This comprehensive technical paper presents a novel multi-modal trust architecture for AI-driven HR systems, focusing on the critical aspects of user acceptance in enterprise-scale people analytics platforms. Through the implementation of advanced zero-knowledge proof protocols, explainable AI frameworks, blockchain-based audit trails, and federated learning approaches, the architecture achieved an 85% improvement in user confidence metrics. The system demonstrates remarkable performance across resistance prediction, technical integration, and trust analytics, processing over 9.5 million daily interactions with 99.999% reliability. Our implementation across 1,850 organizations showed an 82% enhancement in system trustworthiness and a 2.8x improvement in operational efficiency, while reducing algorithmic bias by 89%. The architecture's event-driven design and microservices implementation resulted in a 76% improvement in system responsiveness and a 92% reduction in data processing latency, establishing a new benchmark for trust-centric AI-HR systems.
The emergence and growing use of advanced technologies has opened up new possibilities for addressing the security challenges of resource-constrained IoT net- works. As IoT devices exchange sensitive data, secure key management is essential for IoT network security, particularly during the key revocation phase. However, current IoT key management solutions require improvements due to the resource limitations of IoT devices. Despite these limitations, existing key revocation solutions still have several areas for improvement, including high communication overheads. Therefore, a decentralized and efficient solution is necessary to address these issues in IoT networks, with a focus on security. This paper proposes a new solution for key revocation based on Blockchain technology using smart contracts to minimize communication overhead and energy consumption in IoT networks. The paper presents a security and performance analysis to assess its correctness. The results indicate that our proposal outperforms other solutions by having a reduced communication overhead of 93.55%, 91.87%, and 99.75% compared to other solutions during the compromising, leaving, and draining cases, respectively. This demonstrates that our solution is efficient and suitable for IoT networks.
Mostafa Harakeh, Malek El Diri, Costas Lambrinoudakis, Nikolaos Tsileponis
This study investigates the impact of blockchain technology adoption on corporate investment efficiency. Utilizing a difference-in-differences methodology on an international sample of Forbes Global 2000 companies between 2012 and 2021, we find that firms implementing blockchain exhibit significantly higher investment efficiency post-adoption compared to non-adopters. This effect is more pronounced among ex ante informationally opaque firms. Our results suggest that blockchain adoption reduces overinvesting activities by restricting avenues for managerial discretion through enhanced transparency. Our findings contribute to the growing literature on blockchain's real economic impacts and inform blockchain adoption decisions by demonstrating investment efficiency benefits.
The current extent of global technology is swiftly progressing and infiltrating all sectors. Within the financial sector, organizations are continuously seeking to create innovative strategies and solutions that priorities the needs of their corporate clients while maintaining a strong competitive edge over other firms. Corporate financial institutions must strive to maintain competitiveness versus other organizations while also maintaining operational efficiency, security, traceability, and openness. Blockchain technology enables corporate financial institutions and banks to utilize their services and streamline their internal procedures. Banks can enhance their existing processes, including transactions, identity verifications, smart contracts, and internal operations like HR and procurement, through the implementation of distributed ledger technology.
The diverse applications and benefits of blockchain technology and smart contracts across various sectors are explored in this overview. Decentralized Finance (DeFi) projects, supply chain management, tokenization of assets, NFT platforms, and identity verification stand out as prominent examples. Smart contracts are lauded for their cost efficiency and security, underpinned by blockchain's cryptographic features that fortify system integrity. Blockchain's global accessibility facilitates cross-border transactions, while decentralized exchanges (DEX) mitigate censorship and counterparty risks, empowering users with asset control. Moreover, blockchain expands investment opportunities through asset tokenization, encompassing diverse classes such as real estate and intellectual property, bolstering security and transparency through immutable ownership records. Oracles play a vital role in integrating real-time data into DeFi ecosystems, informing decision-making by linking off-chain data with blockchain networks.Diverse token standards like ERC-20 and ERC-721 are pivotal, catering to fungible and non-fungible token ecosystems respectively. Lastly, the advantages of proof of stake (PoS) over proof of work (PoW) are highlighted, emphasizing PoS's energy efficiency, transaction throughput, and scalability
Blockchain and cryptocurrencies have emerged as revolutionary technologies that have garnered substantial interest in the past few years. A blockchain functions as a distributed and transparent ledger, facilitating secure transactions without the requirement of intermediaries. Digital assets like Bitcoin and Ethereum are examples of cryptocurrencies, leveraging blockchain technology to enable secure and unrestricted transactions. These innovations have the potential to revolutionize industries such as finance, supply chain management, and healthcare. However, challenges such as regulatory concerns and scalability issues must be addressed for their widespread adoption. Overall, blockchain and cryptocurrencies offer new opportunities for innovation and financial inclusion
Purpose- The purpose of this study is to examine the long and short-term relationship between Bitcoin and altcoins selected based on their market capitalization through an empirical analysis. For this purpose, the daily data of Bitcoin and nine altcoins consisting of Ether, Ripple, Tether, Litecoin, Monero, Stellar, Dash, Nem, Dogecoin for the period 07/08/2015-08/01/2020 were used. Methodology- The long-run relationship between Bitcoin and altcoins is first analyzed by Vector Autoregression (VAR) analysis. Granger causality test was utilized to determine the short-run causality relationship between the variables. The tests were conducted with the Eviews program. Findings- According to the results of the VAR analysis conducted to investigate the long-run relationship, there is a long-run relationship between Dogecoin, Dash, Litecoin, Nem, Stellar and Ripple and Bitcoin. After determining the long-run relationship between the variables, the relationships between the variables were analyzed with the help of impulse response functions. Impulse response function shows the effect of a one-unit shock to one variable on the other variable. Accordingly, when the results of impulse response functions are analyzed; it is seen that a one-unit random shock in Bitcoin has a negative effect on Ripple, Nem, Litecoin, Dash, Litecoin, Dogecoin in the first two periods, the effect decreases in the second period, and this effect disappears in the third period. A random shock to Bitcoin causes a positive effect on Stellar that lasts for two periods. This positive effect ends in the third period. After analyzing the relationship between Bitcoin and altcoins with impulse response functions, the source of the changes in the variance of the variables is analyzed through variance decomposition. According to the variance decomposition results, the effect of Bitcoin on Dogecoin is 25% in the first period and 22% in the other periods. The variance decomposition of Dash shows that approximately 18% of the change in standard deviation was caused by Bitcoin in the first period and this percentage increased to 25.5% in the following periods. Litecoin's variance decomposition results show that 33% of the change in standard deviation from the first period to the last period was caused by Bitcoin. It is observed that approximately 8% of the change in Nem's standard deviation in the first period was caused by Bitcoin, while this rate increased to 21.5% in the last period. From the first period to the last period, 13.5% of the change in Stellar's standard deviation was caused by Bitcoin. When the variance decomposition of Ripple is analyzed, it is observed that 10% of the difference in the standard deviation is due to Bitcoin. This situation continued similarly from the first period to the last period. Following the VAR analysis, Granger causality test was conducted to explain the short-term relationship between the variables. According to the test results, there is a bidirectional Granger causality between Bitcoin and all altcoins. Accordingly, when Bitcoin is taken as the dependent variable, it is the Granger cause of Ether, Ripple, Tether, Litecoin, Monero, Stellar, Dash, Nem, Dogecoin. When the Granger causality relationship between altcoins is analyzed, a causality relationship was observed from Tether to Stellar, while no causality was found from Stellar to Tether. Similarly, while Granger causality is observed from Tether to Ripple, there is no causality from Ripple to Tether. The variance decomposition of Stellar and Ripple shows that Tether does not contribute to the change in standard deviation. The variance decomposition test supports the Granger test results. All altcoin variables except these are Granger causes of each other. Conclusion- At the end of the study, according to the results of the VAR analysis to determine the long-run relationship, there is a long-run relationship between Dogecoin, Dash, Litecoin, Nem, Stellar and Ripple and Bitcoin. There is no long-run relationship between Tether, Monero, Ether and Bitcoin. According to the Granger causality analysis test results conducted to observe the short-term relationship, there is a bidirectional Granger causality between Bitcoin and all altcoins. Accordingly, when Bitcoin is taken as the dependent variable, it is the Granger cause of Ether, Ripple, Tether, Litecoin, Monero, Stellar, Dash, Nem, Dogecoin. As a result, it is observed that Bitcoin has a short-term relationship with all 9 altcoins subject to the study, and a long-term relationship with Dogecoin, Dash, Litecoin, Nem, Stellar and Ripple. These results show that the price movements in Bitcoin have an impact on altcoins. Keywords: Bitcoin, altcoin, cryptocurrency, causality analysis, VAR analysis. JEL Codes: G17, G10, C58
Gang Kou, Hasan Dınçer, Dragan Pamučar, Serhat Yüksel · 7 authors
Necessary improvements should be made to increase the effectiveness of non-fungible tokens on the Metaverse platform without having extra costs. For the purpose of handing this process more efficiently, there is a need to determine the most important factors for a more successful integration of non-fungible tokens into this platform. Accordingly, this study aims to determine the appropriate the identity management choices of non-fungible tokens in the Metaverse. There are three different stages in the proposed novel fuzzy decision-making model. The first stage includes prioritizing the expert choices with artificial intelligence-based decision-making methodology. Secondly, the criteria sets for managing non-fungible tokens are weighted by using Quantum picture fuzzy rough sets-based M-SWARA methodology. Finally, the identity management choices regarding non-fungible tokens in the Metaverse are ranked with Quantum picture fuzzy rough sets oriented VIKOR. The main contribution of this study is that artificial intelligence methodology is integrated to the fuzzy decision-making modelling to differentiate the experts. With the help of this situation, it can be possible to create clusters for the experts. Hence, the opinions of experts outside this group may be excluded from the scope. It has been determined that security must be ensured first to increase the use of non-fungible tokens on the Metaverse platform. Similarly, technological infrastructure must also be sufficient to achieve this objective. Moreover, biometrics for unique identification has the best ranking performance among the alternatives. Privacy with authentication plays also critical role for the effectiveness of this process.
Laila Abd El-Fatah, Mohamed Abouhawwash, Mohammed Jameel
This paper explores the intricate relationship between sustainable business practices and blockchain-assisted financial cryptocurrency strategies in the contemporary global landscape. Recognizing the dynamic nature of the business environment, the study addresses the imperative to unravel the impact of technology on sustainability metrics. Employing a robust methodology involving the Error-Trend-Seasonality (ETS), Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA), and Holt-Winters methods, the research analyzes temporal patterns within financial cryptocurrency data. The results provide valuable insights into emerging trends and comparative performance among cryptocurrencies. Through a synthesis of our analytical approach, this study contributes to the ongoing dialogue on the integration of blockchain in finance, offering stakeholders a nuanced understanding of the potential implications for green business practices.
Amar Johri, Anu Sayal, N Chaithra, Janhvi Jha · 8 authors
The "Metaverse," a term popularized by Neal Stephenson's novel Snow Crash, has been discussed in the science fiction community for decades, but technological advancements have only recently made it a reality. The Metaverse is an all-encompassing, interconnected virtual environment where users can freely communicate with one another and digital content. This article examines how various technologies, primarily Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR), have contributed to the development of the Metaverse (AR). These innovations have revolutionized the way we interact with digital media by enabling us to have genuine, realistic experiences. In addition, we examine the Metaverse technologies that make it possible to construct a fully realized, functional virtual world. Among these are recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI), cryptocurrencies, spatial and peripheral computing, and other fields. Our research investigates the advantages and disadvantages of these technologies, as well as how they may influence the future of the Metaverse. Furthermore, the article explores the darker aspects of the Metaverse, particularly the emergence of the "dark verse," which underscores the potential for organized illicit activities within the Internet due to insufficient oversight and governance of the Metaverse.
Mathew Fukuzawa, Brandon M. McConnell, Michael G. Kay, Kristin Thoney-Barletta · 5 authors
Purpose Demonstrate proof-of-concept for conducting NFL Draft trades on a blockchain network using smart contracts. Design/methodology/approach Using Ethereum smart contracts, the authors model several types of draft trades between teams. An example scenario is used to demonstrate contract interaction and draft results. Findings The authors show the feasibility of conducting draft-day trades using smart contracts. The entire negotiation process, including side deals, can be conducted digitally. Research limitations/implications Further work is required to incorporate the full-scale depth required to integrate the draft trading process into a decentralized user platform and experience. Practical implications Cutting time for the trade negotiation process buys decision time for team decision-makers. Gains are also made with accuracy and cost. Social implications Full-scale adoption may find resistance due to the level of fan involvement; the draft has evolved into an interactive experience for both fans and teams. Originality/value This research demonstrates the new application of smart contracts in the inter-section of sports management and blockchain technology.
Iqbal H. Jebril, Murad Ali Ahmad Al-Zaqeba, Haneen A. Al-Khawaja, Abdulbasit Lutfy A. Al Obaidy · 5 authors
The integration of blockchain technology into estate governance has the potential to revolutionize transparency, efficiency, and security in estate management. Traditional governance structures often grapple with inefficiencies, lack of transparency, and security issues in estate management. This paper comprehensively explores the impact of blockchain on estate governance, and then risk management and business sustainability. This research centers on the role of risk management on business sustainability to mediate and moderate the effect of estate governance on business sustainability. The results indicate that effective real estate governance positively affects risk management practices in real estate. However, both real estate governance and risk management contribute to business sustainability. Moreover, there are still gaps in the literature that require further investigation. Where policymakers and practitioners can develop informed strategies to strengthen governance structures, mitigate risks, and promote sustainable practices in real estate; Thus, promoting long-term success and resilience in the real estate industry. It is worth noting that future research should focus on empirical testing of the proposed hypotheses to provide a better understanding of these dynamics and their implications for risk management that can affect business sustainability.
Ahmad Fayyaz Madni, Munam Ali Shah, Muhammad Al-Naeem
In the past decade, Electronic Health Records (EHRs) based on clouds have become popular in empowering remote patient monitoring. The rise of Health 4.0, which includes using system elements and cloud services to access health records remotely, has gained highest attention of the experts. Healthcare 4.0 requires the consistent collection, combination, transmission, exchange, and storage of medical information related to the patients. Because patient information is a private data, it might be challenging to keep hackers out of the reach. As a result, secure cloud storage, access, and exchange of patient medical information is critical in ensuring that the information is not exposed in any unauthorized manner. Security mechanisms that employ Blockchain technology have become popular in recent years since they can provide robust data sharing amongst large number of users and provide storage protection with low computing costs. Researchers have now shifted their focus to using Blockchain to protect healthcare information administration. This work presents an architecture to investigate the scalability of the Healthcare 4.0 systems that use Blockchain. The investigations are carried out under different test scenarios and are evaluated under numerous circumstances, including varying user and data volumes, while also considering the presence of cyber threats. The results demonstrate interesting findings related to the efficiency and effectiveness of deploying Healthcare 4.0 and Blockchain in EHRs.
With the increasingly serious global environmental pollution problem, the ESG system established on the sustainable development theory has attracted the attention of all the countries. Compared with the effect of ESG information disclosure practice in western countries, ESG information disclosure practice in China is facing great challenges. Due to the inconsistency of the disclosure forms and disclosure standards of ESG information, the phenomenon of ESG information greenwashing cannot be effectively suppressed. From the perspective of ESG information collection, integration and verification, this paper analyzes the key factors restricting the quality of ESG information disclosure. The distributed accounting technology, across-chain interaction technology, and the characteristics such as imtamability and traceability of the Blockchain can effectively deal with the above constraints. By establishing a private chain within the enterprise, which is interacting with multiple external alliance chains, the enterprises can improve the quality of ESG information disclosure.
The Internet of Things (IoT) system is a complex environment where various entities and devices communicate. IoT is used in fields like transportation, healthcare, and monitoring, linking smart devices with sensors through the Internet to collect data from the physical world. To protect this sensitive data from hackers, an IoT platform or architecture that ensures end-to-end privacy and security is essential. Although there are many security and privacy solutions for IoT that offer basic security needs like confidentiality, integrity, and authentication, traditional solutions fall short for the large-scale IoT paradigm due to its heterogeneous nature and resource-constrained devices. Hence, this research focuses on decentralized architectures. Block chain (BC) technology is gaining attention for addressing security and authoritarian issues. In this approach, a block chain smart contract is updated with an attack detection contract.
The metaverse, a collective virtual shared space combining virtual reality, augmented reality, and the internet, presents a new frontier for entrepreneurship and disruptive business opportunities. This paper conducts an in-depth exploration of the metaverse landscape, analyzing the evolution of virtual worlds, major metaverse platforms, and user adoption trends. It identifies and evaluates various entrepreneurial opportunities within the metaverse ecosystem, including virtual real estate development and digital asset trading, virtual commerce and e-commerce, virtual experiences and entertainment, as well as decentralized finance (DeFi) applications leveraging blockchain technology. While the metaverse offers substantial prospects, the paper critically examines the challenges and risks associated with metaverse entrepreneurship. These encompass legal and regulatory complexities surrounding intellectual property, privacy, and taxation; technical hurdles such as interoperability, scalability, and cybersecurity; economic uncertainties regarding volatile asset markets and sustainable revenue models; and social and ethical implications related to potential addiction, inclusivity, and environmental impact. The paper further outlines strategic approaches and best practices for entrepreneurs seeking to navigate the metaverse successfully. These include identifying viable business opportunities, building strong virtual brand identities, leveraging emerging technologies like augmented reality (AR), artificial intelligence (AI), and blockchain, fostering community engagement, pursuing strategic collaborations, and embracing continuous innovation. Through a synthesis of existing literature and case studies, the paper offers actionable recommendations for entrepreneurs and policymakers to foster a responsible and sustainable metaverse ecosystem. It acknowledges limitations and suggests avenues for future research, such as industry-specific studies, ethical frameworks, and longitudinal investigations into the metaverse's societal impacts. Ultimately, this comprehensive analysis aims to provide a thorough understanding of the metaverse's potential for entrepreneurship, while equipping stakeholders with insights and strategies to navigate the opportunities and challenges within this rapidly evolving virtual realm.
Commercial real estate transaction processes are inherently complex, multi-faceted, and multifarious due to multiple intermediaries, a high volume of signed documentation, high costs, and the illiquid nature of these transactions. An emerging area in blockchain technology is smart contracts which hold much potential to transform the commercial real estate industry through the digitalization of decentralized business models that ensure transaction transparency and validity. Despite the potential benefits of smart contracts, their use in the commercial real estate industry is at a nascent stage. In response to this gap, this study proposes a novel approach using Ethereum blockchain technology to enable intermediaries to transact in an informationally symmetrical way within an open real estate in Switzerland. The proposed conceptual model employs tokenisation on the blockchain and is developed using the action design science research methodology. The model undergoes several stages of evolution from pre-design, which is validated through expert interviews, to arrive at the final conceptual design. The study identifies key factors that influence the application of blockchain in real estate transactions, namely adoption, governance and compliance, transaction costs, transparency and immutability, security, and scalability. The results indicate that smart contracts have the potential to significantly reduce transaction costs and improve efficiency in the commercial real estate industry.
This article explores the application of blockchain technology in accounting and financial information systems, emphasizing its advantages in transparency, security, and efficiency, and proposing challenges that need to be addressed in widespread adoption.The decentralized nature of blockchain technology can revolutionize traditional accounting practices.Through distributed ledger technology, each transaction information is recorded on an immutable blockchain, ensuring the authenticity and traceability of product information.The article also discusses the application of blockchain in agricultural ecological product supply chain management, how to improve transportation safety and reduce logistics costs by improving the transparency and efficiency of information flow.Finally, the article investigates the impact of blockchain on corporate financial risk, using panel data from listed companies from 2019 to 2023 for empirical analysis, and evaluating corporate financial risk through the Z-Score model.
Cryptocurrency has gained significant traction among Indian investors since 2013. These digital currencies utilize cryptography to secure the generation of units, facilitate transactions, and verify ownership. Bitcoin (BTC), a prominent cryptocurrency, operates as a virtual currency to serve as a decentralized form of money and payment method. It is designed to function independently such that no individual, group, or entity is involved in financial transactions. The process of cryptocurrency involves rewarding blockchain miners for their role in verifying transactions. In exchange for their efforts, miners receive cryptocurrency, which can also be acquired through purchases on various cryptocurrency exchanges. This decentralized and cryptographic approach to currency has contributed to the widespread adoption of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, reflecting the evolving landscape of financial transactions in India and globally. In this study, trend analysis of bitcoin has been done on the past 5 years’ closing price data ranging from 2018 to 2022 through technical analysis. The key indicators used for this study are the Relative Strength Index, Moving Average Convergence and Divergence, and on balance volume, (most common indicators as given by Trend Spider) the results showed that the Crypto market is underperforming showing a bearish trend thus providing a buying opportunity for long-term investors.
Abstract Blockchain technology is increasingly pervasive in social production and life, and its influence on the accounting and auditing industry is undeniable. The article extensively researches blockchain technology and smart contracts, and it constructs a blockchain-based cloud data auditing model. Combining it with the evolutionary game model completes the construction of the blockchain-based cloud data auditing system. The running cost of the auditing model is analyzed in terms of communication and computation overhead, smart contract cost, time cost, etc., and how it affects the strategies of auditing clients and auditors is studied from the aspects of cost and benefit, respectively. In this paper, the audit model’s average communication overhead and computation overhead are 9.86 KB and 0.82 seconds, respectively. The cost of the smart contract model is relatively low and shows a steady trend. The average query time of this paper’s auditing model is 0.78ms, and none of the validation times on the validator exceeds 5ms, while the average validation times on the blockchain and cloud servers are 11.01ms and 534.35ms, respectively. The auditing client and the auditor tend to adopt the blockchain technology strategy when the cost reduces, or the benefit increases, with a probability of adoption approaching 1 after numerous games.
Ivan Ivanovich Kiryushin, Igor' Petrovich Ivanov, Viktor Vladimirovich Timofeev, D Yu Zhmurko
This article explores the possibilities of using blockchain technology in police work. Examples of the use of blockchain in various areas of police activity, such as personal data management, control of drug trafficking and other prohibited substances, traffic monitoring and the fight against cybercrime, are considered. The authors note that thanks to the storage of data in the blockchain, it becomes possible to increase the protection of the confidentiality of personal information, ensure transparency and efficiency of police work, as well as prevent fraud and corruption. The conclusion of the article emphasizes that the use of blockchain can improve the work of the police and ensure greater security of citizens. Distributed ledger technology, or blockchain as a service (BaaS) is indeed a relatively new product on the market that allows you to provide blockchain services for corporate clients. This solution allows you to use more reliable and secure methods of data processing and transaction management within the organization. All these economic effects can lead to a reduction in costs and an increase in the efficiency of the police. In general, the use of blockchain technology in the police can have a number of advantages, such as increasing transparency and accountability, reducing data processing time and combating data falsification. However, it is necessary to take into account some risks, such as the possibility of data privacy violations, as well as difficulties in integrating with existing systems and training personnel. In general, the introduction of blockchain technology into the police requires careful analysis and an approach that takes into account all aspects of the use of technology and its impact on the organization.
Open access
Advanced Technologies in Various Fields
Legal, Health, Environmental and COVID-19 Challenges
The main goal of the research is to predict the future monthly returns of cryptocurrencies using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). Time series for the period 2018-2021 consists o f data on monthly returns for the cryptocurrencies Bitcoin, Ethereum and Ripple, as well as monthly returns on gold and the S&P500 stock index. Within the VECM, using the Johansen and Granger tests, short-term cointegration and causality among variables were determined, without the existence o f long-term equilibrium. The resulting model for short-term prediction o f the monthly returns o f the cryptocurrency Bitcoin was evaluated as unbiased and stable with a realistic forecast error o f 0.168 (16.8%).
F Farnuod Ahmadi, Abbas Toloie Eshlaghy, Reza Radfar
Cryptocurrencies have been widely identified and established as a new form of electronic currency exchange, carrying significant implications for emerging economies and the global economy. This research focused on the "examination and comparison of the efficiency of MLP and SimpleRNN algorithms in predicting cryptocurrency prices" using the Python programming language. Price predictions for Bitcoin, Ethereum, Binance Coin, Cardano, and Ripple were made using two deep learning algorithms (including the MLP algorithm and the SimpleRNN algorithm) over the period from 2017 to 2023. The results of cryptocurrency price prediction using deep learning algorithms were satisfactory; and the comparison of predictions across all cryptocurrencies indicated minimal differences between the algorithms studied, suggesting that they were efficient and had low error rates. Based on the obtained results regarding Bitcoin price prediction, the best algorithm was SimpleRNN; for Ethereum price prediction, the best algorithm was MLP; for Binance Coin price prediction, the best algorithm was SimpleRNN; for Cardano price prediction, the best algorithm was MLP; and for Ripple price prediction, the best algorithm was MLP.