Hybrid E-Voting: Integrating Homomorphic Encryption and DLT for Polarized Scenarios

Abstract

ABSTRACT E-voting in polarized contexts requires a strict balance between public verifiability, ballot secrecy, andcoercion resistance. Traditional centralized systems lack transparency, while fully decentralized modelsface scalability and privacy issues. This paper proposes a hybrid architecture compliant withOSCE/ODIHR standards [1] for low-trust environments. The protocol decouples identity from voting anoff-chain Oracle manages authorization via cryptographic tokens, while the Waves DLT acts as animmutable bulletinboard.Utilizinghomomorphicencryption[2],Zero-KnowledgeRangeProofs(ZKRP) [3],and Distributed Key Generation (DKG) [4], the system ensures End-to-End Verifiability (E2E) bydelegating tallying to auditable scripts. Finally, the study examines model limitations, specificallyregarding endpoint vulnerabilities and physical constraints on coercion resistance. KEYWORDS E-Voting, Distributed Ledger Technology, Homomorphic Encryption, End-to-End Verifiability, ZeroKnowledge Proofs PDF LINK: https://ijcionline.com/paper/15/15226ijci01.pdf VOLUME LINK: https://airccse.org/journal/ijci/Current2026.html MORE DETAILS: https://airccse.org/journal/ijci/index.html