A blockchain-enabled multi-agent deep reinforcement learning framework for real-time demand response in renewable energy grids

Abstract

The increasing integration of renewable energy into smart grids introduces challenges of demand-supply imbalance, peak load stress, and cyber-physical vulnerabilities. Existing demand response (DR) frameworks often lack scalability, privacy-preserving data sharing, and secure transaction mechanisms, which limit user participation and grid resilience. To address these challenges, this study proposes GridSyncNet, a blockchain-enabled multi-agent deep reinforcement learning framework for real-time demand response. The framework integrates federated learning to enhance decentralized forecasting accuracy, blockchain consensus to ensure transparent and tamper-proof energy trading, and actor–critic based DRL agents to dynamically optimize load scheduling and energy dispatch across prosumers. Extensive simulations demonstrate that GridSyncNet outperforms benchmark models such as OD-CNN, D-FCAS, and USTCF. Specifically, it achieves a 98.2 % demand response efficiency, 30.6 % reduction in carbon emissions, and 97.4 % forecasting accuracy. Comparative analysis with multi-agent DRL (MADRL) approaches further confirms that GridSyncNet provides superior scalability, privacy, and security in decentralized environments. The proposed framework contributes to the design of secure, resilient, and sustainable energy management systems, offering practical insights for accelerating the transition toward net-zero energy communities. By combining blockchain, federated learning, and multi-agent reinforcement learning, GridSyncNet establishes a comprehensive pathway for trustworthy and adaptive smart grid operations. • A multi-agent deep reinforcement learning framework for adaptive DR in smart grids. • Decentralized peer-to-peer energy trading to transparent, secure energy trading. • Renewable energy utilization 89 %, CO 2 reduction 30.6 % & forecasting accuracy 92.4 %. • Federated learning & improved system resilience against cyber threats for DSM. • Optimize load balancing, peak shaving & cost efficiency for distributed grid agents.