B. Vaidianathan, G. Regina Manicka Rajam, R.L. Shyja, M. Anitha
Know your customer (KYC) is the process of confirming user identities and assessing business risks from illicit activity. The manual KYC procedure is insecure, time-consuming, and expensive. With Blockchain technology's immutability, security, and decentralisation, such difficulties can be solved. KYC legal provide blockchain-based KYC verification by validating papers by a trustworthy network participant. This paper proposes an Ethereum-based Optimised KYC Blockchain system with symmetric AES encryption and LZ compression. The distributed ledger, cryptography, compression algorithm, and blockchain technologies make this system transparent, secure, efficient, and optimised. The suggested method uses Distributed Ledger Technology (Blockchain technology) to reduce KYC verification costs for institutions and speed up the process for clients. Our system is superior to conventional techniques since each customer only needs to be verified once, regardless of the number of institutions they want to link to. Since we use the DLT, we can securely communicate verification results with customers, boosting transparency. We created a Proof of Concept (POC) using the Ethereum API, websites as endpoints, and an android app as front office to prove its viability and efficacy. Overall, this strategy enhances customer experience, decreases costs, and boosts customer on boarding transparency.
This paper introduces a certificate verification system powered by blockchain technology to prevent document forgery and ensure authenticity. By using a distributed ledger, the system creates a permanent and transparent record for issuing and verifying certificates. In this Block chain technology, block chain performs Secure Certificate Storage with hash encryption, real time data verification & decentralized network of nodes validation. By using block chain technology, we can prevents Forgery from tampering and ensure authenticity. It ensures the data integrity while doing real time verification and it is more efficient than other technology. It minimizes the verification cost. This application is more scalable and used in multiple areas like the educational sector for document verification and health industry to validate the medical records and Supply chain management. This project demonstrates the potential of blockchain technology in securing certificate verification, preventing forgery, and enhancing trust in document authenticity.
Blockchain technology, originally introduced through Bitcoin cryptocurrency in 2008, has rapidly expanded beyond its financial roots, offering innovative solutions for secure data management across various sectors, including education. Higher education institutions, faced with challenges in managing academic records, verifying degrees, assessing skills, and safeguarding personal data, have increasingly looked to blockchain for answers. Blockchain’s transparent, immutable, and decentralized nature provides potential solutions to these longstanding problems. This systematic review assesses blockchain-based proposals for academic certificates management, aiming to highlight globally recognized best practices, explore the latest applications, and identify key challenges hindering the widespread adoption of blockchain technology in education. A thorough discussion based on the findings introduces potential solutions to mitigate these challenges and provides insights into possible future research directions that could help overcome these obstacles.
The nature of virtual assets and their legal regulation is a challenge for policymakers, because virtual assets themselves are a new phenomenon in the field of social and economic relations, which is significantly different from established types of property. The market of virtual assets, which has achieved significant development over the past 10 years, is of interest for research and from a fiscal point of view, because despite its significant volume, agreed approaches to the taxation of operations carried out in such a market are absent or are at the stage of development. A significant number of new challenges facing the legislator when determining the tax regime of operations with virtual assets arise from their qualities, which are categorically different from other types of assets. Virtual assets have a significant number of subspecies, which on the one hand are significantly different from each other, and on the other hand share common features. In particular, the most famous virtual assets - Bitcoin, Ethereum are completely decentralized, do not have a specific issuer, do not certify any civil rights of the owner, and do not have security. On the other hand, such types of virtual assets as electronic money tokens («stablecoins») or tokens related to assets are a form of expression of civil rights, namely the rights of claim against the issuer. Thus, it is problematic to determine which set of characteristics to use to distinguish virtual assets from other types of property while taking into account the full range of diversity of virtual assets themselves. In addition, transactions with virtual assets take place in forms different from transactions with cash, securities, etc. The ability of subjects to store, exchange, acquire and alienate virtual assets without the participation of any financial institutions or other intermediaries is another challenge in rulemaking, because it complicates the application of existing control methods in the field of taxation. A separate category of problems is also the phenomenon of decentralized finance («DeFi»), which eliminates intermediaries not only from the basic operations of moving virtual assets, but also from more complex economic operations, such as credit activities, loans, collateral, derivative contracts, etc. Considering the above, the relevance of the research lies in the emergence of qualitatively new categories of social relations, which, like any other social and economic relations, require legal regulation. Currently available regulatory instruments are not able to fully cover all the variety of operations with virtual assets, and to provide appropriate, special regulation of them.
• Agent-based modeling can be used to study the sociotechnical dynamics associated with technology implementation. • Ethereum’s ERC-721protocol can be leveraged to facilitate reducing the prevalence of counterfeit electronic parts. • Widespread adoption of blockchain is required to reduce the flow of counterfeit electronic parts. • Adoption is sensitive to the direct and indirect cost associated with blockchain implementation. • Integerating blockchain with business practice verification can reduces its cost, leading to an increase in adoption. Safety-critical, mission-critical, and infrastructure-critical systems (e.g., aerospace, transportation, defense, and power generation) are forced to source parts over exceptionally long periods of time from a supply chain that they do not control. Such systems are exposed to the dual risks of the impacts of system failure and the exposure to an unauthorized electronics marketplace over decades. Therefore, critical systems operators, manufacturers, and sustainers, must implement policies and technologies to reduce the risk of obtaining counterfeit parts. Blockchain technology, as a distributed ledger platform, has shown promise for resolving the issues associated with a lack of trust, transparency in peer-to-peer transactional networks, and compromised supply chains. There are opportunities to apply blockchain for supply chain concepts to mitigate the risks associated with part authenticity in the electronic part supply chain. This paper introduces a supply-chain blockchain framework resilient to aging (e.g., the loss of involvement of the original component manufacture and its authorized distributors, and loss of part transaction history). An agent-based model is introduced as a novel platform to test the impact of the proposed blockchain framework on supply-chain parties as well as the prevalence of counterfeits in the electronics supply chain. The model can validate the proposed protocol over the entire life cycle of a part (i.e., from active production to discontinuance and beyond) and predict the parties’ adoption rates, and changes in the prevalence of counterfeit parts. Application of the model to a public participation blockchain based on Ethereum ERC- 721 protocols indicates that the participation level of independent distributors directly affects the efficacy of blockchain in the prevention of transactions containing counterfeit parts. A proposed certification-based blockchain participation approach can be effective if certifications require large enough test accuracy limits and high previous owner certification thresholds.
Yuri Bespalov, Lyudmila Kovalchuk, Hanna Nelasa, Roman Oliynykov
Abstract Decentralized consensus protocols have a variety of parameters to be set during their deployment for practical applications in blockchains. The analysis given in most research papers proves the security state of the blockchain, at the same time usually providing a range of acceptable values, thus allowing further tuning of the protocol parameters. In this paper, we investigate Ouroboros Praos, the proof-of-stake consensus protocol deployed in Cardano and other blockchains. In contrast to its predecessor, Praos allows multiple honest slot leaders that lead to fork creation and resolution, consequently decreasing the block rate per time unit. In our analysis of dependence on protocol parameters such as active slot coefficient and p2p network block propagation time, we obtain new theoretical results and explicit formulas for the expectation of the length of the longest chain created during the Praos epoch, the length of the longest unintentional fork created by honest slot leaders, the efficiency of block generation procedure (the ratio of blocks included in the final longest chain vs the total number of created blocks), and other characteristics of the blockchain throughput. We study these parameters as stochastic characteristics of the block generation process. The model is described in terms of the two-parametric family ξ ij of independent Bernoulli random variables which generate deformation of the binomial distribution by a positive integer parameter—the delay (deterministic or random). An essential part of our paper is a study of this deformation in terms of denumerable Markov chains and generating functions.
Blockchain technology has transformed information management through decentralization, security and immutability. However, a gap persists in its application for the issuance and verification of professional qualifications in education. This study presents a prototype developed in Python and Docker, designed to guarantee the authenticity and traceability of academic credentials through a hybrid blockchain network with six Docker nodes. The prototype includes processes such as initial data registration, node configuration, credential generation with QR codes and associative signature based on Byzantine consensus. During the signing stage, previously stored records are validated and authenticated, ensuring integrity before final credentials are generated. The peer-to-peer network ensures synchronization, decentralized storage and immutability of records. On average, initial title registration on the blockchain took 2.97 s, with block replication taking 0.02 s. Record signing had a latency of 0.96 s, with replication in 0.79 s, and Byzantine consensus took 0.12 s, all with moderate resource consumption. The generated titles, verifiable via QR codes, reinforce trust and reduce academic fraud. This model stands out for its practical and scalable approach, with potential for adaptation to other sectors. Future work should address the scalability and robustness of the system for more complex applications.
Basem Mohamed Elomda, Taher Abouzaid Abdelaty Abdelbary, Hesham Hassan, Kamal S. Hamza · 5 authors
The Multi-Layer Blockchain Security Model (MLBSM) proposed in 2024 was designed to safeguard Internet of Things (IoT) networks, as well as similar network architectures, against transaction privacy leakage in public blockchain systems. MLBSM also addresses critical issues like latency, ensuring faster transaction speeds through clustering and parallel processing. This paper presents a new extension to the Multi-Layer Blockchain Security Model (MLBSM). The proposed model is called the Enhanced Multi-Layer Blockchain Security Model (EMLBSM). The proposed EMLBSM will solve latency issues by compressing and reducing the layers of the MLBSM through merging layer2 and layer3 in the MLBSM. This paper describes the required enhanced solution for latency and scalability problems that were found in the MLBSM.
Federated learning (FL) is an emerging paradigm that enables multiple clients to collaboratively train a machine learning (ML) model without the need to exchange their raw data. However, it relies on a centralized authority to coordinate participants’ activities. This not only interrupts the entire training task in case of a single point of failure, but also lacks an effective regulatory mechanism to prevent malicious behavior. Although blockchain, with its decentralized architecture and data immutability, has significantly advanced the development of FL, it still struggles to withstand poisoning attacks and faces limitations in computational scalability. We propose Zkfhed, a verifiable and scalable FL system that overcomes the limitations of blockchain-based FL in poison attacks and computational scalability. First, we propose a two-stage audit scheme based on zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs), which verifies that the training data are extracted from trusted organizations and that computations on the data exactly follow the specified training protocols. Second, we propose a homomorphic encryption delegation learning (HEDL), based on fully homomorphic encryption (FHE). It is capable of outsourcing complex computing to external computing resources without sacrificing the client's data privacy. Final, extensive experiments on real-world datasets demonstrate that Zkfhed can effectively identify malicious clients and is highly efficient and scalable in terms of online time and communication efficiency.
With the development of communication infrastructure and the popularity of smart devices, e-commerce is presenting in more diverse forms and attracting the attention of more and more users. Since e-commerce transactions usually involve sensitive information of a large number of users, privacy and security have become increasingly important issues. Despite certain advantages (e.g., trading security), the privacy protection capability and efficiency of blockchain is still limited by some key factors, especially of its architecture. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based privacy protection system named PBTMS that integrates zero-knowledge proofs, hybrid encryption, and Pedersen commitments as foundational mechanisms to ensure robust privacy protection for transaction data and user information. To achieve secure, reliable, and efficient e-commerce transactions, the PBTMS employs blockchain technology and consensus mechanisms to enable distributed storage, thereby mitigating single points of failure and addressing the risks posed by malicious nodes. Moreover, by integrating on-chain storage with off-chain computation, the system substantially reduces blockchain-related overheads, including processing time, gas consumption, and storage costs. This design establishes the PBTMS as a highly adaptable and efficient system for the evolving requirements of secure and privacy-preserving e-commerce platforms. Theoretical analysis and experimental validation demonstrate that PBTMS reduces decryption and authentication times by 79.2% and 52.6%, respectively, while cutting encrypted data size by 52.5% and overall gas consumption by 55.4%, outperforming state-of-the-art solutions. These results indicate that PBTMS is a reliable and efficient system for secure e-commerce transaction platforms and provides a novel approach to enhancing privacy protection in e-commerce.
This article presents a comprehensive framework for implementing blockchain-based data integrity validation in autonomous vehicles. The proposed system addresses critical challenges in securing real-time sensor data through a hybrid architecture combining Hyperledger Fabric with Apache Kafka. By integrating distributed ledger technology with optimized data processing mechanisms, the system achieves both security and performance requirements essential for autonomous vehicle operations. The architecture incorporates smart contracts for data validation, multi-layered security protocols, and efficient data streaming capabilities. Results demonstrate that the proposed solution successfully balances the competing demands of data security and real-time processing, making it suitable for deployment in production autonomous vehicle environments.
Nothile C. Masango, Jeffrey O. Agushaka, Mercy C. Amaefule, Olutosin Taiwo · 9 authors
Abstract Data security in mobile environments has become a critical concern, driven by the growing demand for mobile services and the proliferation of data-intensive applications such as online gaming, virtual reality, and augmented reality. These applications generate massive amounts of data, challenging the storage, computational capacity, and battery life of mobile devices. Cloud environments offer a solution through task offloading, but centralized architectures introduce latency and potential vulnerabilities. Edge computing-based cloudlet networks have emerged as a promising alternative, providing localized resources to enhance service quality. However, their proximity to users increases susceptibility to security threats, posing barriers to widespread adoption. This paper presents a novel approach to addressing these challenges by integrating blockchain technology with cloudlet networks, bolstered by an agent-layer concept. The proposed architecture features an agent between mobile devices and cloudlets, utilizing a unique "proof of trust" consensus mechanism. This mechanism evaluates trust and experience based on the number of coins held by nodes, selecting miners for message verification using an elliptic curve cryptography scheme. In cases of dispute, a third miner resolves conflicts, with incorrect verifications resulting in penalties that deter malicious behavior. Experimental results demonstrate that this solution significantly enhances security, mitigates latency, and improves network performance compared to existing methods. These findings highlight the potential of blockchain-integrated cloudlet networks to revolutionize mobile data processing, offering robust security and reliable interactions between mobile devices and cloudlets.
This article presents a novel framework for decentralized artificial intelligence model training that combines federated learning with blockchain technology in cloud environments. By integrating these cutting-edge technologies, the article addresses critical challenges in collaborative AI development, including data privacy, secure model sharing, and participant incentivization. The article framework leverages Zero Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) for enhanced privacy guarantees while utilizing blockchain-based smart contracts to ensure transparent and automated governance of the training process. The implementation demonstrates significant improvements in data transfer efficiency, privacy preservation, system reliability, and participant diversity compared to traditional centralized approaches. The results validate the effectiveness of combining federated learning with blockchain technology for secure, scalable, and efficient distributed AI model training.
Mohd Anjum, Naoufel Kraïem, Hong Min, Ashit Kumar Dutta · 6 authors
The healthcare industry, aided by technology, leverages the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm to offer patient/user-related services that are ubiquitous and personalized. The authorized repository stores ubiquitous data for which access-level securities are granted. These security measures ensure that only authorized entities can access patient/user health information, preventing unauthorized entries and data downloads. However, recent sophisticated security and privacy attacks such as data breaches, data integrity issues, and data collusion have raised concerns in the healthcare industry. As healthcare data grows, conventional solutions often fail due to scalability concerns, causing inefficiencies and delays. This is especially true for multi-key authentication. Dependence on conventional access control systems leads to security flaws and authorization errors caused by static user behaviour models. This article introduces an Opportunistic Access Control Scheme (OACS) for leveraging access-level security. This approach is a defendable access control scheme in which the user permissions are based on their requirement and data. After accessing the healthcare record, a centralized IoT security augmentation and assessment is provided. The blockchain records determine and revoke the access grant based on previous access and delegation sequences. This scheme analyses the possible delegation methods for providing precise users with interrupt-free healthcare record access. The blockchain recommendations are analyzed using a trained learning paradigm to provide further access and denials. The proposed method reduces false rates by 11.74%, increases access rates by 13.1%, speeds up access and processing by 12.36% and 13.23%, respectively, and reduces failure rates by 9.94%. The OACS decreases false rates by 10.64%, processing time by 15.62%, and failure rates by 10.95%.
Blockchain-empowered end-edge collaborative computing is a promising technology for enhancing the timeliness and trustworthiness of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). However, integrating task offloading with blockchain consensus inevitably escalates resource consumption across communication, computation, and energy domains. Thus, the joint optimization of task offloading, resource allocation and blockchain consensus is very important for IIoT. This paper studies a general end-edge collaborative computing scenario with multiple end devices and multiple edge servers. We first propose a novel dynamic blockchain (DBC) scheme by developing a dynamic leader election mechanism and designing a dynamic consensus waiting time window. Then, by fully considering the constraints of multi-task size and deadline, communication bandwidth, computing frequency, battery capacity, Byzantine fault tolerant and trustworthiness, we formulate the trustworthy processing efficiency (TPE) maximization problem with respect to end-edge task division, communication and computation resource allocation, leader election and consensus waiting window. To address this problem, we transform it into a Markov decision process and design a compound reward by fully considering the penalty for computing timeout and consensus failure. After that, we propose a rotating multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (R-MADRL) algorithm tailored to the proposed DBC scheme, where an entropy-based dual-critic DRL algorithm is proposed for rotating multi-agent training and decentralized execution. Extensive experiments validate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed DBC with R-MADRL, where three benchmark DRL algorithms and three blockchain consensus schemes are compared. The results demonstrate that R-MADRL achieves stable convergence with more than 60.32% TPE reward than other algorithms while the task timeout ratio of DBC is reduced by more than 66.49% compared with other schemes.
This article explores blockchain technology's transformative role in ensuring data integrity and security across modern enterprise systems. The article examines the fundamental architecture of blockchain security, emphasizing distributed ledger technology, consensus mechanisms, and cryptographic foundations that collectively create an immutable and transparent system. The article investigation delves into core security features, including the implementation of advanced cryptographic techniques, decentralization strategies, and innovative security protocols that protect against various cyber threats. Through detailed analysis of industry applications, the article demonstrates blockchain's impact across financial services, supply chain management, healthcare, and IoT sectors, highlighting significant improvements in operational efficiency, security, and cost reduction. The article further evaluates implementation benefits, encompassing operational advantages, economic impacts, and technical improvements that organizations experience through blockchain adoption. Finally, the article addresses future implications and challenges, including technology integration hurdles, regulatory considerations, and scalability solutions, providing insights into the evolving landscape of enterprise blockchain implementation.
The certificate system is essential for academic organizations to provide proof of study or the level of skills and education. However, simply providing a physical cert or a virtual cert can be easily forged, and it will be difficult to be verified and authenticated. Many techniques are proposed to protect certificate’s authenticity such as Digital Watermarking Technology, RSA Digital Signature. Furthermore, there are also Blockchain approaches such as integration of existing system and private blockchain. However, those systems have weaknesses such as the vulnerability to be cracked and efficiency in verification of the certificate. The aim of this research is to provide a system that is capable of securing certificate authenticity from activities of certificate fraud. In this research, we proposed a blockchain e-certificate system for academic organization and public to issue and verify e-certificate with a simple web-based user interface. By combining the advantages of using decentralized ledger for key information and utilize IPFS to store the certificate file, it can solve the problem of the vulnerability of the existing system.
The cryptocurrency wallet security has been among the hot issues concerning its adoption. It hinders most users and government from adopting crypto-market. There are several security issues reported by the study such as scams, hacks, and theft in digital coins particularly cryptocurrency. This study has deployed literature review techniques to bring awareness on the frequently used vulnerabilities and to suggest the way to mitigate and prevent such vulnerabilities. Numerous methodologies suggested by prior-literatures has been used to mitigate, detect, and prevent any security threats towards crypto-wallet. The study has found that the cryptocurrency wallet is subjected to several attacks which are born by the general internet protocols loopholes, those attacks born by the presence of security vulnerabilities awareness, and those attacks resulted from the nature of blockchain systems. Several users have been victimized by the scammers, hackers, and fake investment schemes due to lack of knowledge base concerning security vulnerabilities. This study recommends the usage of several security policies to combat those vulnerabilities which include usage of Insurance policies, Security scans policies, and deployment of AI systems to mitigate any security vulnerabilities.
Cellular networking is advancing as a wireless technology to support diverse applications in vehicular communication, enabling vehicles to interact with various applications to enhance the driving experience, even when managed by different authorities. Security Credential Management System (SCMS) is the Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) for vehicular networking and the state-of-the-art distributed PKI to protect the privacy-preserving vehicular networking against an honest-but-curious authority using multiple authorities and to decentralize the trust management. We build a Blockchain-Based Trust Management (BBTM) to provide even greater decentralization and security. Specifically, BBTM uses the blockchain to 1) replace the existing Policy Generator (PG), 2) manage the policy of each authority in SCMS, 3) aggregate the Global Certificate Chain File (GCCF), and 4) provide greater accountability and transparency on the aforementioned functionalities. We implement BBTM on Hyperledger Fabric using a smart contract for experimentation and analyses. Our experiments show that BBTM is lightweight in processing, efficient management in the certificate chain and ledger size, supports a bandwidth of multiple transactions per second, and provides validated end-entities.
Blockchain is a decentralized digital ledger that records transactions across a distributed network of computers, enabling secure and transparent operations without requiring trust in a central authority. While initially developed for Bitcoin, blockchain technology now underpins many cryptocurrencies and other applications. It serves as an open trust layer without central reliance and is widely used in cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. However, this public and permanent open storage has raised concerns about its potential misuse for illegal trades or the distribution of unwanted content. In EuroS&P 2017, Ateniese et al. introduced the concept of the redactable blockchain, which utilizes the trapdoor collision function provided by chameleon hash to rewrite block contents without causing hashing inconsistencies. Recent research has continued to propose solutions for redactable blockchains, leveraging cryptographic algorithms such as chameleon hash and attribute-based encryption (ABE). Current solutions often employ sophisticated cryptographic schemes, such as ABE, but lack sufficient focus on developing secure and scalable solution for practical use. In this work, we propose the time-verifiable policy-based chameleon hash (TPCH) as a candidate solution for practical redaction to rewrite blockchain contents. Our solution for redactable blockchains enables the verification of whether a redaction was executed at a specific time, thereby offering time-based traceability for dominant algorithms in TPCH. Additionally, it restricts misbehavior or abuse of redaction powers by introducing a new trapdoor finding algorithm, Update, in addition to the adapt algorithm Adapt. We formally introduce TPCH with both black-box and white-box constructions. Our experimental and theoretical analysis demonstrates the feasibility and practicality of the proposed solution.
The proliferation of counterfeit academic certificates has engendered unethical practices, thereby depriving meritorious candidates of potential opportunities; this situation subsequently renders conventional document ver- ification methodologies ineffective due to their inherent time-consuming nature, high costs, and susceptibility to manipulation. In response to these pressing challenges, this paper advocates for a blockchain-based decentralized document verification framework that leverages the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) and Ethereum blockchain, thereby enhancing security, transparency, and operational efficiency. The system adheres to a meticulously struc- tured methodology whereby applicants initially submit their credentials, which are subsequently authenticated by educational institutions prior to their storage within the IPFS for decentralized file management; concurrently, only the hash of these credentials is retained on the blockchain, effectively reducing costs and augmenting scalability. To assess the system’s efficacy, it was subjected to rigorous testing employing multiple concurrent mechanisms, including Proof of Work, Proof of Stake, and Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance, with findings demonstrating that Proof of Stake offers the most optimal equilibrium between velocity and security. The prototype that was developed showcased significant improvements, with verification accuracy, reduced the processing time also minimized the manual effort, furthermore, making the process significantly more efficient than traditional methods. Furthermore, the system accomplished a transaction throughput of 1000 transactions per second, accompanied by an average confirmation time of 5 seconds, thus significantly enhancing operational efficiency for employers and institutions engaged in credential verification. Additionally, a thorough comparative analysis was conducted against traditional methodologies concerning security, processing velocity, and cost-effectiveness, ensuring validation through tamper- proof mechanisms and the mitigation of fraud risks associated with certificates. This research not only bolsters the reliability of document verification but also lays the groundwork for future advancements, including cross-chain integration, AI-driven fraud detection systems, and mobile-based verification applications, all of which aspire to further optimize efficiency and accessibility within academic credential verification processes.
As healthcare systems increasingly adopt fog computing to improve responsiveness and real-time data processing at the edge, significant security challenges emerge due to the decentralized architecture. The traditional perimeter-based security models are inadequate for addressing the dynamic and distributed nature of fog networks, leaving them vulnerable to unauthorized access, data tampering, and latency issues. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel security framework that integrates blockchain (BC) and software-defined network (SDN) technologies, underpinned by zero-trust (ZT) principles, to address these challenges in latency-sensitive healthcare environments. The proposed framework enhances security by combining BC’s immutable transaction logs for data integrity and traceability with SDN’s dynamic network reconfiguration for real-time access control and anomaly detection. The integration of BC and SDN supports continuous authentication and monitoring using cryptographic protocols (SHA-256A and RSA-2048) to secure data transmission. Additionally, tasks are dynamically allocated to fog nodes based on a multi-metric scheduling mechanism that considers fog node capacity, proximity, and compliance with predefined security protocols. The framework was evaluated using iFogSim, simulating a healthcare environment with 50 IoT devices, 10 fog nodes, and varying workloads (100–1000 tasks/min). The key evaluation performance metrics include intrusion detection rate (IDR), data integrity (DI), task completion rate (TCR), average task response time (ART), and average block time. The implementation results demonstrate satisfactory improvements compared to existing models: a 40% increase in IDR, a 30% enhancement in DI, a 15.29% rise in TCR, and a 39.66% reduction in ART. Moreover, the baseline IDR (85%) and DI (70%) were drawn from ZT-1, while TCR (85%) and ART (300 ms) were measured using ZT-2 as benchmarks. These findings illustrate the feasibility of integrating BC, SDN, and ZT principles to mitigate threats such as unauthorized access, data tampering, and delays in latency-sensitive tasks.
In the current digital landscape, secure, efficient, and decentralized systems to manage sensitive data are crucial. TrustChain, a private blockchain framework, addresses these needs by enabling secure data exchange among verified users. This research investigates developing and deploying a private blockchain platform to facilitate secure data sharing within a decentralized peer-to-peer (P2P) network. Unlike public blockchains, this system restricts access to authorized participants, enhancing security and network management. The study evaluated the blockchain system with 3-node and 10-node configurations, focusing on data synchronization efficiency and latency. Asymmetric encryption (RSA) was used to ensure message confidentiality and integrity. Testing revealed insights into the system's scalability and security, demonstrating stability and efficient data synchronization with low latency. However, the system lacks transaction processing capabilities, making it unsuitable for financial applications but robust for secure data transfers. The architecture provides a foundation for enhancements, potentially expanding into secure messaging and file sharing. The research concludes that private blockchain technology is effective for secure data transfers, suitable for applications prioritizing secure communication over financial transactions. Future work could integrate transaction capabilities. The findings suggest TrustChain's potential applicability in sectors like healthcare, finance, and supply chain management, where secure data exchange is critical. This study underscores the importance of scalability and robust data management in blockchain systems, particularly for real-time applications, and highlights the need for efficient and reliable blockchain solutions in data-sensitive industries.
Juan Minango, Henry Carvajal Mora, Marcelo Zambrano, Nathaly Orozco Garzón · 5 authors
This paper evaluates the technical feasibility of Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) within the healthcare ecosystem, with a focus on the use of Corda DLT to enhance governance and performance in a decentralized ecosystem, ensuring data integrity, security, and trustworthiness. Key attributes examined include the guarantee of data integrity, ensuring that transmitted data remain unaltered; authenticity through the implementation of digital signatures and certificates; confidentiality achieved via secure peer-to-peer communication accessible only to authorized parties; and traceability and auditing mechanisms that enable tracking of information changes and accountability. To validate these features, a Corda Distributed Application (CorDapp) was developed to manage the core logic of the healthcare ecosystem. The CorDapp was deployed across nodes and executed within the Corda network. Its performance was assessed using metrics such as throughput, latency, CPU usage, and memory consumption in both local and cloud network environments. Results demonstrate the feasibility of using Corda DLT technology in healthcare, effectively addressing critical requirements such as integrity, authenticity, confidentiality, traceability, and auditing while maintaining satisfactory performance across diverse deployment scenarios.