The Informal Economy and Municipal Revenue: A Hidden Fiscal Resource for Indian Urban Local Bodies?

Abstract

Urban local bodies across India struggle to mobilize adequate revenues despite the informal sector's significant economic contribution, employing 80% of the workforce while contributing minimally to municipal coffers. This research examines how Indian cities can better harness this untapped fiscal resource through an integrated analysis of municipal finance data and urban case studies. The investigation reveals systemic obstacles including outdated property tax systems, complex licensing procedures, excessive transfer dependency, and political interference that collectively constrain revenue potential. Findings demonstrate that strategic interventions - particularly digital governance tools, streamlined regulations, and incentive-based fiscal policies - can dramatically improve collection efficiency while safeguarding vulnerable informal workers. Evidence from pioneering cities highlights successful approaches such as GIS-based property mapping, single-window licensing systems, and performance-linked transfers that have boosted revenues by 20-25%. The study develops a comprehensive policy framework that balances revenue generation with inclusive development, offering scalable solutions for municipal finance reform. These insights provide valuable guidance for urban governance in developing economies facing similar challenges of informality and fiscal decentralization.