance companies. Smart contract is an electronic protocol designed by using a computer code. Using block-chain technologies aims to transfer information and to ensure fulfillment of contract terms by both parties. Smart contracts could be replicated with the direct provision of medical care services between a patient and a health care facility, as well as with settlements between the National Health Service and medical institutions, with doctors of which patients have signed a declaration. But, the most interesting would be the use of such smart contracts for medical insurance (and not only medical). Analysis of the prospects of using the block-chain technology allows us to conclude that the objects of legal relations in this sphere are the following: 1) software; 2) telecommunication networks; 3) information resources, products and services; 4) the rights of patients in healthcare; 6) information security. The entire scope of legal relations in healthcare, including but not limited to block-chain, is private (dispositive) by its legal nature despite the publicity of using block-chain. Nevertheless, that the lack of imperative principles of block-chain implementation in healthcare, including ensuring of patients' rights, can make it impossible to use such up-to-date progressive technologies. Summarizing all mentioned before, it should be noted that it is very likely that the lack of legal clarity and unambiguousness of block-chain technology in healthcare can cause uncertainty in patients’ rights legal protection.
Demianyshyna, О. A., Nedbalyuk, O. P., Stanislavchuk, N. O.
The systemic crisis in the sphere of socio-economic development of territories is a consequence of the lack of a modern management mechanism for the development of territorial communities, which is based on the corresponding development programs.Despite the depth of studying of these scientific studies, the financial aspects of developing programs for the innovative development of territories in the conditions of financial independence of local government bodies require detailed consideration.Focused attention of researchers on the problems of management of territorial development. Attracted attention to the necessity of creating a mechanism for funding work on the development of relevant programs. It is determined that without such mechanism it is impossible to create and effectively implement territorial development programs at all levels of the administrative-territorial system of the country. All elements of the process of territorial development programming that are in need of financing are considered and which should be considered such a separate cost items of the corresponding estimate. On the basis of foreign experience (first of all the USA), it is proposed to create a nation-wide network of state information and consulting (advisory) services that would be the implementers and coordinators of work on the development of territorial development programs. It is determined that the financing of the development of territorial development programs should be carried out precisely through such services, which will ensure the efficiency and transparency of this process in conditions of financial decentralization and creation of united territorial communities in Ukraine. The proposed basic model of the process of programming the innovative development of joint territorial communities will ensure the effectiveness and transparency of this process in the context of financial decentralization.
The subjects of information legal relations are investigated in the scientific article. The authorities of the State Fiscal Service of Ukraine (next – SFS of Ukraine) as a subject of information legal relations are separately considered. It is noted that the participation of the subjects of power authorities in information legal relations has its peculiarities, the main of which is the fact that the main prerequisite for the participation of such a subject in the information legal relationship is his competence.
This article examines economic aspects of managing territorial development. Themain principles of interaction between central and local authorities which exist in modern Ukrainian society have been defined. Some approaches to ensuring economic territorial development are revealed. The normative legal framework, on the basis of which the implementation of management actions in separate territories is carried out, has been examined. The decentralization reform and the activities of unified territorial communities that manage territorial development are characterized. The disadvantages that exist in the sphere of administrative decision-making concerning territorial development are considered. Particular emphasis is placed on improving public policy in order to intensify the decentralization reform at the sub-regional level, to increase the level of financing of unified territorial communities and improve control over the use of their budgetary funds.
Urgency of the research.The competitive position of the national economy depends on the power of human capital, the foundation of which is based on the system of secondary education. The reform of the decentralization of budgetary relations allows the local authorities to influence the financial provision of the Concept of the "New Ukrainian School", based on the needs and interests of each region. Target setting. The concept of the "New Ukrainian School" implies that the distribution of financial resources is based on the principle of "money goes after the child." In September 2018 the elementary school moves to a new content of education and financing. Budget decentralization is a powerful tool for creating a new educational environment. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Topics of reforming education and the specifics of its financing were investigated by I. Kohut, O. Kuklin, E. Stadnyi, A. Seitosmanov, L. Tsymbal, O. Fasolya, P. Hobzsey, N. Kholyavko and other scholars. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. There is an urgent need to research the regional aspects of financing secondary education in the context of budget decentralization. The research objective. To substantiate the conceptual approaches to financing decentralization of secondary education taking into account regional specificity. The statement of basic materials. Modern theoretical and methodological approaches and analytical materials concerning the reform of secondary education are analyzed. The economic and political preconditions of providing educational reform in conditions of decentralization are showed. Conclusions. The constructive implementation of the decentralization reform of the financing of the secondary education system and the implementation of the concept of the "New Ukrainian School", the transfer of significant powers and budgets from state authorities to local has been proved. The tendency to increase financing of education is revealed and specified directions for improving the provision of educational services.
The purpose of this paper is to integrate quality management system, corporate social responsibility guidelines, United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, blockchain related documents and qualitative interview results from Hong Kong and Slovakia to design a set of social inclusive quality indicators within the context of the higher education sector. Three levels for social inclusive quality indicators in relation to blockchain content distribution technology in HE have been identified: governance with transparency, trust building with the sustainable community in needs fulfilment; industry innovations with risk and security audit mechanism. The contribution of this paper is to raise awareness of educators, industry practitioners and policy makers about the importance of social inclusion in blockchain technology. This study fills the gap through integrating system thinking, humanistic thinking and proactive thinking in the higher education context.
The article is devoted to the definition of problems using of blockchain technologies, and ways to overcome them to create distributed, secure applications. The paper considers the theoretical fundamentals of blockchain technologies and blockchain applications, new models of blockchain business, blockchain applications development platform, blockchain applications security, blockchain applications development problems, prospects for further research. The analysis of recent research and publications in the field of blockchain technologies are made in the article. Based on this analysis, it was determined that the blockchain industry has not yet completed the process of generating a generally accepted multilevel technology description. The overview of existing models of business blockchain, their characteristics and areas of application are done in the article. Software tools for creating and maintaining blockchain applications are considered. The article deals with the features, advantages and problems of using blockchain technology for creating distributed, secure applications. The problem of integration of new and existing private systems with an open blockchains is considered. A possible solution to this problem is the creation of a blockchain authentication service to implement a global security level. Such a service can become a standard security infrastructure for new models of mixed private and public systems that will be useful to all participants in different areas of the economy. The directions of development of protected blockchain applications in the sphere of public administration and private business in Ukraine are determined. In addition, the priority tasks that need to be solved for successful implementation of technology in Ukraine are determined based on the analysis of the current state of development of blockchains. There are three main areas of development of blockade technology: standardization, application security and integration of block systems with existing private systems and modern technologies of artificial intelligence, large data and the Internet of things, and described prospects for further research for them.
The article analyzes the current problems of the formation of local budgets and systematizes proposals on the prospects of financial decentralization in the context of the need for reforming the power system in Ukraine. The priority directions of the management of public finances are defined: substantiated formation, transparent distribution and redistribution and effective use, which will promote effective management of budgetary funds in the country. It is proved that the improvement of the legal and institutional framework of the system of intergovernmental financing will contribute to the implementation of effective budget reforms.
Introduction. Reconstitution of human capital and education and science financing is a strategic factor in sustainable development of region, a significant element in strengthening the competitiveness of our enterprises, a prerequisite for rising incomes and improving living standards of the population. Purpose. The article aims is to determine the directions of the regional policy of Ukraine for the development of human capital and education financing on the basis of foreign countries experience in the conditions of the development of decentralization processes. Results. The main tendencies of education financing in Ukraine have been investigated. The experience of foreign countries development of decentralization processes in the organization of the financing of education has been systematized. On the basis of the conducted research, we have proposed directions of the region policy in the field of education financing of in Ukraine depending on the budget capacity.