Revisiting Accounting Duality: Toward Blockchain-Enabled Triple-Entry Accounting for Enhanced Financial Information Transparency

Abstract

This study examines how blockchain technology (BT) can extend the conventional double-entry accounting (DEA) framework to improve financial information transparency. The study revisits the duality concept underlying DEA and explores its development toward a triple-entry accounting (TEA) structure supported by blockchain infrastructure. Using a design science approach in information systems, the study proceeds through problem identification, artefact definition, and conceptual system design. Drawing on the resource-event-agent (REA) framework, the study develops a conceptual architecture that integrates a third ledger into the accounting entry system. The proposed model positions message type (MT) as a navigational mechanism that coordinates transaction validation within a blockchain-enabled TEA environment. This structure supports improved tracking, verification, and transparency of financial information, particularly in external transactional relationships. The findings contribute to the ongoing discussion on blockchain-based accounting systems by clarifying how the duality principle can evolve within a distributed ledger environment. The study also outlines potential directions for future research on the development of triple-entry accounting and third-ledger mechanisms in accounting information systems.