Blockchain and Internet of Things Based Smart Contract Model for Medical Supply Chain

Abstract

Currently, the Medical Supply Chain (MSC) involves production and distribution of medical products which requires precise tracking, authentication, and coordination among multiple stakeholders. Blockchain (BC) technology provides a decentralized ledger to improve transparency and trust. However, existing BC-based models are unable to monitor environmental conditions because of the lack of real-time integration with Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, which limits their ability to detect and respond to violations proactively. Hence, this research proposes a BC and IoT-based Smart Contract Model (BCIoT-SCM) that allows real-time tracking of critical parameters for MSC. Initially, the secure medicine is registered onto the BC, and then a QR code is generated for digital-physical linkage. Then, IoT sensors are used to monitor the conditions during shipment, where the SCs validate these sensor readings against preset thresholds by triggering alerts when violations occur. Further, the verification is enabled by stakeholders through QR code scanning by displaying the product history, and this process concludes with consensus-driven validation as well as anomaly logging. The proposed BCIoT-SCM achieved better results in terms of throughput$(130 \text{Tps})$than the existing multilayered BC framework.