Blockchain-Powered Authenticated Key Agreement Scheme With Reputation-Incentive Mechanism for Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication in IoV

Abstract

The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) enhances road safety through real-time vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication of traffic messages. However, V2V wireless connectivity poses security and privacy threats, as malicious adversaries can eavesdrop and modify V2V messages or compromise vehicle identity privacy. Existing authenticated key agreement (AKA) schemes attempt to address these threats but suffer from security flaws, computational inefficiency, high communication overhead, single points of failure, and trust deficits, making them unsuitable for resource-constrained and delay-sensitive IoV applications. To address the above challenges, we propose a blockchain-powered AKA scheme with a reputation-incentive mechanism (BAKARI) for V2V communication. BAKARI employs Schnorr signatures and lightweight elliptic curve cryptographic operations to improve computational efficiency, and minimizes communication overhead by completing the AKA phase with only two messages. BAKARI leverages blockchain ledger and smart contracts to maintain vehicle authentication information and V2V messages. Additionally, it incorporates a reputation-incentive model, where trustworthy vehicles are rewarded while malicious ones are penalized. A rigorous security analysis, including formal proof under the random or real model, informal analysis, and ProVerif verification, demonstrates BAKARI’s resilience against security and privacy threats. Performance evaluation shows that BAKARI balances computational efficiency, communication overhead, and security better than the benchmark schemes. Finally, simulations on Hyperledger Fabric and Veins frameworks validate BAKARI’s practicality in real-world IoV environments.